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NATIONAL     GEOGRAPHICAL    SERIES. 

MONTEITH'S 

PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL 

GEOGRAPHY; 


IN"    T^V^O    FA.RTS. 


PART   I. 

GEOGRAPHY  TAUGHT  AS  A  SCIENCE; 

WRITTEN  AND  ILLUSTRATED  ON  THE  PLAN  OF  OBJECT  TEACHING. 


PART    IL 

LOCAL  AISTD  CIVIL  GEOGRAPHY; 

CONTAINIXG 

PS  REMARKABLE  FOR  THEIR  CLEARNESS,  AN    IMPROVED   SYSTEM  OF  MAP   EXERCISES  AND  OF  MAP  DRAWING,  POLITICAL  AND 
ASTRONOMICAL  GEOGRAPHY,  AND  A  PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


BY  JAMES  MONTEITH, 

iiuthor  of  a  Series  of  School  Geographies  and  "Wall  Maps,  and  a  J'urenite  History  of  the  United  States. 


A..     S.     BA.RI^ES     A^I^^D     COMPAIS^Y, 

NEW  YORK,   CHICAGO,  AND  NEW  ORLEANS. 

1875. 


CHARACTER 


OF   THE 


Work. 


Its  Sfijle. — In  the  preparation  of  tliis  portion  of  the  work,  the  author  has  sought  to  present  the  subject  of  Geography 
as  a  Science;  and,  at  the  same  time,  in  a  style  calculated  to  attract  and  interest  the  pupil.  Avoiding  the  use  of  all  techni- 
cal terms  that  would  pei-plex  the  young  learner,  he  has  endeavored  to  explain  its  leading  principles  by  means  of  familiar 
language  and  comjjarisons,  and  of  suggestive  illustrations,  accordiQg  to  the  Object  System  of  instruction.  For  example,  on 
page  19,  the  theory  of  volcanic  action  is  explained  by  reference  to  a  cake  which  is  burst  open  at  the  top,  the  heat  of  the 
oven  representing  the  heat  of  the  earth's  interior. 

Again  ;  on  page  27,  boUing  springs,  such  as  the  geysers,  are  illustrated  by  means  of  a  tea-kettle. 

Tlie  Text  is  divided  into  Short  Paragraphs  so  constructed  that  the  commencement  of  each  appears  in  prominent  type 
and  readily  suggests  the  subject  and  the  questions. 

It  Teaches  : — That  the  earth  was  formed  to  be  the  temporary  dwelling-place  of  mankind  ;  and  to  that  end,  were  created 
the  land,  with  its  moimtains  and  plains ;  the  water,  with  its  mighty  ocean  and  its  running  brooks ;  besides  aii",  light,  heat, 
plants,  and  living  creatures : 

That  all  the  objects  which  we  behold,  whether  organic  or  inorganic,  whether  on  the  surface  or  below  the  surface,  ^^dth 
all  the  various  phenomena  of  the  earth,  exert  important  influences  iipon  each  other  and  work  together  in  harmony  for  the 
well-being  of  the  human  race. 

Effect  upon  the  Mind  of  the  I'upil. — Throughout  the  work  the  aim  has  been  not  only  to  impart  valuable  information, 
but  especially  to  cultivate  the  learner's  powers  of  observation  and  reasoning ;  and,  as  he  views  the  wonders,  the  beauty,  and 
the  perfection  of  Nature's  works,  his  thoughts  are  thereby  directed  to  the  Creator,  by  whom  aU  things  were  made  and 
adapted  to  the  development  of  human  life  and  happiness. 

The  Index  and  General  Review  servo  both  as  a  Reference  and  as  a  system  of  General  Exercises. 

Among  the  If'orks  on  Geology  and  Geography  which  have  been  consulted  by  the  author,  are  those  of  Lyell,  Hitch- 
cock, Dana,  MiUer,  Johnston,  Milner,  and  Eitter. 

The  Maps  have  been  executed  with  reference  to  clearness   and  fi'eedom  fi-om  detail. 

The  Largest  City  in  each  State  or  country  appears  in  large  capital  letters.  The  capital  is  designated  by  a  *.  For  the 
names  of  places  represented  on  the  maps  by  numbers,  see  Appendix. 

Accompanying  the  Maps  of  the  United  States,  are  Additional  Exercises  adapted  for  use  in  each  State  separately. 

The  Principal  Railroads  are  shown  by  finely  dotted  lines,  and  in  connection  ^ith  them  are  questions  on  "  Routes 
of  Travel." 

In  the  "  Reviews  "  are  given  the  population  of  the  largest  cities,  the  height  of  the  highest  mountains,  and  the  length 
of  the  largest  rivers.     The  "  General  Review  "  contains  questions  promiscuously  aiTanged. 

The  Political  Geography,  fully  illustrated,  gives  a  concise  view  of  the  leading  features  of  the  Countries  and  States, — 
their  topography,  soil,  climate,  productions,  <fec. 

Comparative  Sizes  and  Latitudes  of  Countries,  States  and  Cities  are  sho^Ti  on  the  margins  of  the  Maps.  (See  also  p.  102.) 


Ttt£  I^ATItlW/Vi  SYSTEM  Of  OEOe-K^ftty, 

IN     THREE     BOOKS,     WITH     ALTEKNATES. 


L  UONTEITH'S  FIRST  LESSONS  IN  GEOGRAPHY. 

II.  MONTEITH'S  MANUAL  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 

HI.  McNALLY'S  COMPLETE  GEOGRAPHY. 

The  First  Lcssotts  is  designed  for  children  just  able  to  read. 

The  Miitiunl  is  a  favorite  book  for  intermediate  classes.    There  can  be  no  sabstitnte 

for  it. 
Jtrcyiillff*s  Oeogrnphtf  is  a  ^cm  of  clej^nt  and  practical  comprehensiveness. 


L  MONTEITH'S  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  MANUAL. 

II.  MONTEITH'S  COMPREHENSIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

m.  MONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

The  Ttitfothtrtinn  is  of  a  grade  between  the  First  Lessons  and  the  Manual. 

The  Cotiiprrhrusivr  is  a  new  Intermediate,  possessing  several  new,  attractive,  snd 

valuable  feature*. 
The  Phtfsirrtl  tnitl  l*tJitirnt  is  especially  valnable  for  its  "easy  style  of  presenting 

Geography  as  a  science. 


MOITTEITH'S  WALL  MAPS.  -The  handsomest,  mo?t  complete,  and  substantial  School  Maps  published,  with  names  all  laid  down.   MONTEITH'S  GLOBES.— All  sizes. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1866,  by  Jaues  Monteith.  in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


-¥c  '^, 


^  'h  t 


j\^ 


304784 


.V.  0  N  T 

SECTION   I. 

PAOE 

Introductory— The  Earth  the  Dwelling-place  of  Mankind 5 

SECTION   II. 

The  Creation  of  the  Earth— Its  Changes  and  Gradual  Development- 
Formation  of  Soil — Commencement  of  Vegetable  and  Animal  Life. . .       G 

SECTION   III. 

The  Crust  of  the  Earth — ^Internal  Heat— Strata 8 

SECTION  IV. 

The  Form  of  the  Earth — Horizons — Water,  Land,  Air,  Light,  and  Heat 

neceBsary  to  Man's  Existence — The  Harmony  of  Nature's  Laws 9 

SECTION   V. 

The  Formation  of  Continents — Upheaval  and  Submergence — The  Wisdom 
of  God's  Plan  manifested — Mountain  Systems — The  Land  and  Water 
Hemispheres — Inlets,  Rivers,  etc.,  advance  the  Civilization  of  Man. . .     10 

SECTION  YI. 

Mountains  and  Plateaus ;  their  Origin,  Places,  and  Uses — Gladera — Motm- 

tain  Passes 14 

SECTION    YII. 

Volcanoes  and  Earthquakes  ;  their  Origin  and  Effects 19 

SECTION   VIII. 
Plains  and  Valleys  ;  their  Distribution  ;  how  their  Soil  is  enriched. 20 

SECTION   IX. 
Deserts  and  Oases  ;  their  Distribution  ;  Caujses  of  their  Formation. 21 

SECTION   X. 

The  Ocean ;  its  Extent  and  Divisions  ;  its  Depth  and  Bed  ;  its  Saltnese. .     22 


ENTS. 

SECTION   XI. 

PAGE 

Oceai-ic  Currents  :  the  Theory  of  their  Movements ;  their  Important 
Influences  and  Benefits 23 

SECTION   XII. 

Evaporation — Springs  and  Wells  ;  Theory  of  their  Formation — The  Gey- 
sers      26 

SECTION    XIII. 

Rivers  ;  their  Origin,  Powers,  and  Importance  to  Man 28 

SECTION   XIV. 
Lakes  ;  their  Formation,  Elevation,  and  Depth 81 

SECTION   XV. 
The  Atmosphere— The  Winds — Land  and  Sea  Breezes 33 

SECTION   XVI. 
A'apor — Clouds — Distribution  of  Rain „ ,      03 

SE.CTION   XVII. 

Climate ;  its  Dependence  upon  Oceanic  Currf  nts  and  Winds ;  its  Influ- 
ence upon  Vegetation  and  Man — Isotherms  and  Climatic  Zones — The 
Climates  of  Elevated  Regions 86 

SECTION   XVIII. 

Vegetation  ;  its  Growth  and  Uses  ;  its  Distribution — The  Formation  and 

Distribution  of  Cosil  Fields 40 

SECTION    XIX. 

Animals  ;  their  Creation,  Gradual  Development,  and  Uses  ;  their  Adapta- 
tion to  Climates  and  other  Conditions 42 

SECTION    XX. 

Mankind — the  Races — The  Influences  of  Climate,  Food,  and  Means  of 

Intercommunication,  upon  Individuals  and  Nations 44 


LIST     OF     Is^^FS 


Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres,  Northern  and  Southern  Hemispheres, 
Land  and  Water  Hemispheres 

North  America 

British  America 

United  States 58, 

Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut  and  Rhode 
Island 

New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  and 
West  Virginia 

North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and  Tennessee 

Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
and  Minnesota 

Texas,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  California.  Oregon.  Nevada,  Colorado,  Wash- 
ington. lclah'\  Jlontano,  Dakota,  Utah,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Wyo- 
ming and  Indian  Territory 


1  Comparative  Sizes 77 

50  I  Mexico  and  West  Indies 78 

52  I  South  America 80 

56    British  Isles 84 

59  Europe 86 

1  Central  and  Southern  Europe 88 

60  Asia 92 

!  Africa 96 

62  lOceanica • 100 

gi    Comparative  Sizes  and  Comparative  Latitudes 102 

Index  and  General  Review  of  Physical  Geography 103 

66    Astronomical  Georgaphy 108 

1  General  Review  of  Local  Geography HO 

Pronunciation  and  Meaning  of  Geographical  Names Ill,  112 

68  I  Tables 118-115 


■m^^ 


NTRODUCTORY. 

1.  Tlie  robin  builds  her  uest  iu  the  tree  for  the 
Purpose  of  there  (lej)ositing  her  eggs,  and  of  bring- 
ing forth  iind  protecting  her  j'oung. 

2.  For  the  I'ltrpose  of  protection  and  comfort 
men  buikl  houses,  found  cities,  and  cstabhsh  gov- 
ernments, riirposc,  therefore,  leads  to  Design 
and  Artioii. 

3.  "When  you  look  at  a  beautiful  house,  and  ob- 
serve the  peculiar  fitness  of  the  various  parts  to 
each  other,  you  ai'e  certain  that  it  was  made  for 
the  security  and  enjoyment  of  the  family  within  ; 
and  that  the  workmen  shaped  and  placed  the 
materials  under  the  direction  of  an  intelligent 
architect,  who  Formed  the  I'lau  before  the  WorU 
was  coinnienced. 

4.  So,  when  you  look  abroad,  you  see  a  beauti- 
ful world,  which  was  made  for  the  enjoyment  and 
benefit  of  the  whole  human  family. 

5.  Man  coidd  not  exist  ivithoiit  Food  ;  therefore 
the  earth  yields  her  manifold x)roductions  of  grain, 
fruit,  and  vegetables,  while  animals,  birds,  and 
fish,  also,  are  given  for  his  nourishment  and  use. 
Xeitlicr  could  he  live  uithoat  Drinh  ;  so  the  earth 
is  abundantly  supplied  with  refreshing  springs. 
J'or  Cloth  iufj  he  goes  to  the  cotton  plant,  the  sheep, 
and  the  silkworm  ;  from  the  forests  and  the  ground 
he  obtains  all  the  materials  for  building  purposes. 

G.  minimal  Life  receives  its  Sustenance  from 
plants;  I'lants  receive  theirs  from  the  soil  and 
moisture  ;  Soil  proceeded  originally  from  the  hard 
rock;  Moisture  and  Clouds,  from  the  ocean. 

7.  The  earth  has  its  continents  and  oceans,  its  mountains  and  plains,  its  rocks,  rains,  snows,  springs,  and  streams.  All 
work  harmoniously  for  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  mankind. 

8.  Yon  may  conclude,  then,  that  the  whole  earth,  of  which  all  these  things  arc  but  parts,  was  made  for  a  Great  Purpose. 
by  a  Being  of  infinite  wisdom,  goodness,  and  power,  according  to  a  design  formed  before  the  beginning  of  the  world ;  and 
this  purpose  was  to  provide  an  Abode  for  Man,  whose  Deliyht  would  be  to  praise,  honor,  and  serve  Him. 


^^f^-^ 


.^-©i. 


6 


MOJSTElTirS  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Section   II. 
&EATiON  OF  THE  f  ARTH. 


The  Earth's  Surface  covered  with  Water. 

1.  The  Groivth  of  a  Plant  progresses  slowly  and  systemat- 
ically ;  from  the  seed  comes  a  stem,  then  leaves,  blossoms,  and 
fi-uit.  So  -n-as  the  process  by  which  the  world  was  made  from 
chaos,— slow,  gradual,  and  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  a  well-ordered  plan  established  by  Divine  wisdom. 

2.  The  Earth's  Formation  from  Chaos  may  be  illustrated  by 
an  egg,  whose  fluid  substances,  by  a  certain  application  of  heat, 
and  in  a  certain  time,  are  changed  into  a  beautiful,  living  bird. 

3.  "  la  the  Bcainniiiff,  God  created  the  heaven  and  the 
earth."  In  time  the  earth  received  its  globular  shape,  and  con- 
sLsted  of  a  heated,  earthy  matter  m  a  fluid  form,  the  outside  of 
which,  becoming  cool  and  hard,  formed  a  kind  of  crust  around 
the  mass.  Entirely  surrounding  this  crust  was  water,  and 
suiTounding  the  water  was  the  atmosphere,  containing  dark, 
heavy  clouds. 

4.  The  Haiti  formal  no  S2>rinffs,  watered  no  fields.  It  fell 
only  upon  the  salt  ocean,  for  the  whole  outer  side  of  the  earth's 
crust  constituted  the  bed  of  the  ocean. 


5.  liij  CotH-vlsions  within   the  Earth,  parts  of   the   crust 
were  forced  upward  through  the  water,  and  became  dry  land. 

6.  The  Zand  first  liaised  consisted  only  of  masses  of  hard 
rock,  on  which  no  tree  or  plant  could  grow. 

7.  There  was  no  Soil  until  the  rock  was  broken  and  pulver- 
ized by  the  action  of  the  waves,  air,  rain,  heat,  and  cold. 

8.  From  the  grinding  together  of  fragments  of  the  rock, 
came  stones,  pebbles,  gravel,  and  sand. 

9.  "  And  God  called  the  dry  land  Earth,  and  the  gathering 
together  of  the  waters  called  He  Seas." 


*And  the  Earth  brought  forth  Grass,  and  Herb  yielding  Seed  after  his  kind,  and  the  Tree 
yielding  Fruit." 


10.  The  Tiolent  Af/itation  of  the  Earth's  Interior  greatly 
disti;rbed  the  bed  of  the  ocean,  causing  the  depression  of  some 
parts  and  the  elevation  of  others ;  in  the  former,  the  sea 
became  deeper,  and  in  the  latter,  more  shallow. 

11.  Portions  of  the  Oeean's  Bed  were  in  this  way  brought 
lip  to  the  surface,  then  above  it ;  and,  covered  with  the  pulver- 
ized or  disintegrated  rock  which  had  long  been  setthng  upon 
them,  these  tracts  of  land,  in  time,  supported  trees  and  plants 
which  received  their  noimshment  from  both  the  soil  and  the 
atmosphere. 


'  And  God  said.  Let  the  Waters  under  the  Heaven  be  gathered  together,  and  let  the  Dry 

Land  appear." 


'  And  God  created  great  Whales,  and  every  Living  Creature  that  movcth,  which  the  Waters 
brought  forth  abundantly,  after  their  kind,  and  every  Winged  Fowl  uftcr  his  kind." 


£1 


CREATION  OF  THE   EARTH. 


"  And  God  made  the  Beast  of  the  Earth  after  his  kind  and  Cattle  after  their  kind,  and  ever 
thing  that  creepeth  upon  the  Earth  after  his  kind." 

12.  The  Various  Species  of  Animals  whicli  have  lived  upon 
the  earth  were  not  all  created  at  once. 

13.  The  Loircr  Orders  came  first ;  and,  as  centimes  rolled 
on,  other  and  superior  classes  of  animals  came  successively  into 
existence. 

14.  Inserts,  Fish,  nud  JReptiles  were  created  before  the 
horse  or  the  ox;  and  aU  species  of  animals  were  created 
before  Man. 

15.  With  Plants,  also,  this  was  the  case.  The  fiist  vegeta- 
tion consisted  of  sea-weeds ;  then,  with  the  improvement  of  the 
soil,  new  and  superior  varieties  of  plants  and  trees  appeared. 

16.  These  facts  have  been  ascertained  from  investigations 
below  the  earth's  surface,  where  the  forms  or  remains  of 
plants  and  animals,  which  lived  in  successive  periods,  are 
found  in  the  order  of  their  creation ;  those  created  first  being 
furthest  below  the  surface. 

17.  We  see  tlie  Tjaw  of  Chvulual  Development  exemplified 
m  the  growth  of  the  trees  and  Uving  creatures ;  geologists 
observe  it,  also,  in  the  rocks  and  sands  of  the  earth. 


'  And  God  said.  Let  us  make  Man  in  our  Image,  after  our  Likeness  ;  and  let  them  have 
dominion  over  the  Fish  of  the  Sea.  and  over  the  Fowl  of  the  Air,  and  over  the  Cattle, 
and  over  alt  the  Earth,  and  over  every  Creeping  Thing  that  creepeth  upon  the  Earth." 

'So  God  created  Man  in  his  own  Image." 


18.  The  general  order  of  Creation  was  as  follows  : 

(1.)  Chaos. 

(2.)  Melted  Matter  in  the  form  of  a  globe. 

(3.)  The  Globe  composed  of  melted  matter  having  a  crust, 
which  was  entirely  siuTounded  by  water. 

(4.)  Paets  of  the  Crust  upheaved  through  the  sea,  form- 
ing di-y  land. 

(5.)  Pulverized  Eock  ;  forming  soU. 

(6.)  Land  alternately  upheaved  and  submerged. 

(7.)  Vegetation. 

(8.)  Animal  Lite. 

(9.)  Man. 

19.  The  Observinff  Pupil  has  now  Learned^  two  important 
facts ;  first,  that  God  made  the  world,  with  all  it  contains,  not 
at  once,  but  step  by  step,  on  a  wise  and  definite  plan  ;  second, 
that  He  made  it  for  the  use  of  man. 

20.  For  the  Life  and  Happiness  of  Manhind  there  are  pro- 
vided, not  only  the  objects  and  creatm-es  mentioned  in  the 
beginning  of  Genesis,  but  also  numberless  features  and  phe- 
nomena of  the  earth,  such  as  its  atmosphere,  climates,  cur- 
rents, rain,  moimtains,  plains,  and  productions. 

21.  The  Science  of  Geography  properly  embraces  an  investi- 
gation into  the  laws  which  control  the  conditions,  changes, 
and  phenomena  in  nature,  as  afiecting  the  hfe  and  conditions 
of  mankind. 

22.  Although  the  various  departments  of  Geographical  Sci- 
ence wiU  be  presented  in  this  work  in  a  classified  form,  yet  it 
is  highly  important  that  the  learner  keep  constantly  in  mind 
their  dependence  and  influence  iipon  each  other ;  this  renders 
rei^etition,  to  some  extent,  essential. 

23.  When  considering  the  position  and  height  of  a  chain  of 
mountains,  the  course  of  the  winds,  or  of  an  ocean  cun-ent, 
he  should  observe  the  influences  exerted  by  each  upon 
climate,  vegetation,  and  the  pursuits  of  man  in  different 
regions. 

24.  These  Differences  or  Contrasts  furnish  each  section 
with  its  own  characteristic  productions,  and  lead  men  to  estab- 
lish a  system  of  trade  or  commerce  between  the  nations  of  the 
earth,  thus  increasing  theii-  industry  and  wealth,  furnishing 
incentives  for  exploration,  and  securing  the  civilization  and 
enlightenment  of  the  race. 

25.  The  Pupil  should  hnou\  not  only  that  the  Gulf  Stream 
has  a  north-easterly  direction,  but  also  that  its  warmth  tempers 
the  climate  of  the  greater  part  of  Europe,  and  sheds  its  genial 
influence  upon  the  atmosphere,  productions,  and  inhabitants 
of  that  Grand  Division.  He  should  observe  that  the  highest 
mountains  are  in  the  hot  regions  of  the  earth,  where  their  lofty 
peaks,  continually  -wTapped  in  snow,  are  faithful  refiigerators, 
reducing  the  temperature  of  the  air  on  the  heated  plains 
below. 

26.  The  text,  generally,  is  -n-ritten  without  set  questions ; 
leaving  the  teacher  to  fi-ame  or  vary  them  as  he  may  wish. 
Interrogations,  liowever,  are  made  which  can  be  answered, 
not  directly  from  the  text,  but  from  the  illustrations,  or  by 
inference  on  the  part  of  the  learner. 

27.  This  plan  cannot  fail  to  lead  youthful  minds  to  b.abits  of 
observation  and  reasoning,  and  to  direct  their  thoughts  to  the 
■wisdom,  power,  and  goodness  of  tlie  Creator. 


Jl 


8 


MOXTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


SecStion   III. 
f  HE  f  RUST  OF  THE  §ARTH. 


ailMi:^ 


't»2ilf41^-^ij 


-  .^.^.■f'A^r^XiZU>^>' 


1.  The  Crust  of  the  Earth   is  the  result  of 

the  cooHng  of  the  melted  matter  at  the  surface. 
It  becomes  thicker,  as  ice  does,  by  additions 
to  its  under  side. 

2.  Scientific  investigations  show  that  the 
ground  is  affected  by  the  sun's  heat  to  the 
dejjth  of  about  50  feet ;  below  that,  the  heat 
of  the  earth's  interior  increases  according  to 
the  depth. 

3.  The  Internal  Heat  does  not  extend  to  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  except  on  occasions  of 
earthquakes  and  volcanic  eruptions. 


'■  u^* 


:^^;.L..^1 


1 1  mil 


^"B»»H 


-m 


A  View  within  the  Earth's  Crust. -Salt  Mines  of  Austria,  500  Feet  Deep. 

4.  The  average  increase  of  temperature,  below  where  it  is 
affected  by  heat  from  the  sun,  is  about  one  degi-ee  for  every 
50  or  60  feet  in  depth  ;  accordingly,  at  the  depth  of  about  50 
miles,  the  heat  woidd  be  sufficient  to  melt  all  known  rocks. 

5.  Geologists  have  variously  estimated  the  thickness  of  the 
earth's  eriist  to  be  from  20  to  200  miles. 

6.  Man  has  penetrated  the  earth  to  the  depth  of  about  one 
mile. 

7.  The  CrKsf,  if  20  miles  iu  thickness,  bears  the  same  pro- 
portion to  the  whole  earth  that  an  egg-shell  does  to  the  egg. 

8.  The  Heifjht  of  the  IlU/hrst  Mountains  in  the  world  is 
about  5  miles,  yet  the  distance  fi-om  the  level  of  the  sea  to  the 
center  of  the  earth  is  800  times  greater  than  that. 


9.  The  Material  of  which  the  earth's  crust  is  composed  is 
termed  Eock,  whether  it  bo  hard  and  compact,  or  soft  and 
loose :  it  is  constantly  undergoing  change,  owing,  chiefly,  to 
the  agency  of  air,  water,  and  heat. 

10.  Aqueous  liochs  are  those  formed  by  the  agency  of 
water.  They  consist  of  the  sediment  which  has  become  har- 
dened in  layers  or  beds,  and  are  called  Stratified. 

11.  Iffneous  Eocks  are  those  formed  by  the  agency  of  fire. 
They  consist  of  hard,  iiTegular  masses,  and  are  therefore 
called  Unstratified. 


A.  Stratified  Rock  ;    B.  Unstratified  Rock  ;  C.  Melted  Matter  of  the  Earth's  Interior. 

12.  As  the  Surface,  at  an  early  period,  was  entirely  cov- 
ered with  water,  where  woiild  you  find  the  Aqueous  or  Strati- 
fied formations  ? 

13.  The  Igneous  or  Unstratified  rock  found  at  the  earth's 
surface  has  been  forced  up  ttrough  the  aqueous  or  stratified 
formations  by  volcanic  action. 

14.  Ill  some  EocIiS  are  found  forms  of  animals  and  vegeta- 
bles petrified  or  hardened  like  stone,  caused,  chiefly,  by  chem- 
ical action  in  nature. 

15.  Geologists  Shotv  that  the  greater  part  of  the  soil  or 
mold  on  the  earth's  surface  is  composed  of  what  iu  former 
ages  constituted  the  bodies  of  animals,  trees,  and  plants,  mixed 
with  mineral  substances,  aU  of  which  settled  at  the  bottom  of 
the  water. 

16.  The  petrified  forms  of  animals  and  plants  are  called 
Fossils  ;  the  strata  in  which  they  are  found  are  called  Fossil- 
iferoiis, 

17.  The  Direction  of  the  Strata  or  layers  would  be  hori- 
zontal and  parallel  to  each  other,  but  for  the  distui-bing  forces 
of  the  earth's  interior,  which  have  raised  the  strata  in  parts, 
giving  them  uneven  or  inclined  positions. 

18.  \Micre  the  stiata  are  horizontal,  which  of  them  was  tlie  most  recently 
foi-med  ■?  Which  was  first  formed  ?  What  can  you  say  of  the  heat  of  the 
earth's  surface  ?  Of  the  earth's  interior '?  What  can  you  say  of  the  material 
which  forms  the  earth's  surface '?  What  is  the  diflereuce  between  aqueous 
and  igneous  roclis '? 

19.  Karh  Stratum  of  Hard  Hoek  is  Composed  of  what  had 
been  soft  mud,  loose  gravel,  shells,  vegetable  and  animal  bodies. 

20.  The  Forms  of  Animal  Bodies  in  one  stratum  have 
been  found  to  differ  from  those  in  the  stratum  below  or  above 
it,  proving  that  at  successive  periods  there  Uved  successive 
species  of  animals. 


THE   FORM   OF   THE   EABTH. 


9 


|^?^0FMAM-QMM0}1^^--'^ 


The  Form  and  Surface  of  the  Earth. 


Sediion  IV. 


|0RIV1 


OF  THE 


ti 


Earth. 


1.  The  Form  of  the  Earth  is  that  of  a  "Globe,"  or 
"  Sitlicre."  For  this  reason  the  topmast  of  a  ship  approaching 
us  is  first  seen,  then  the  sails,  and,  lastly,  the  body  of  the  shiji. 

2.  If  you  look  around  when  at  sea,  or  on  a  plain,  what  kind 
of  a  Una  limits  your  view  ?     What  is  the  name  of  that  circle  ? 

3.  If  you  sail  or  movo  from  one  place  to  another,  does  your 
horizon  change '?  If  you  go  to  the  top  of  a  mountain,  or  any 
eminence,  how  is  the  extent  of  your  horizon  affected  ? 

4.  U'lio  tail  see  an  Approaching  Ship  first,  the  man  at  the 
foot,  or  the  one  at  the  top  of  a  mountain?  "WTiich  has  the 
more  extended  horizon  ? 

5.  "V\niich  of  these  two  men  can  first  see  the  sun  rise  in  the 
morning?  Sun  set?  Is  the  day  longer  to  one  than  to  the 
other?  To  whom?  "Why  does  the  hght  on  a  distant  light- 
house appear  to  be  on  the  surface  of  the  water  ? 

6.  The  Continents,  Islands,  and  Mountains  which  wc  now 
behold  were  not  formed  at  once  ;  some  parts  were  raised  sud- 
denly, but  most  of  the  land  elevations  were  the  work  of  ages. 

7.  The  Inequalities  of  the  Earth's  Surface  are  no  greater, 
relatively,  than  the  roughness  on  the  surface  of  an  orange  ; 
and,  although  apjoearing  to  the  careless  observer  as  accidental 
and  meaningless,  they  exert,  nevertheless,  important  influences 
UDon  the  conditions  of  mankind,  and  arc  in  accordance  with 
the  ■nise  df-signs  of  the  Creator. 

8.  One-fourth  of  the  Earth's  Surface  i.i  land  ;  three-fourths, 
water.  In  other  words,  the  internal  forces  have  thus  far 
caused  the  elevation  of  one-fourth  of  the  ocean's  lied. 

9.  As  the  lied  of  the  Ocean  along  the  Coasts  i:3  inclined, 
what  would  be  the  effect  of  an  increase  in  the  volume  of 
water  upon  the  size  of  continents  and  islands  ?  Upon  their 
elevations  ?  What  would  be  the  effect  upon  the  same  if  the 
volume  of  water  should  be  diminished  ?  What,  if  the  ocean's 
bed  should  ho  suddenly  depressed  ?     Elevated  ? 

10.  The  lied  of  the  Ocean  comxtrises  the  greatest  depres- 


sions of  the  earth's  crust ;  and,  in  its  unevenness,  it  is  like  the 
land  above  the  water  level. 

11.  The  Ocean  acts  an  Essential  Fart  in  the  unfolding  of 
the  Creator's  design  to  benefit  mankind.  It  is  not  only  the  high- 
way between  the  nations  of  the  earth,  but  also  the  modifier  of 
climate,  and  the  vast  reservoir  whence  the  land  receives  its 
entire  supply  of  water  for  the  support  of  all  Ufe,'  whether  ani- 
mal or  vegetable. 

12.  If  the  Ocean  covered  the  whole  Surface  of  the  earth, 
could  man  exist  ? 

13.  If  the  Surface  consisted  entirely  of  Land,  the  absence 
of  water  would  forbid  the  existence  of  mankind  ;  for  aU  vapor, 
clouds,  rain,  springs,  streams,  and  lakes  would  disappear. 
All  the  fresh  water  of  the  land  is  raised  fi-om  the  great  reser- 
voii-,  the  ocean,  by  the  combined  agencies  cf  the  sun  and  air, 
acting  like  a  great  jiump  and  sprinkler. 

14.  At  the  Earth's  Surface  there  are  in  contact  three  ele- 
ments,— water,  land,  and  air ;  to  deprive  man  of  any  one  cf 
these  would  be  to  deprive  him  of  life. 

15.  The  Earth  covered  uith  land  and  Wafer,  but  without 
the  atmosphere,  could  not  be  the  abode  of  man,  for  there  would 
be  no  water  to  drink,  no  air  to  breathe  ;  the  land,  not  watered 
by  dews  and  rain,  could  not  peld  him  food. 

16.  Therefore,  Tuo  Indisjnnsable  Agents  are  provided,— 
the  sun  and  atmosphere. 

The  Sun  by  his  Fouerful  Eight  and  Heat  SO  acts  upon  the 
sea  that  thin,  fi-esh  water  called  vapor  is  separated  from  it.  The 
vapor,  like  a  feather  loosened  from  a  bird,  is  borne  upward  by 
the  atmosphere,  and  can-ied  far  away  by  the  winds. 

Tapor  becomes  Clouds,  and  afterward  returns  to  the  earth 
in  the  form  of  rain,  dew,  or  snow,  to  water  and  fertilize  the  soil, 
and  to  scatter  all  over  the  land  innumerable  springs,  streams, 
and  lakes  of  dehcious  water. 

17.  It  is  evident,  then,  that  AU  Farts  of  the  Earth,  above 
and  below  its  surface,  are  made  to  harmonize  and  cooperate 
with  each  other  as  an  organized  whole,  for  the  gi-eat  object  cf 
the  gradual  perfection  of  the  human  race. 

If  there  were  no  ocean,  would  there  be  any  rivers  or  springs  ?  Any  rain  or 
clouds  t 


10 


MONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  GEOGBAl'HY. 


Mountain  Systems  are  Colored    Brown   .Plains  and  VallC's, Green. 


oe6tion   V. 


f^ 


f HE  ^ontinents-Jheir  JForm. 


^ 


1.  The  Land  on  the  Earth's  Siirfare  is  known,  generaEy, 
as  continents  and  islands  :  the  continents  are  two  in  number ; 
the  Eastern  or  Oriental,  called  the  Old  World,  and  the  West- 
ern or  Occidental,  called  the  New  World ;  the  islands  are 
numerous.     Australia  is  sometimes  called  a  continent. 

2.  When  Land  first  emerged  from  the  water  and  came 
into  contact  with  the  atmosphere,  it  was  not  then  as  it  is  now, 
either  in  extent  or  form. 

3.  Xone  of  those  Lartje  Bodies  of  Land  appeared,  whose 
shapes  we  now  trace  on  the  globe  or  map  ;  but,  comparatively 
small  points  were  projected,  which  graduallj-  rose  higher  and 
extended  more  widely,  according  to  the  pressure  of  the  forces 
beneath. 


4.  A  Continent  is  entirely  surrounded  by  water. 

5.  A  Continent,  with  its  peninsulas,  highlands,  lowlands, 
lakes,  and  rivers,  is  hke  a  great  tree  that  has  gi'own  from  a 
small  shrub. 

6.  Uliftt  is  now  a  Vast  Continent  was,  at  a  remote  period, 
entirely  below  the  level  of  the  sea ;  its  general  shape  was  the 
same  then  as  it  is  now. 

7.  A  Continent  n-as  not  raised  at  onee,  but  slowly;  ap- 
pearing above  the  water  in  parts. 

8.  These  Parts,  after  remaining  at  the  Surface  for  many 
centuries,  were  again  submerged,  and  their  gi'eat  masses  of 
vegetation, — trees,  shrubs,  and  plants, — became  covered  over 
■with  gi'avel  and  sand. 

9.  At  the  End  of  another  Long  Period,  the  submerged 
vegetation  and  the  over-lying  beds  would  be  again  raised,  only 
to  undergo  a  similar  process. 

10.  Such  Operations  occurred  long  before  the  creation  of 


THE    CONTINENTS,— THEIR   FORM. 


11 


man;  and  although  to  the  uiimformed  they  appear  without 
pui-pose  or  use,  they  have,  nevertheless,  successfully  contrib- 
uteil  toward  the  unfokUng  of  God's  wise  design  in  his  pre- 
paration of  the  earth  for  the  abode  of  the  human  race.  These 
vegetable  masses  are  now  the  exhaustless  beds  of  coal  which 
supply  indispensable  aid  to  the  industry  and  comfort  of  man. 

11.  The  Wisdom  of  this  Plan  is  further  recognised  in  the 
fact  that  coal  is  found,  mainly,  in  those  parts  of  the  earth 
that  are  best  fitted  for  human  habitation ; — in  the  United 
States,  Great  Britain,  Western  Europe,  British  America,  and 
Ghina. 


The  Parts  of  the  Map  shown  m  White  represent  the  First  Land  of  the  United  States. 

Ti-.e  Parts  in   Dark  Shading  along  the  Coasts  remained  under  Water  until  a    more  recent 

Period. 
The  Dark   Shading  Inland   were  vast  Tracts  of  Marsh  and  Woodland,  but  now  they  are  the 

great  Coal  Fields  of  this  Country. 


12.  The  Extended  Lines  of  Elevation  which  we  call  moun- 
tain chains  or  ranges  seem  to  constitute  the  frame  of  the 
continents. 

13.  The  Slopes,  Plains,  and  Valleys  have  been  shaped  and 
fertihzed  by  shdes  of  gi-eat  ice  formations  of  former  ages,  and 
by  frequent  rains,  which  have  washed  down  the  dissolved  and 
pulverized  rocks,  and  the  long  decayed  vegetable  and  animal 
substances ;  mixing  them  all  together  in  a  rich  compound 
called  mold,   which  supports  the  vegetation  of  the  earth. 

14.  The  Great  Bodij  of  Laud  Surface  is  north  of  tlie  Equa- 
tor, both  in  the  Old  and  in  the  New  World,  and  comprises  the 
whole  of  Asia,  Europe,  North  America,  Northern  and  Central 
Africa,  and  the  northern  part  of  S.  America.  South  of  the 
Equator  are  only  three  considerable  tracts  of  land  ;  the  cen- 
tral and  southern  parts  of  South  America,  the  southern  part  of 
Africa,  and  the  island  of  Australia. 

15.  The  Land  of  the  Two  Continents  not  only  lies  chiefly 
in  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  but  it  also  widens  toward  the 
north,  and  naiTOws  into  peninsulas  at  the  south,  these  jienin- 
sulas,  also,  terminating  in  capes  pointing  southward,  thus  giv- 
ing each  continent  the  appearance  of  a  triangle  with  the  apex 
toward  the  south. 

16.  Tliis  Peculiar  Pcatiire  makes  it  ap])ear  as  if  the  water 
of  the  ocean  had  originally  issued  in  gi-eat  currents  from  the 
region  of  the  Southern  Ocean,  as  a  center,  and  washed  away 


the  land  until  an-ested  by  the  mountains  and  highlands  of  the 
Northern  Hemisphere. 


The  General  Form  of  each  of  the  Land  Divisions  is  that  of  a  Triangle,  the  Apex  pointing 

toward  the  South. 

17.  Upon  the  Western  Continent  the  water  seems  to  have 
encroached  fi'om  the  south  and  south-west  to  the  foot  of  the 
vast  mountain  ranges  which  Une  its  coast ;  upon  Afi-ica  to  the 
Kong  and  Snow  Mts.,  and  the  highlands  intervening ;  upon 
Asia  to  the  Himalaya  and  the  Ghauts  Mts.  (See  Map  of  Asia.) 

18.  With  Neiv  Zealand  as  a  Center,  describe  a  great  circle 
upon  the  globe,  dividing  it  into  hemispheres ;  one  wiU  contain 
nearly  aU  the  land  on  the  earth's  surface,  while  the  other  wiU 
be  composed  almost  entirely  of  water.  These  are  known  as 
the  Land  and  Water  Hemispheres.  At  or  near  the  center  of 
the  Land  Hemisphere  are  the  British  Isles.    (See  Map,  p.  12.) 

19.  lii/  means  of  the  Jf'inds  and  If'ares  new  coasts  have 
been  formed,  and  others  washed  down  to  the  ocean's  bed ; 
loose  sand  on  some  sea-shores  is  carried  inland,  forming  drift- 
sand  hills,  such  as  those  on  the  southern  shore  of  Long 
Island  and  the  eastern  shore  of  New  Jersey.  In  some  places, 
these  movements  of  the  sand  have  been  attended  with  destruc- 
tive effects,  by  covering  houses,  farms,  and  villages. 


Tower  of  a  Buried  Church  on  the  East  Coast  of  England. 

20.  An  Tncrease  of  the  Volume  of  »Vf^r*- would  be  followed 
by  an  overflowing  of  the  land,  beginning  with  the  lowlands :  thus 
effecting  entire  changes  in  the  sizes  and  forms  of  continents. 

21.  The  Eastern  Continent  conijnisrs  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa ;  the  Western,  North  and  South  America.  ] 


12 


MOXTEITHS  PHYsSICAL  GEOGBAPHY. 


22.  The  Ensfern  Coiifiiienf  ejifeiKlx  in  an  eastevlj  andwest- 
erlv  direction.  Its  gi-eat  moiintain  system,  commencing  at 
Bjhring's  Strait  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  nms  thi-ough  central 
and  southern  Asia,  and  along  the  north  and  south  sides  of 
the  Mediterranean  Sea  to  Portugal  in  Europe,  and  to  Morocco 
in  Africa. 

{Refer  frequently  to  the  large  Maps  in  this  hook.) 

23.  TJu'.se  Mounttiiii.s  are  hicfiitlc<l,  Chiefly,  between  the 
parallels  of  25^  an'd  50'  north  latitude. 

24  The  irestcrn  <'oiitiiieiit  ttihcs  its  direction  iiomits  great 
mountain  system,  which  reaches  from  the  Northern  to  the 
Southern  Ocean  in  a  north-westerly  and  south-easterly  direc- 
tion. Each  of  these  two  mountain  systems  is  like  the  back- 
bone, which  gives  position  and  strength  to  an  animal  body. 

25.  The  Principal  Sections  of  the  mountain  system  on  the 
Eastern  Continent  arc  the  Himalaya,  Altai  (ahl-ti'),  and  Stana- 
voy  ranges  of  Asia ;  the  Cau'casus,  Carpathian,  Alps,  and 
P>Tenees  of  Europe,  and  the  Atlas  Mountains  of  Africa. 

26.  The  Sections  of  the  tjrcat  Mountain  System  of  the  West- 
em  Continent  are  the  Andes  of  South  America,  and  the 
Rocky,  Sien-a  Madre  {se-er'rah  mah'dray).  Sierra  Nevada 
{amj-vah'dah),  and  Cascade  of  North  America.  These  great 
ranges  form  the  western  defenses  of  America  against  the  ad- 
vance of  the  Pacific. 

27.  On  the  Eastern  Side  of  Xorth  America  is  the  Appa- 
lachian System,  reaching  from  the  Southern  States  to  the 
Golf  of  St.  LawTence,  and  giving  to  the  east  coast  of  North 
America  its  principal  direction  north-east  and  south-west. 

23.  On  the  Eastern  Coast  of  South  America  the  mountains 
of  Brazil  run  parallel  with  the  Appalachian  System  of  North 
America,  and  secure  a  parallelism  between  their  correspond- 
ing coast  lines;  namely,  that  fi-om  Newfoundland  to  Florida 
Strait,  and  that  between  Cape  St.  Eoque  and  the  Strait  of 
Magellan. 

29.  The  Vesfern  Continent  is  laid  out  in  two  gieat  trian- 
gles, North  and  South  America,  (S-^e  Illustration  on  page  11.) 
Greenland  has  a  similar  shape.  This  pecuHarity  is  also  no- 
ticeable in  the  Eastern  Continent,  concerning  its  peninsulas ; 
Africa,  Hindoostan',  Farther  India,  Corea,  Kamtschatka 
(kahm-chat'kah),  Italy,  and  the  Scandinavian  peninsula,  com- 
prising Norway  and  Sweden. 

30.  What  is  the  general 
direction  of  the  eastern  coast 
of  the  Eastern  Continent? 
(See  Map  on  page  10.)  Of 
the  coast  from  the  south 
eastern  part  of  Arabia  to  the 
southern  cape  of  Africa  ? 
Of  the  western  coast  from 
North  Cape  to  Cape  Verd  ? 
Of  the  eastern  coast  of  Hin. 
doostan  ?  From  the  eastern 
shore  of  Greenland  to  the 
(j  ulf  of  Mexico  ?  From  Cape 
St.  Roque  to  Cape  Horn  ? 

What  is  tlie  general  di- 
rection of  the  Pacific  coast 
of  the  New  \Vorld  from 
Behring'8  [be'riiiQi)  Strait  to 
Cape  tlorn  ?  Of  the  South 
American  coast  t.om  the 
Caribbe'an  Sea  to  Cape  St.  Land  Hemisphere. 


Roque  1    Of  the  coast  of  Africa  from  Cape  Verd  to  Cape  Good  Hope  1    Of  the 
wei  ym  coasts  of  Hindoostan'  and  Farther  India  ? 

Mentiou  the  principal  coast  lines  which  are  parallel  with  each  other,  and 
have  a  north-easterly  and  south-westerly  direction  ;  those  which  have  a  north- 
westerly and  south-easterly  direction. 

31.  Hence,  it  is  observed  that  the  General  Directions  of 
Coast  Lines  are  but  two ;  namely,  from  north-west  to  south- 
east, and  from  north-east  to  south-west. 

32.  Piefer  to  the  3Iaps  and  you  vaU.  see,  furthermore,  that 
such  are  the  directions  of  nearly  aU  the  coast  lines  of  the 
large  islands,  peninsulas,  and  gi-oups  of  islands  in  the  most 
important  seas,  gulfs,  bays,  lakes,  and  rivers. 

33.  Australia  is  enclosed  by  a  coastline  composed  of  six 
sides,  all  of  which  point  in  one  or  the  other  of  these  two  tlirec- 
tions. 

34.  Ahore  the  Parallel  of  40'  X.  Latitude  are  the  greater 
parts  of  North  America  and  Asia,  and  nearly  all  Europe  ;  while 
below  the  parallel  of  40°  S.  Latitude  extends  no  part  of  the 
Eastena  Continent,  and  only  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
Western  Continent. 

35.  Toward  the  Xorth  Pole  the  Land  extends  and  expands, 
as  if  the  Southern  Hemisphere  was  to  be  suiTendered  to  the 
ocean ;  and  as  new  land  is  being  constantly  formed  in  northern 
latitudes  by  volcanic  action,  in  time  the  Northern  Ocean  may 
become  a  land-locked  sea. 

36.  The  Arctic  Ocean  is  connected  u-ith  the  Pacific  by 
Behring's  Strait,  less  than  sixty  miles  in  -n-idth.  Indeed,  the 
Aleutian  Isles,  which  even  now  reach  from  Alaska  to  Kamt- 
schatka, may  soon,  by  means  of  their  fifty  active  volcanoes, 
become  a  conthiuous  rock,  joining  the  two  continents,  and  thus 
cutting  off  communication  between  the  Pacific  and  Arctic 
Oceans. 

37.  The  Space  between  Greenland  and  Xorway,  or  between 
Greenland  and  Scotland,  is  no  greater  than  that  over  which 
the  Aleutian  Isles  are  now  being  extended.  It  has  already  its 
stepping-stones  of  Iceland,  the  Faroe,  Shetland,  Orkney,  and 
other  isles,  all  of  which  have  been  raised  by  submarine  forces 
yet  in  operation. 

33.  The  Longest  Straight  Line  that  can  be  drawn  on  the 
land-surface  of  the  earth  would  extend  north-eastward  from 
Cape  Verd  to  Behring's  Strait,  a  distance  of  about  11,000  miles. 

39.  What  division  of  the 
earth  is  in  the  center  of  the 
Land  Hemisphere  V  What 
two  divisions  are  \(  tolly  in 
that  hemisphere ';  What 
division  is  almost  entirely 
in  it  ■?  What  part  of  Asia  is 
in  the  Water  Hemisphere? 
\\hat  division  extends  fur- 
thest into  tho  Water  Hemi- 
sphere ?  In  which  hemi- 
sphere is  the  greater  part 
of  South  America  t 

What  islands  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  Wjiter  Hemi- 
sphere? Name  the  largest 
bodies  of  land  in  that  hemi- 
sphere. In  which  of  these 
hemispheres  is  the  greater 
part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, — 
Water  Hemisphere.  the  Atlantic,— the  Indian? 


THE    CONTINENTS,— THE   INFLUENCE   OF   THEIR    FORM. 


13 


Chart  showing  the  Correspondence  between  the  West  Coast  Line  of  the  Old  World  and  the 
East  Coast  Line  of  the  New  World. 


Imagine  the  Old  World  to  be  moved  westward  till  the  mainland  would  meet 
that  of  the  New  World  ;  what  African  gulf  would  be  entered  by  the  eastern 
part  of  South  America  ?  What  American  sea  by  the  western  part  of  Africa  ? 
Where  would  be  the  points  of  contact  ?  Into  what  would  the  Amazon  River 
flow  ?  With  wliat  American  peninsula  would  the  British  Isles  be  merged  ? 
Great  Britain  would  bo  in  what  direction  from  Newfoundland  "i 

40.  All  Important  Point  of  Difference  between  the  divi- 
sions of  the  continents  consists  in  the  comparative  length 
of  coast  Unos.  In  proportion  to  the  extent  of  surface,  the 
longest  line  of  coast  belongs  to  Europe,  the  next  to  North 
America,  and  the  least  to  Africa.  Europe,  with  but  three 
sides  bounded  by  water,  has,  proportionately,  four  times  as 
much  coast  hne  as  the  whole  of  Afi-ica ;  North  America  has 
three  times  as  much  as  Africa. 

41.  About  One-third  of  the  Entire  Lnntl  of  Europe  con- 
sists of  peninsulas  and  islands ;  and,  through  the  medium  of 
numerous  arms  of  the  sea,  this  division  reeeirex  and  hestoirs 
strength,  power,  and  prosperity  ;  while  the  closed  doors  of  the 
Afi'ican  coast  forbid  entrance  to  vast  regions  yet  unexiJored. 

42.  To  Us  remarkablij  Irregular  Coast  Line,  together  with 
its  mild  chmate  and  position  on  the  globe,  does  Europe  owe 
its  greatness  among  the  divisions  of  the  earth. 

43.  Except  in  the  north,  Africa  has  no  such  important 
In/ets  from  the  ocean,  as  those  of  Europe,  North  America,  and 
Asia. 

44.  Seas,  Gaffs,  Bai/s,  antl  Lakes  are  most  mnnerons 
within  a  belt  around  the  earth,  embraced  between  the  parallels 
of  30"  and  60"  north  latitude. 

45.  This  Belt,  which  is  midway  between  the  Equator  and 
the  North  Pole,  rompriscs  the  most  enhglitened,  powerful,  and 
progressive  nations  of  both  continents  ;  here  the  human  race 
had  its  origin,  here  is  the  birth-place  of  Cliristianity,  and  here 
flourished  nations  renowned  in  ancient  history,  which  were 
those  of  Western  Asia,  Southern  Europe,  and  Northern  Africa. 


Therefore,  the  superiority  of  the  land  divisions  of  this  section 
is  o-wTng,  mainly,  to  the  influences  of  their  foi-m,  position  within 
the  North  Temperate  Zone,  and  the  distribution  of  their  inlets. 

46.  inthin  this  Belt,  the  inlets  on  the  coasts  of  the  United 
States,  British  America,  Western  and  Southwestern  Europe, 
are  numerous  and  important. 

Mention  the  princiiml  bays,  gulfs,  and  sounds  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the 
Unite!  States.      (See  pages  60,  G'i.  and  G4.) 

Mention  the  principal  seas  in  Western  and  Sjuthwestern  Europe.  Mention 
the  principal  bays,  gulfs  and  channels.     (See  pages  8o  and  88.) 

47.  The  Condition  of  a  lince  or  People  is  affected  by  con- 
tact with  surrounding  nations  and  influences ;  and  the  greater 
the  facilities  for  communication  and  inter-communication,  the 
greater  is  the  advancement ;  hence,  inlets,  rivers,  canals,  and 
railroads  promote  the  civilization  and  progress  of  man. 


A  City.— River.— Harbor.— Railroad.— Commerce.— Agriculture. 

48.  Asia  and  Europe  together  form  a  vast  peninsu\,  which, 
with  that  of  Africa,  composes  the  Eastern  Continent. 

49.  Were  it  not  for  a  Separation  of  Si.rfi/  Miles  between 
the  Mediterranean  and  Ked  Seas,  each  of  these  peninsulas 
would  be  a  vast  island  or  continent. 

In  this  respect,  what  similarity  exists  between  the  Old  and  the  New  World  ? 
Were  the  isthmuses  of  Darien  and  Suez  overflowed,  how  many  and  what  con 
tinents  would  there  be  ? 

50.  The  Peninsula  comprising  Enrope  and  Asia   has  its 

greatest  extent  from  Behring's  Strait  on  the  north-east  to 
Portugal  in  the  south-west,  a  distance  of  about  8,500  miles,  or 
one-third  the  earth's  circumference.  It  is  remarkable  for  the 
number  and  extent  of  its  indentations,  which  give  to  it  the 
appearance  of  a  great  plant,  extending  its  numerous  roots  in 
all  directions  for  nourishment  and  strength. 

51.  This  is  not  the  case,  howevei",  with  South  America,  and 
stni  less  with  Afiica,  which  is  like  a  jilant  almost  destitute 
of  roots. 

Mention  the  principal  indentations  of  Europe  ;  the  peninsulas  formed  by 
them  ;  the  seas,  bays,  and  gulfs  of  Asia  ;  the  peninsulas.  (See  Map  of  Europe.) 


14 


MOXTEITH'S  PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


52.  Europe  extends  from  the  foot  of  the  Ural  Mountains 
westward,  over  a  gi-eat  expanse  of  land, — a  continuation  of 
the  northern  plain  of  Asia, — to  the  Cai-pathian  Mounbains 
and  the  Baltic  Sea.  Beyond  these  limits  it  becomes  narrow ; 
facilitating  external  and  internal  eommunicatioi:. 

53.  The  Const  Line  is  so  t/reatlji  (Ih-crsijitd  by  the  pene- 
tratincr  arms  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  Mediten-auean  Sea 
that  nearly  all  western  and  south-western  Europe  is  composed 
of  peninsulas. 

TABLE  SHOWrSG  THE  COJDPARATIVE   EXTENT   OF   COiST-LIXE. 


Gran'd  Divisions. 


SqiTAP.S  MlLE-S. 


Europe 3,830,.357 

North  and  Central  America 9, 05;), 927 

South  America 0,9o4,131 

Asia  .    j  16,41.5,7o8 

Africa ll,5r)6,650 


Lkngtii  op 
Coast  Line. 


17,000 
24,000 
13,600 
35,000 
10,000 


Square  Miles 
fokI  of  Coast. 


229 
345 

477 
500 
741 


54:.  The  Three  great  Land  Divisions  of  the  South, — Africa, 
South  America,  and  Austraha, — resemble  each  other  in  then* 
lack  of  sea  arms,  and  in  their  backwardness  of  development ; 
presenting,  ia  these  respects,  a  strong  contrast  to  the  divisions 
of  the  North. 

55.  The  Westerti  Continent  has  its  f/rcntest  Extent  from 
the  northern  part  of  Eussian  America  south-eastward  to  the 
Strait  of  Magellan,  a  distance  of  about  10,000  miles. 

56.  The  Northern  and  North-eastern  Parts  of  N.  America 
are  remarkable  for  thefr  great  number  of  inlets  from  the  sea, 
cutting  the  land  into  a  great  variety  of  islands  and  peninsulas. 

57.  Bn/Jin's  Bay  separates  G^reenland  from  the  main  land 
of  the  Western  Continent,  and  Hndson's  Bay  forms  the  great 
peninsula  of  Labrador  and  East  Main. 

58.  As  yon  go  Sonth,  you  meet  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  Caribbean  Sea,  and  the  Mouth  of  the  Amazon. 

59.  Characteristic  of  the  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United  States, 
are  its  numerous  bays  and  other  inlets ;  the  principal  being 
the  Chesai^eake,  Delaware,  New  York,  Narragansett,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  Penobscot  Bays ;  besides  Long  Island,  Pamhco, 
and  Albemarle  Sounds.  On  the  Pacijir  Coast,  the  most  im- 
portant inlets  are  San  Francisco  Bay  and  Puget's  Sound. 

60.  South  America  has  its  entire  North-eastern  Side  turned 
toward  Europe  and  North  America,  as  if  to  invite  their  aid  in 
its  development ;  and,  although  joined  by  land  to  Noi'th  Amer- 
ica, the  water  affords  far  easier  communication  than  the  moun- 
tainous region  of  the  isthmus. 

61.  Had  the  Wide  Pacific  rolled  between  Europe  and 
America,  instead  of  the  narrow  Atlantic,  Columbus  woiild 
probably  not  have  discovered  America ;  or,  had  the  great 
Mountain  System  of  America  been  placed  on  the  eastern  coast, 
shutting  out  the  Atlantic  as  it  now  does  the  Pacific,  and  pre- 
senting to  the  east  the  same  undeviating  coast  line  that  it  does 
to  the  west,  the  New  World  would  probably  be  less  adapted 
to  the  progress  of  mankind  than  Afi-ica  or  Austraha. 

62.  Between  the  eastern  side  of  the  New  World  and  the 
western  side  of  the  Old,  there  is  a  remarkable  analogy,  not 
only  in  the  parallelism  of  the  general  coast  lines,  but  also  in 
their  system  of  seas,  bays,  and  other  inlets  from  the  ocean. 


Sedion   VI. 


f^ 


HE  i|ontinents-Jheir  Reliefs. 


t.: 


'^.o 


1.  The  Land  of  the  Continents  is  greatly  diversified, — low 
in  some  parts  and  high  in  others ;  the  altitude  or  absolute  ele- 
vation of  a  place  being  the  distance  above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

2.  The  highest  mountains,  as  compared  with  the  size  of  the 
earth,  are  no  larger  than  gi-ains  of  sand  on  a  globe  ten  inches 
in  diameter ;  they  nevertheless  exert  vast  influences  upon  the 
conditions  of  the  whole  land  sm-face  of  the  earth. 

3.  Plains  elevated  but  slightly  above  the  level  of  the  sea 
are  called  lowlands,  even  though  hills  may  rest  upon  them  ; 
those  of  higher  elevations,  enclosing  and  supjDorting  moun- 
tams,  are  highlands  or  plateaus. 

4.  The  Transition  from  L„  :  to  High  Land  is  varied ;  be- 
ing either  abi-ujjt,  gi-adual,  or  cerraced, 

5.  A  Mountain  Bange  or  Chain  is  a  succession  of  moun- 
tains which  have  similar  geological  formations.  The  Highest 
Point  in  a  chain  is  called  the  culminating  point. 

6.  A  Mountain  System  is  two  or  more  parallel  ranges,  con- 
nected with  each  other,  or  which  rest  upon  the  same  plateau. 

7.  The  Soil  of  the  Valleys  is  fertile,  and  the  climate  gene- 
rally delightful. 


A  Valley  in  Switzerland. 

8.  Although  Mountains  and  Plateaus  are  both  elevations 
of  land,  and  are  connected,  yet  they  should  be  considered  dis- 
tinct from  each  other.  The  rugged,  broken  outline  of  lofty 
mountain  peaks,  ^\-ith  their  intervening  valleys  and  passes, 
presents  a  strong  contrast  to  the  comparatively  dull  and  even 
surface  of  a  plateau  ;  jiist  as  a  deeply  indented  coast  does 
to  one  whose  line  is  almost  unbroken. 

9.  No  Precise  Height  has  ever  been  prescribed,  according 
to  which  elevations  of  land  should  or  should  not  be  called 
mountains. 

10.  The  Loftiest  Peaks  on  the  Globe  are  among  the  Hima- 
layas, the  principal  ons,  Mt.  Everest,  being  over  29,000  feet 
high.     Mt.  Aconcagua,  the  highest  in  S.  America,  is  23,903. 


MOUNTAINS   AND   PLATEAUS. 


15 


The  highest  peaks  of  the  Rocky  Mts.  are  between  13,000  and 
15,000  feet  high.  The  White  Mts.  are  about  6,000,  the  Cat- 
skills  3,000,  anJ  the  AUeghanies  fi-orn  1,000  to  5,000  feet. 

11.  A  r.'aUaii  is  an  extent  of  land  elevated  above  the  level 
of  the  sea  from  2,000  to  14,000  feet. 

12.  The  Sitrfare  may  be  level,  rolling,  or  hilly ;  some  pla- 
teaus contain  mountains,  valleys,  and  lakes. 

13.  P/fitcdim  owe  their  Elevation  to  internal  forces,  exerted, 
not  as  in  the  more  sudden  and  violent  formation  of  mountains, 
but  slowly  and  gi-adually  ;  giving  them  a  comparatively  level 
and  unbroken  surface.  Shoiild,  however,  the  force  from  be- 
neath be  so  violent  as  to  cause  Opoiiuf/fi  or  SftDiis  in  the 
earth's  crust  (see  Illustration,  page  8),  there  would  be  pro- 
jected through  this  fissure  melted  mineral  matter,  called  lava, 
besides  stones,  cinders,  and  ashes ;  which,  falling  and  harden- 
ing upon  the  uplifted  surface,  would  form  a  conical  pile  called 
a  mountain. 

14.  The  UpheavHl  of  Ilitls  and  Moiiufains  from  the  Bot- 
tom of  the  Sea  accounts  for  the  finding  of  sea-shells  on  their 
sides  and  tops  ;  and  the  boulders,  stones,  pebbles,  and  gravel 
found  in  aU  countries,  were  irregular  fragments  of  rock,  broken 
off  by  violence  or  by  atmospheric  action,  and  can'ied  great 
distances  by  the  rush  of  water,  ice,  and  icebergs,  fi'om  high  to 
low  ground. 

15.  Moinifains  ivere  raised  to  their  Present  Elevation  by 
nolent  and  repeated  convulsions,  the  process  extending  over 
thousands  of  centuries.  It  is  the  opinion  of  geologists  that 
the  upheaval  of  the  highest  mountains  was  more  sudden,  and 
attended  with  more  violence  than  that_  of  the  ranges  of  less 
elevation  ;  that  the  Alleghany  and  Brazilian  Mountains  were 
raised  more  slowly,  and  in  earlier  jjeriods,  than  the  Eocky  and 
the  Andes  Mts.  The  Alps  were  upheaved  more  suddenly,  and 
at  a  period  comparatively  recent. 

16.  Mountains  which  have  been  violent/;/  Elevated  are 
hnoivn  by  their  deep  fissures,  and  great  disjDlacemeut  of  strata 
and  fossils. 

17.  The  Direction  of  a  Chain  of  Mountains  is  due  to  the 
position  of  the  rent  made  in  the  earth's  crust. 

18.  Mountain  Chains  e.rtend  mostly  in  either  of  two  gene- 
ral directions ;  from  north-east  to  south-west,  or  from  north- 
west to  south-east. 

19.  What  chains  extend  from  north-cast  to  south-west  ?  What  from  north- 
west to  south-east  ?  (See  Maps  in  Part  11.) 

20.  The  Pressure  from  beneath  forces  up,  also,  masses  of 
the  earth's  crust  from  a  considerable  depth.  Granite  is  sup- 
posed to  form  the  lower  part  of  the  crust ;  hence  its  a23pear- 
ance  in  mountains  and  other  parts  of  the  surface  is  due  to 
volcanic  pressure  Those  Mountains  uhose  Eissures  arc  not 
yet  filled  ujt  by  the  lava  from  beneath,  but  contiuue  to  emit 
it,  are  called  volcanoes. 

21.  The  Principal  Plateaus  and  Mountain  lianr/cs  of  a 
continent  are  between  its  center  and  one  of  its  sides,  follow- 
ing the  general  direction  of  the  nearest  side,  toward  which 
their  descent  is  the  most  abrupt. 

22.  The  Louf/est  and  most  (fradual  Descent,  either  by  a 
continuous  slope,  or  by  successive  steps,  called  terraces,  is 
toward  the  center  of  the  continent,  or  the  greater  mass  of 
land. 


23.  The  Rocky,  the  Andes,  and  the  Scandinavian  Moun- 
tains have  their  long  and  gradual  slope  on  the  east,  and 
descend  abruptly  on  the  west.  The  Himalayas  and  the  Alps 
descend  abruptly  toward  the  south.  The  highland  surface 
of  Spain  is  terraced  from  the  Pyrenees  aiKl  Cantabrian  on 
the  norih  to  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  on  the  south. 

24.  The  Great  Plateau  System  of  Asia  lies  south  of  the 
Altai  Mountains ;  that  of  Europe  south  of  the  Baltic  Sea ;  of 
Afiica  south  of  its  central  part ;  and  of  America  along  the 
west  coast. 

25.  The  Climate  on  Mountains  and  Plateaus  is  cooler  than 
on  the  lowlands  of  the  same  latitude,  and  the  greater  the  ele- 
vation the  lower  the  temperature  :  hence,  upon  the  Elevation 
of  a  Country,  as  well  as  upon  its  latitude,  depend  its  cUmate, 
productions,  and  to  some  extent,  the  pursuits  of  the  inhabitants. 

26.  Elevated  Ret/ions  serve  to  moderate  the  temperature  of 
the  lowlands  adjoining  them.  When  air  is  heated  it  becomes 
lighter  than  the  cooler  air  above  it,  and  ascends  ;  the  cold  air 
descending  to  take  its  place. 

27.  Therefore,  as  the  Elevations  are  greatest  in  the  Hot 
Reyions  of  the  earth,  and  diminish  toward  the  poles,  the 
inhabitants  of  the  sultry  tropical  plains,  at  the  foot  of  lofty 
mountains,  are  continually  refreshed  by  the  cool  air  which 
comes  down  from  their  snowy  summits. 


Comparative  Height  of  the  Mountains  in  America,  from  the  Equator  to  the  North  Pole] 
also,  the  Limit  of  Perpetual  Snow 

28.  For  the  same  reason  that  you  put  a  piece  of  Ice  into  a 
Pitcher  of  Water  in  summer,  rather  than  in  winter,  Providence 
has  uplifted  the  highest  mountains  in  the  tropical,  and  not  in 
the  polar  regions  of  the  earth. 

29.  The  Most  Elevated  Plateaus  on  the  globe  are  those  in 
the  south  of  Asia,  near  the  Tropic  of  Cancer.  They  have  an 
altitude  of  more  than  15,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  on  them 
rest  the  loftiest  mountains  in  the  world ;  some  of  the  peaks  of 
the  Himalayas  are  more  than  28,000  feet  above  the  sea. 

80.  In  the  Hot  Reyions  of  South  America  are  the  plateaus 
of  tlie  Andes,  ranging  between  10,000  and  14,000  feet  in  height, 
and  supporting  many  peaks  between  15,000  and  23,000  feet 
high. 

31.  The  Jliffhest  Plateaus  of  North  America  are  in  Mexico 
and  Central  America,  being  from  5,000  to  8,000  feet  above  the 
sea. 


16 


MOXTEITWS  PHYSICAL  GEOGBAPHY. 


32.  yearly  the  iihoh-  of  Mrjriro  is  a  plateau,  whose  inhab- 
itants, even  in  the  tropical  part  of  the  country,  enjoy  a  tem- 
perate and  healthful  cUmate,  owing  to  its  great  elevation 
above  the  sea. 


Section  of  Mexico  tronn  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  Gui't  of  Mexico 

33.  The  Cltii  of  MsMco  h  7,400  feet  above  the  soa  level, 
about  twenty  times  higher  than  Trinity  Church  steeple,  in  the 
city  of  New  York. 

3-i.  Coitr.'i/  <nul  Southern  Africa  is  one  vast  tabic  land, 
the  most  extensive  in  the  world.  It  descends  on  all  sides  by 
ten-aces,  to  the  strip  of  low  gi-ound  along  the  coast. 

3.5.  The  Great  Mountain  Sijsfeni  of  Europe,  comprising 
the  Cau'casus,  Alps,  Pyrenees,  Cantabriau,  and  Apennines, 
is  in  the  southern,  or  warmest  part  of  that  division. 

30.  In  the  Xorthern  liegions  of  E«r«y«' the  only  important 
elevations  are  the  Scandinavian  Mountains  of  Norway  and 
Sweden,  which,  however,  average  less  than  one  half  the  height 
of  the  moimtains  in  the  south  of  Europe.  With  this  c:^ception, 
the  northern  regions  are,  comparatively,  lowlands. 

37.  Take  airinj  thrse  loftij  Mountain  ranges  and  extensive 
plateaus  from  the  places  nov.'  occupied  by  them,  or  remove 
them  from  the  hot  to  a  cold  zone,  thus  increasmg  the  heat  of 
the  tropical  and  the  cold  of  the  frigid  regions,  and  the  conse- 
quence would  be  a  complete  derangement  of  cUmates,  produc- 
tions, and  the  conthtions  of  the  inhabitants. 


The  Alps. -A  Glacier. -A  Tunnel  in  the  Ice  whence  issues  a  Stream  which  is  the  commence- 
ment of  a  Large  River 

38.    In  the  Tropical  Anrles.the  lierfion  of  Perpetual  Snow 

is  above  the  line  of  16,000  feet  elevation  ;  in  the  .iijis. — Tem- 


perate Zone, — it  is  about  8,500  feet  above  the  sea  level ;  and, 
in  Aretir  Latitudes,  it  reaches  dovm.  to  the  sea. 

39.  The  Masses  of  Snotv  upon  the.  Mountains  being  con- 
stantly increased,  force  their  way  down  the  valleys  to  warmer 
regions  below  the  snow-line.  By  Pressure,  alternate  Thaw- 
ing and  Freezing  of  the  upper  surface,  the  whole  becomes  a 
great  stream  of  ice,  called  a  Glacier,  varying  in  depth  fiom 
a  few  hundred  to  several  thousand  feet.  The  Water  that 
descends  through  the  Crevices  of  the  ice  unites  with  springs 
and  flows  down  the  mountain  sides  through  tunnels  which  it 
cuts  in  the  ice  and  snow.  Eveiy  glacier  is  thus  the  source  of  a 
stream.     The  Best  known  Glacier  Begion  is  that  of  the  Alps. 

40.  Draw  a  Line  from  the  Sea  of  Mar' mora  yorth(asf- 
ward  to  Behring's  Strait,  and  you  wiU  have,  south  of  this 
line,  nearly  all  the  great  elevations  of  Asia,  consisting  of  a 
vast  system  of  plateaus,  supporting  lofty  mountains  whose 
tops  are  constantly  covered  with  snow ;  to  the  north  of  these 
lies  the  gi-eat  Siberian  Plain. 

41.  The  Highest  Plateau  on  the  Globe  is  that  of  <L'entral 
Asia,  which  extends  1,500  miles  from  the  Altai  Mountains  on 
the  north,  to  the  Himalayas  on  the  south,  and  2,500  miles 
from  west  to  east ;  having  about  the  seme  dimensions  as  the 
United  States,  and  an  average  elevation  above  the  sea  of 
10,000  feet.  Its  Surface  is  greatly  dirersi/ied  with  heights 
and  depressions,  rivers  and  lakes.  The  principal  nvers  arei 
the  Ganges,  Brahmaputra,  Indus,  Amocr,  and  Eoang  Ho. 
The  Ganges  has  its  two  principal  sources  situated  in  immense 
masses  of  snow,  at  the  elevation  of  13,000  Itet.  The  Eleiations 
diminish  gradually  from  the  Himalayas  northward  to  Siberia, 
where  the  slope  continues  downward  to  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

42.  yearly  all  Western  and  South-tvestern  Asia  consists 
of  plateaus  about  4,000  feet  high. 

43.  This  System  of  Highlands  cjitends  v.estward  to  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  over  Southern  Europe  and  Northern  Afiica ; 
the  MediteiTanean,  Caspian,  and  Black  Seas  being  considered 
its  great  depressions. 

44.  While  much  the  larger  part  of  Asia  consists  of  vast 
plateaus,  Europe  consists  mainly  of  an  extended  plain,  which 
commences  at  the  Strait  of  Dover,  extends  eastward  between 
its  great  mountain  system  and  the  Baltic  Sea,  and  then  open-^ 
upon  and  covers  Russia.  The  surface  of  this  plain  is  almof 
level,  and  has  an  elevation  of  about  1,000  feet.  ■,: 

45.  The  Average  Height  of  the  Al2>s  is  between  8,000  and 
10,000  feet ;  the  highest  peak,  Mt.  Blanc,  being  over  15,000 
feet.  The  Apennines  average  fi'om  4,000  to  8,000  feet ;  the 
Sierra  yevada  of  Spain  fi-om  6,000  to  10,000  feet ;  and  the  Scan- 
dinavian Mountains  of  Norway  and  Sweden  about  4,000  feet. 

46.  The  Great  Plateau  of  Africa  ranges  fi-om  2,0(0  to  10,000 
feet  in  elevation  ;  its  highest  part  being  in  Abyssinia. 

47.  The  Loftiest  Peaks  in  Africa  are  Kenia  and  KOimand- 
jaro,  whose  summits  are  20,000  feet  above  the  sea. 

48.  Central  Africa,  north  of  the  Equator,  descends  to  the 
level  of  the  Great  Desert,  which  is  between  1,000  and  2,000 
feet  above  the  sea.  The  highest  ranges  on  the  African  pla- 
teau are  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  the  Abyssinian,  Came- 
roon, and  Snow  Mountains. 

49.  The  Principal  Plateaus  of  the  yew  World  are  in  South 
America,  among  the  Andes. 


MO  UNTAINS,—MAIK,-3II]SrEBALS. 


17 


F6ft. 

UT.cvmesT  znnoo 


Mr.  ACONCAGUA  iiSOff 


HIT.  KEN  I A 

roU  FOPOCATSFBTL 


LOfJQS  PCAK 

LTi 

POTOS 


MT.3T.  ELI  AS  118000 

MT  CLBOORZ'naoo 

MT.ARARAT  \/7i<ia 


/S.OUO 

ispoo 


H200 
KXOOQ 


Comparative  Elevation  of  Cities,  Mountains,  and  Lakes, 

50.  The  city  of  Quito,  (ke'to,)  in  Ecuador,  is  built  on  a  pla- 
teau nearly  10,000  feet  above  the  Pacific. 

51.  JPofosi,  a  city  of  Bolivia,  is  built  on  a  plateau  so  higb 
that  the  streets  of  the  city  have  an  elevation  of  more  than 
12,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

52.  inAe  Tlticaca,  [tit-e-kah'lcah,)  between  Bolivia  and  Peru, 
has  nearly  the  same  level,  being  twice  the  height  of  Mt.  Wash- 
ington in  New  Hampshire,  four  times  that  of  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains, and  seven  times  that  of  the  Blue  Eidge  at  Harper's  Ferry. 

53.  IFif/li  ns  are  these  Cities,  Lakes,  and  Table-lands,  yet 
they  are  far  over-topped  by  the  surrounding  mountains,  which 
rise  about  10,000  feet  above  them  ;  hence,  these  places  are  but 
little  more  than  half-way  up  the  highest  of  the  Andes. 

54.  The  Rorkij  Mountains,  if  placed  beside  the  Andes, 
i  -uld  reach  only  to  the  plateaus  of  the  latter.  The  elevation 
I      the  Appalachian  range  is  only  about  one-seventh  that  of 

'   J  Andes. 

55.  On  the  Western  Side  of  the  Andes,  the  slope  toward  the 
Pacific  is  abrupt :  on  the  eastern,  or  Atlantic  side,  it  is  gradual ; 
being  interfered  with  only  by  the  Brazilian  Mountains,  which, 
however,  are  less  than  one-fourth  the  height  of  the  Andes. 

56.  The  Andes  rise  so  High  that  their  tops  are  in  the  re- 
gion of  pei-petual  snow,  while,  at  their  foot,  the  heat  is  oppres- 
sive, and  would  be  greatly  intensified,  but  for  their  cooling 
influence. 

57.  To  the  influence  of  Mountain  Systems  do  vast  regions 
owe  the  rain  which  is  necessary  to  the  preservation  of  vege- 
table and  animal  Ufe  ;  for  as  vapor  rises  from  the  earth's 
surface  by  the  agency  of  Heat,  so  it  must  return  by  the 
agency  of   Cold.     [See  illustration  above.) 

Wliat  mountain  in  Asia  is  the  highest  on  the  globe?  How  far  aljove  the 
level  of  the  sea  is  Mt.  St.  Elias,  in  North  America  ?  The  City  of  Potosi,  in  South 
America?  Great  Salt  Lake?  Mt.  Washington?  The  Catskill  Mountains? 
Madrid,  in  Spain?    How  far  below  the  level  of  the  sea  is  the  Dead  Sea? 


The  Andes. 


Llanos  and  Pampas. 
The  Ram  of  South  America. 


Brazilian   IVIts> 


58.  As  the  Torrid  lictjions  of  the  Earth  require  the  rjreat- 
est  amount  of  Rain,  there  are  the  loftiest  mountains,  which 
act  as  huge  condensers  of  the  clouds  and  vapors  floating  in 
the  atmosphere ;  and  by  the  melting  of  the  snow  on  then- 
sides,  they  supply  springs  and  rivers  to  the  plains  below. 

53.  //  South  America  contained  no  such  Elevations,  the 
quantity  of  rain  poured  upon  the  vast  plains  would  be  greatly 
diminished. 

60.  In  the  tropical  regions  of  South  America  the  liain- 
bearing  Winds  blow,  not  from  the'  Pacific,  but  from  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.  The  clouds,  floating  westwardly  over  the  land, 
feel  the  cooling  influence  of  the  Andes,  and  respond  with 
copious  rains,  which  cover  with  the  heaviest  vegetation  a 
region  that  would  otherwise  be  a  sunburnt  wilderness. 

61.  In  Sotne  Districts  between  the  Andes  and  the  Pacific, 
rain  is  almost  or  wholly  unknown,  because  the  clouds  are 
exhausted  before  passing  the  mountains. 

62.  Had  the  Andes  been  raised  on  the  Eastern  Side  of 
that  great  peninsula,  instead  of  on  the  western,  the  rain  would 
fall  in  torrents  upon  the  then  short  Atlantic  slope,  and  South 
America  would  be  deprived  of  its  immense  rivers,  dense  forests, 
and  fertile  plains. 

63.  Although  the  Mountain  Cliains  and  Plateaus  of  South 
America  are  Extensive,  yet  they  only  cover  about  one-fifth 
of  its  surface,  the  greater  part  of  it  being  vast  plains. 

64.  These  huge  Piles,  called 
Mountains,  2>roJected  bij  Vio- 
lence through  fearful  gaps  in 
the  earth's  ciiist,  fi'om  the 
melted  interior,  and  occupying 
such  positions  of  usefulness  to 
the  earth  and  to  man,  stand  in 
their  appointed  places,  as  mon- 
uments, not  of  the  Creator's 
power  alone,  but  also  of  His 
wisdom  and  goodness. 

65.  By  means  of  these  great 
Upheavals,  man  derives  a 
knowledge  of  the  interior  form- 
ations of  the  earth,  and  obtains 
the  wealth  of  the  mines,  which, 
without  those  convulsions, 
would  yet  he  deep  in  the  earth 
and  beyond  his  reach.  {See  il- 
lustration, page  8,  second  column.) 

66.  Gold,  Silver,  Iron,  Coal, 
and  other  precious  and  useful 
minerals  were  formed  below  the 
earth's  surface. 


18 


3IOJS^TEITH'S  PHYSICAL   GEOGBAPHY. 


67.  Among  the  many  rcnurrhahle  Fentures  in  the  formation 
of  mountain  ranges,  is  one  tliat  deserves  notice  on  account  of 
its  bearing  upon  civilization  ;  it  is  fheir  Formation  in  Peaks, 
between  whose  sloping,  or  perpendicular  sides,  ra.sses  are  left. 
A  chain  of  peaks,  resting  on  a  plateau,  is  termed  by  the 
Spaniards,  sierra,  from  its  resemblance  to  a  saw. 

68.  Hold  up  your  Hand  and  you  will  have  a  good  illustra- 
tion of  a  section  of  mountaius  and  a  plateau ;  the  fingers,  sepa- 
rated from  each  other,  represent  the  mountain  peaks,  and  the 
hand  represents  a  plateau. 

69.  If  the  Continents  tvere  deprived  of  their  Land  Eleva- 
tions, the  change  effected  in  the  cUmates  alone  would  render 
the  now  fruitful  plains  unfit  for  the  abode  of  mankind. 

70.  Were  the  To2)s  of  high  Mountain  Ranges  connected, 
SO  as  to  form  a  continuous  barrier,  nations  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  chain  might  be  further  apart  in  their  relations  with  each 
other  than. if  an  ocean  roUed  between  them. 

71.  In  most  of  the  Great  Chains  there  are  Natural  Fasses 
far  below  the  summits  of  the  moimtains. 

72.  The  Fasses  through  the  AIj)s  are  not  half-way  up  the 
mountains  ;  they  are  proportionately  lower  than  those  of  other 
leading  chains. 

73.  The  Advantages  of  National  Communication  are  now 
seen  by  man,  but  they  were  recognized  by  the  Creator  when 
he  formed  the  mountains,  with  then-  intervening  passes. 

74.  If  the  whole  Land  Surface  of  the  Earth  were  made 
Level  by  filling  up  the  lowlands  with  the  material  from  the  ele- 
vations, its  height  would  be  about  900  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

75.  If  the  Matter  comprising  all  the  Mountain  Systems  of 
the  World  were  transfeiTed  to  the  polar  regions,  they  would  not 
be  sufficient  to  make  the  polar  diameter  equal  to  the  equatorial. 

76.  In  North  America  there  are  Two  great  Mountain 
Systems;  the  Eocky  and  the  Appalachian,  or  Alleghany. 

77.  The  Rocky  Mountain  System  is  supported  by  the  North 

86.  What  part  of  the    p 
United  States  contains 
great  mountains  and 
plateaus  ? 

Name  the  States  on 
the  eastern  t)order  of 
the  great  plateau  re- 
gion. 

Is  the  greater  part 
of  the  plateau  east,  or 
west,  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  ? 

What  part  of  this 
region  contains  val- 
leys? 

What  rivers  drain 
the  eastern  part  of  the 
plateau  ?  The  north- 
western part  ?  The 
south-western  part  ? 

What  lake  drains 
the  Great  Basin  of 
Utah? 

Has  it  any  outlet  ? 
How  much  of  the 
surface  of  the  United 
States  consists  of  plor 
teaus  ?  About  one-half. 
What  can  you  say  of 
the  surt'ace  of  Texas? 


American  Plateau,  which  is  elevated  from  4,000  to  7,000  feet, 
and  extends  over  a  great  part  of  Central  America  and  Mexico, 
the  western  third  of  the  United  States,  and  the  western  part 
of  British  America. 

78.  In  this  System  are  mrfiidcrf  the  Cascade  Eange,  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  Sierra  Madre.  East  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  is  the 
Great  Basin,  or  Plateau  of  Utah. 

79.  The  Rocky  Mountain  System  extends  irom  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,  in  a  north-westerly  direction,  to  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
at  about  70°  north  latitude. 

80.  Its  Widest  Fart  is  in  the  United  States,  and  embraces 
all  that  region  between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  central  part 
of  Colorado,  a  distance  of  over  900  miles. 

81.  The  Surface  of  the  Flateau  slopes  eastward  from  Pike's 
Peak  to  the  Missouri  Eiver. 

82.  The  Most  Western  Range  of  this  system  commences  at 
the  southern  extremity  of  Lower  Cahfornia,  and  extends  along 
the  Pacific  coast  as  far  north  as  Mt.  St.  EUas,  in  latitude  60°. 

83.  The  Sierra,  Madre  commences  at  the  southern  part  of 
Colorado  and  extends  into  Mexico. 

84.  The  Most  Northern  Fass  in  the  United  States  through 
the  Eocky  Mountains,  is  near  the  head  waters  of  the  Missouri 
and  Lewis  Elvers,  and  is  one  of  the  routes  proposed  for  a  rail- 
road to  the  Pacific. 

85.  TABLE  SHOWING  THE  CDLMINATTNG  POINTS,  AND  THE  MEAN 
ELEVATION  OF  THE  LAND. 


Asia 

South  America. 
North  America 
Europe 


Mean  Elevation. 
Feot 


CULMINATINQ    PoiNT.^. 

;  Feet. 


1,080 

1,060 

700 

630 


Mt.  Everest 

Mt.  Aconcagua 

Vol.  Popocatepetl'.  . 
Mt.  Elboorz 


29,000 
23,906 
18,500 
17,800 


The  Mountains  and  Plateaus  of  the  United  States  are  here  colored  Brown  ;  the  Lowlands  and  Valleys,  Green. 


87.  What  States  east 
of  the  Mississippi  Riv- 
er contain  high  land  ? 

In  what  direction  do 
the  mountains  of  that 
region  extend  ? 

In  what  part  of 
Maine  is  the  surface 
most  elevated  ?  Of 
Massachusetts  ?  Con- 
necticut ?  New  York  ? 
Pennsylvania?  Vir- 
ginia ?  5Iarj-land  1 
Tennessee  ?  Ken- 

tucky ?  North  Caro- 
lina ?  South  Carolina  ? 
Georgia  ?     Alabama  ? 

What  portions  of  the 
Atlantic  States  consist 
of  lowlands  ?  What 
portions  of  the  Gulf 
States  consist  of  low- 
lands ? 

What  river  drains 
the  great  lowland  re- 
gion of  the  United 
States  ? 

What  rivers  have 
their  sources  in  the 
Appalachian  System  1 


rOLCAXOES,—EAB,THQ  UAKES, 


19 


Sedion  VII. 

§olcanoes-|arthquakes. 


A  Volcano,  and  Fissures  caused  by  Earthquakes,  may  be  illustrated  by  means  of  a  Cake 
which  IS  burst  open  at  the  Top.  by  the  Escape  of  Steam  arising  from  the  Fluids  within 
the  Cake  |  the  Heat  of  the  Oven  corresponding  to  that  of  the    Earth's  Interior. 

1.  Volcanoes,  Earfliquakes,  the  Rising  and  Sinking  of  the 
Lanxl  are  all  attributed  to  the  pressure  of  steam  and  gases, 
proceeding  from  the  heated  interior  of  the  earth. 

2.  A  Volcano  is  an  opening  in  the  earth's  crust  through 
■which  issue  melted  rock,  or  laTa,  stones,  ashes,  flame,  smoke, 
and  steam.     {See  Illustration  on  page  8.) 

3.  The  Materials  throivn  out  usually  accumulate  around 
the  opening,  called  the  crater. 

4.  A  Rent  in  the  Earth's  Crust  may  be  made  beneath  the 
sea,  where  a  high  mountain  will  sometimes  be  formed ;  some- 
times no  elevation  appears ;  the  fire,  lava,  and  other  material 
being  thrown  upwards  through  the  water. 

5.  Volcanoes  allow  the  Escape  of  fire  and  gases  from  the 
interior  of  the  earth,  and  thus  prevent  greater  destruction  by 
earthquakes. 

6.  Some  Volcanoes  remain  inactive  for  long  or  short 
periods  ;  some  now  called  extinct  may  again  become  active. 

7.  Volcanic  action  is  usually  preceded  by  earthquakes,  which 
sometimes  rend  the  earth  open  in  fissui'es,  and  engulf  whole 
villages  and  cities. 

8.  Bi/  these  Convulsions  Mountains  and  Hills  are  raised, 
in  some  instances,  from  what,  a  few  hours  before,  were  low 
lands. 

9.  Through  the  Openings  issues  Volcanic  Mattel:  Vast 
quantities  of  water,  mud,  and  fish  are  sometimes  ejected  from 
mountains  in  South  America  ;  they  proceed  from  subterranean 
lakes  or  pools. 

10.  On  the  West  Coast  of  Italy  a  volcano  called  Monte 
Nuovo  {noo-o'vo),  over  400  feet  in  height,  was  formed  in  two 
days,  and  the  adjoinbg  land  was  elevated  so  that  the  bottom 
of  the  bay  for  200  yards  from  the  shore,  was  raised  above  the 
water  level,  leaving  the  fish  on  the  newly  formed  shore  to  be 
picked  up  by  the  inhabitants. 

11.  The  Most  Noted  1'olcnnoes  in  the  IForld  are  Vesuvius 
on  the  coast  of  Italy,  Etna  in  Sicily,  Stromboli  (strom'bo-k)  on 


one  of  the  Lipari  (lip'a-re)  Islands,  Hecla  in  Iceland,  Coto- 
paxi  (ko-to-jMx'e)  one  of  the  Andes,  Sangay  near  the  city  of 
Quito,  Mauna  Loa  on  the  island  of  Hawaii  (/ia/i-tCT"'e),  and  Tene- 
riffe  on  one  of  the  Canary  Islands. 


Fissures  caused  by  an  Earthquake  in  Italy    1713. 

12.  The  Number  of  Active  Volcanoes  on  the  Earth  is  about 
250,  more  than  haK  of  which  are  on  the  coasts  and  islands  that 
line  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  most  remarkable  volcanic  region 
is  in  Malaysia.  Continents  have  their  volcanoes  mostly  on 
their  borders  ;  those  of  the  Western  Continent  are  chiefly 
among  the  Andes  and  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

13.  Although  Earthquakes  mostly  occur  in  Volcanic  Dis- 
tricts, yet  any  part  of  the  earth's  sui'face  is  subject  to  them. 
Some  are  violent  and  destructive,  while  others  are  almost  or 
entirely  imperceptible. 

14.  On  the  Ifcstern  Continent,  Earthquakes  are  most  fre- 
quent in  Central  America,  Chili,  and  Peru  ;  in  Europe,  they 
occur  chiefly  in  Italy  and  its  vicinity. 

15.  The  Approach  of  an  Earthquake,  like  the  eruption  of 
a  volcano,  is  sometimes  indicated  by  symptoms  of  unusual 
agitation  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

16.  Among  the  Greatest  Earthquakes  of  which  we  have  a 
record,  is  that  which  destroyed  the  cities  of  Hercultmeum  and 
Pompeii  {-pom-pay' e),  A.D.  63 ;  and,  after  they  had  lain  in  rviins 
for  sixteen  years,  they  were  again  overwhelmed  by  an  erup- 
tion of  Mt.  Vesuvius. 

17.  In  1692,  Port  Royal,  the  Capital  of  the  Island  of 
Jamaica,  was  sunk  in  less  than  one  minute  ;  the  sea  rolling  in, 
and  driving  the  vessels  that  were  in  the  harbor  over  the  tops 
of  the  sinking  houses. 

18.  The  Great  Earthquake  of  Lisbon,  in  1755,  commenced 
with  a  dull,  rumbling  sound  below  the  surface,  immediately 
followed  by  a  tremendous  shock,  which  threw  down  a  large 
part  of  the  city ;  and,  in  the  space  of  six  minutes,  60,000  peo- 
ple perished.  The  Sea  retired  to  a  distance,  only  to  return  in 
a  vast  wave,  fifty  feet  high.  The  unfortunate  People  rushed 
fr'om  the  falling  buildings  to  secure  shelter  on  the  new  and 
massive  marble  quay  {ke),  which  suddenly  sank  with  them  into 
the  sea ;  the  water  closing  over  the  spot  to  the  depth  of  600 
feet.  Not  a  single  Fragment  of  the  many  J'essels,  nor  one 
of  the  thousands  of  human  bodies  that  were  drawn  into  this 
frightful  chasm,  ever  floated  to  the  surface ;  all  being  engulfed 


20 


3IOXTEITirS  PHYSICAL  GEOGIiAPHY. 


in  the  fissures  wliich  opened,  and  immediately  closed  over 
them.  A  Poft'ion  of  the  Eut-tU  four  times  as  large  (is  JEurope 
was  affected  by  this  tenific  shock.  The  Haters  of  the  Seoteh 
Lakes  suddenly  rose  above,  and  then  subsided  below,  their 
level.  On  the  Shores  of  the  West  Indies  the  tide  rose  twenty 
feet,  and  the  water  resembled  ink ;  even  the  coast  of  Massa- 
chusetts and  the  waters  of  Lake  Ontario  were  sensibly  affected. 

19.  In  1811,  occuned  the  Earthquake  of  Xeiv  Madrid,  in 
Missouri,  which  was  remarkable  for  the  continuous  quaking 
and  rending,  over  an  extent  of  300  miles,  during  several 
months.  Great  Openings  were  made  in  the  surface,  from 
which  mud  and  water  were  projected. 

20.  These  Internal  Convulsions  eontinued  until  they  cul- 
minated, March,  1812,  in  the  Earthquake  of  Caracas,  on  the 
northern  coast  of  South  America,  by  which  the  whole  of  that 
splendid  city  became  instantaneously  a  mass  of  ruins,  and 
thousands  of  its  inhabitants  perished. 

21.  In  1822,  an  Earthquake  occurred  in  Chili,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  elevation  of  a  large  section  of  country  to  a 
height  varying  from  two  to  seven  feet. 

22.  In  1857  and  1858,  Repeated  Shocks  tvere  felt,  at  inter- 
vals, in  the  country  aroxmd  Naples.  Several  towns  were  re- 
duced to  heaps  of  ruins,  and  about  30,000  inhabitants  perished. 

23.  During  the  Earthquake,  Mt.  Vesuvius  continued  in 
action  ;  and,  by  affording  a  means  of  escape  for  the  confined 
gases,  doubtless  prevented  the  entire  destruction  of  the  city  of 
Naples  and  the  ruin  of  all  the  region  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of ,  the  volcano. 

2i.  In  1859,  tlie  City  of  Quito  (ke'to)  and  several  towTis  in  its 
vicinity  were  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  an  earthquake. 

25.  In  August,  1868,  an  Earthquake  occurred  in  Eerii, 
Chili,  and  Ecuador,  which  caused  a  feai'ful  loss  of  life  and 
property  ;  and,  in  October,  several  shocks  were  experienced  in 
California,  causing  considerable  damage  in  the  principal  cities. 

28.  Shocks  have  been  felt  at  different  times  in  various  parts 
of  the  United  States. 

27.  Subsidences,  like  Upheavals,  sometimes  occur  so  gently 
that  the  inhabitants  are  only  aware  of  the  change  by  the  dif- 
ference in  the  sea  level.  In  1819,  an  area  of  2,000  square 
miles  about  the  mouth  of  the  Indus,  in  Hindoostan,  was  sud- 
denly converted,  by  an  earthquake,  into  an  inland  sea. 


Fort  Sindree  after  the  Earthquake. 

28.  The  Fort  and  Village  of  Sindree  sank  so  much  that 
only  the  tojjs  of  the  fort,  houses,  and  trees  were  seen  above 
the  water. 

29.  The  Coast  of  Sweden  has  been  rising  for  many  years ; 
near  Stockholm,  at  the  rate  of  a  few  inches  in  a  century. 

30.  In  Greenland,  the  south-west  coast  has  been  slowly 
sinking  for  four  centuries  past. 

31.  In  1866,  an  Island  was  Upheaved  from  the  bottom  of 
the  sea  south-east  of  Greece.  The  water  was  violently  agi- 
tated, and  from  the  fissures  rushed  flame,  smoke,  lava,  and 
fragments  of  rock. 


Fort  Sindree  before  rt  was  Submerged  by  the  Earthquake  of  1819. 


Sedion  VIII. 
^LAINS  AND  §ALLEYS. 

1.  The  Land  Surface  of  the  Earth  may  be  divided  into 
two  general  classes,  highlands  and  lowlands ;  the  highlands 
comprising  mountains  and  plateaus ;  the  lowlands,  plains  and 
valleys. 

2.  Lowlands  comprise  all  lands  whose  elevation  is  not  more 
than  1,000  to  1,500  feet  above  the  sea. 

3.  A  Plain  surrounded  by  Mountains  or  hiUs  is  called  a 
valley. 

4.  Tlirough  the  Lowest  Part  of  a  Valley,  or  near  its  cen- 
ter, generally  flows  a  river,  which  drains  it. 

5.  Lowlands  comprise  far  the  greater  part  of  the  land  sur- 
face of  the  earth,  and  in  them  is  found  the  great  mass  of  vege- 
tation, animals,  and  maiikind. 

6.  The  Soil  of  the  Lowlands  is  constantly  enriched  by  the 
alluvial  washings  from  the  mountain  sides,  which  have  filled 
the  fissures  and  depressions  of  the  rock  that  originally  formed 
the  land  surface  of  the  earth ;  it  is  still  further  enriched  by 
the  collection  upon  it  of  decomposed  vegetable  and  animal 
substances.  About  two-thirds  of  the  Western  Continent  are 
covered  by  plains. 

7.  The  Great  Central  Plain  of  North  America  is  all  that 
part  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  between  the  Eocky  and 
Alleghany  Mountains,  an  area  of  about  three  and  a  quarter 
millions  of  square  mUes ;  comprising  four  great  basins,  drained 


DESERTS   AlSD    OASES. 


by  the  Mississippi,  St.  Lawrence,  and  Mackenzie's  Elvers,  and 
Hudson's  Bay. 

8.  The  Loirfands  of  South  Amcvicn  comprise  those  of  the 
Orinoco,  Amazon,  and  La  Plata  Elvers,  and  cover  foui--fifths 
of  the  surface  east  of  the  Andes. 

9.  The  Lowlands  of  the  Orinoco,  termed  Llanos,  are  less 
than  300  feet  above  the  sea  level,  and  present  a  sui-face  almost 
as  even  as  that  of  water.  During  the  Dry  Season,  from 
May  to  November,  the  groiind  is  parched  and  barren ;  present- 
ing the  appearance  of  a  desert.  Durinr/  the  Wet  Season,  from 
November  to  May,  the  clouds,  driven  westward  by  the  Trade 
Winds,  pour  dowa  theii-  rain;  when  horses,  cattle,  serpents, 
and  alligators  suddenly  appear  in  vast  numbers. 

10.  The  Plains  or  Lou-lands  of  the  Amazon,  termed  Stlvas, 
extend  from  the  Andes  to  the  Atlantic,  a  distance  of  1,500 
miles,  and  average  600  miles  in  breadth.  TJiey  cover  an  Area 
of  about  2 1  miUions  of  square  miles,  and  consist,  chiefly,  of 
dense  forests  into  which  man  has  scarcely  penetrated. 

11.  The  Plains  of  the  Amazon  are  about  two-thirds  the 
size  of  all  Europe. 

12.  The  Valley  of  the  La  Plata  consists  mainly  of  vast 
grassy  flats,  called  Pampas,  where  vast  herds  of  cattle  feed ; 
these  Animals  are  hunted  for  their  hides,  horns,  and  tallow, 
which  constitute  the  chief  export  of  that  region. 

13.  The  Three  Plains  of  South  America  corer  an  area  of 
5,000,000  square  miles,  while  all  Europe  contains  but  3,500,000 
square  miles. 

14.  The  Great  Northern  Plain  of  the  Old  World  lies  north 
of  its  chief  mountain  system.  Lt  Extends  from  the  shores  of 
the  North  Sea  and  English  Channel,  eastward,  over  France, 
Belgium,  Holland,  Denmark,  Northern  Germany,  Eussia  in 
Europe,  Eussia  in  Asia,  and  Lidependent  Tartary,  to  Behring's 
Strait ;  interrupted  only  by  the  Ural  Chain,  which  forms  a 
natui-al  boundary  between  Euroj^e  and  Asia. 

15.  The  Portions  of  this  Great  Plain  which  are  drained  by 
the  tributaries  of  the  North,  Baltic,  and  Black  Seas,  are 
famous  for  their  fertihty. 

16.  That  Part  of  the  Plain  bordering  on  the  North,  Paltir, 
and  Uliite  Seas,  evidently  emerged  from  the  ocean  at  a  much 
later  period  than  some  other  parts  of  the  continent ;  indeed, 
its  elevation  is  yet  incomplete  ;  for  many  parts  of  HoUand  are 
still  below  the  sea  level,  and  are  protected  from  inundation  by 
means  of  dikes  constnicted  by  the  inhabitants. 

17.  In  the  Pegion  of  the  Caspian  and  Aral  Seas,  the  sur- 
face is  also  much  depressed ;  some  parts  being  below  the  level 
of  the  sea. 

18.  Until  a  Period  comparatively  Recent,  it  probably 
formed  the  bed  of  a  great  inlet,  or  arm  of  the  ocean,  from 
which  it  has  been  isolated  by  the  upheaval  of  the  sun-ound- 
ing  highlands.  The  Soil  contains  sand,  sea-shells,  and  salt, 
and  the  region  is  consequently  desolate.  There  being  no  out- 
let to  the  enclosed  waters,  the  seas  of  this  basin  are  strongly 
impregnated  with  salt. 

19.  Toward  the  Arctic  Ocean,  the  plains  in  Europe  and 
Asia  are  a  boundless  waste,  swampy  in  summer,  and  frozen  in 
winter. 

20.  The  Polar  Regions  of  North  America  may  be  consid 
ered  a  continuation  of  the  lowlands  of  Northern  Asia. 


Se6tion  IX. 

Seserts  and  ®ASES. 

1.  Deserts  are  Extensive  Tracts  destitute  of  water,  and,  con- 
sequently, of  vegetation  and  animal  life. 

2.  Their  Condition  is  Attributable,  chiefly,  to  the  heat  and 
dryness  of  the  winds  which  blow  over  them. 

3.  The  Desert  Region  of  the  Old  World  extends  over  the 
greater  part  of  Northern  Africa,  and  north-eastward  over  vast 
regions  of  Arabia,  Turkey,  Persia,  Afghanistan,  Beloochistan, 
Lidependent  Tartary,  and  the  Chinese  Empire  ;  this  is,  also, 
the  great  rainless  region  of  the  world :  its  area  is  more  than 
twice  that  of  the  United  States. 

4.  The  Surface  of  that  part  of  Sahara  which  hes  north  of 
Timbuctoo  (see  JlJap  of  Africa),  thence  toward  the  Atlantic,  is 
a  vast  sandy  waste  covered  with  a  coating  of  salt  and  sea- 
shells. 

5.  At  times,  the  Desert  is  Visited  by  the  dreailed  Simoon — 
a  hot,  suffocating  wind  which  didves  the  burning  sand  in  great 
clouds  fuiiously  over  the  surface,  for  great  distances. 

6.  To  avoid  Suffocation,  travelers  throw  themselves  on 
the  groimd  with  their  faces  to  the  earth,  stopping  their 
ears  and  noses  with  their  handkerchiefs  until  the  storm  has 
passed ;  their  camels  he  close  to  the  ground  and  bury  their 
noses  in  the  sand. 

7.  By  means  of  the  Winds  tvhich  Blow  over  the  Desert, 
some  houses,  villages,  and  towns  have  been  completely  covered 
with  the  driven  sand.  There  have  been  Discovered  remains 
of  ancient  temples  so  long  buried  that  no  record  of  them  is 
found  in  history. 

8.  Large  Portions  of  the  Great  Desert  are  diversified  by 
hills  and  mountains,  between  wliich  are  valleys  or  immense 
tracts  either  of  sand  or  naked  rock. 

9.  Between  Fezzan  and  the  Southern  Side  of  the  Desert, 
some  tribes  live  on  the  mountains,  at  elevations  where  the 
temperature  requires  them  to  wear  warm  clothing,  even  furs. 
Here,  also,  rain  occasionally  falls ;  wliile  in  other  districts,  the 
mercury  in  the  thermometer  rises  to  132°  in  the  shade  and 
156°  in  the  sun. 

10.  Sahara  is  a  vasf  Plateau  which  has  an  elevation  above 
the  sea  of  1,200  to  1,500  feet.  It  is  about  1,000  miles  wide 
and  3,000  miles  long ;  covering  an  area  equal  to  about  four- 
fifths  that  of  the  United  States. 

11.  The  Oases  are  fertile  spots  in  various  parts  of  the  desert, 
where  are  found  springs  of  cool  and  dehcious  water,  besides 
gi-ass,  the  palm,  fern,  acacia,  and  other  trees ;  here  travelers 
and  their  camels  find  shade,  refreshment,  and  rest. 

12.  The  Oases  are  Depressions  in  the  table  land  of  the 
desert ;  the  water  is  supphed  from  the  surrounding  chfi"s,  and 
is  retained  by  a  stratum  of  clay  in  the  center  of  the  valley. 

13.  The  Number  of  Oases  in  Sahara  is  about  thirty  ;  of 
which,  twenty  are  inhabited. 

14.  The  Principal  Desert  in  the  New  World  is  that  of  Ata- 
cama,  where  rain  has  never  been  known  to  fall.  It  is  situated 
in  Peru  and  Bohvia,  west  of  the  Andes.  Its  diy  surface  of 
sand  and  rock  supports  not  the  slightest  vegetation. 


MOXTEITII'S  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


The  Ocean,— A  Storm. 


Some  of  the  Uses  of  Water, 


The  Ocean,— Fair  Weather. 


bedion   X. 


|he 


^i 


fcEAN:  ITS  §XTENT  AND  ©IVISIONS. 


1.  The  Existence  on  the  Earth's  Surface  of  a  vast  body  of 
water  is  essential  to  life ;  for,  in  the  composition  of  both 
vegetable  and  animal  bodies,  the  chief  element  is  water. 

2.  Wafer  forms  more  than  five-sixths  of  the  animal  body, 
and  nearly  the  whole  of  the  vegetable. 

3.  All  Lakes,  Streams,  S2}rinffS,  Haiti,  and  Clouds,  besides 
all  vegetables  and  animals  are,  consequently,  dependent  upon 
the  ocean,  which  is  the  great  reservoii-  whence  all  the  land  on 
the  earth's  surface  receives  its  supply  of  water. 

4.  Influenced  by  a  certain  degree  of  Cold,  water  becomes 
ice ;  and,  influenced  by  heat,  it  takes  the  form  of  steam  and 
vapor. 

5.  V'ater  exists  not  only  on  the  earth's  surface,  but  also  in 
the  air  above  the  surface,  and  in  the  ground  below  it,  where  it 
forms  subterranean  lakes  and  streams. 

6.  The  Water  of  the  Ocean  is  jireserved  Pure  by  its  salt- 
ness  and  constant  motion.  Fresh  water  is  that  which  has 
been  raised  from  the  ocean  by  evaporation,  and  returned  to 
the  land  by  condensation. 

7.  The  Sea  or  Ocean  has  Five  Divisions,  called  the  Pacific, 
Atlantic,  Indian,  Northern,  and  Southern  Oceans. 

8.  It  a/fords  an  Easy  Communication  between  nations,  for 
their  mutual  development  and  jarosperity. 

9.  As  there  are  Two  Great  Bodies  of  Land,  the  Eastern 
and  Western  Continents,  so  there  are  two  princijjal  oceans 
corresponding  to  them,  in  both  size  and  shape  ;  the  Pacific  to 
the  Eastern,  and  the  Atlantic  to  the  Western  Continent.  The 
Indian  Ocean  may  be  considered  a  part  of  the  Pacific. 

10.  In  America,  the  Mountain  Hant/es  correspond  in  Size 
to  the  oceans  nearest  them  ;  the  ^Yndes  and  Eocky  to  the  Pa- 
cific, the  Appalachian  and  Brazilian  chains  to  the  Atlantic. 


The  Iiighest  peaks  of  the  Andes  border  on  the  widest  part  of 
the  Pacific. 

11.  The  Largest  Ocean  is  the  Pacific,  which,  contains  about 
one-half  the  water  on  the  globe,  and  covers  one-third  of  the 
earth's  surface.  It  extends  fi-om  Behring's  Strait  to  the  Ant- 
arctic Ocean ;  its  western  shore  being  Asiatic,  and  its  eastern, 
American. 

12.  The  Sliape  of  the  Pacific  and  Indian  Oceans  is  the 
reverse  of  that  of  the  continents,  being  narrow  in  the  north, 
and  Made  in  the  south. 


13 


AREAS   OF  THE   OCEANS. 

Sqitabk  Miles. 

Pacific 66,000,000 

Atlantic 35,000,000 

Indian 30,000,000 

Arctic 6.000,000 

Antajctic 4,500,000 


Total 141,500,000 

14.  "WTiile  the  Pacific  is  distinguished  for  its  size,  the  Atlan- 
tic is  distinguished  for  its  numerous  arms  which  penetrate  far 
into  the  land  of  both  continents. 

16.  Ou-iny  to  these  Arms,  and  the  Position  of  the  Atlantic 
between  the  important  sides  of  the  continents,  this  ocean  con- 
tributes far  more  than  any  other  to  the  interests  of  mankind. 

16.  Mention  the  principal  arms  of  the  Atlantic  on  its  eastern  side ;  on  its 
western.     (Refer  frequently  to  the  laryc  Maps  contained  in  this  boolc.) 

Into  which  of  the  grand  divisions  do  they  mostly  penetrate  ? 

In  what  zone  are  most  of  these  arms  ? 

Has  the  Pacific  such  arms  on  both  sides  ?  On  which  side  are  its  principal 
arms  ?    Mention  them.     Mention  those  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

17.  The  bed  of  the  sea,  like  the  surface  of  the  continents,  is 
diversified  by  liighlands  and  lowlands ;  the  submarine  plateaus 
causing  shallow  water,  termed  shoals  and  banks. 

18.  Xear  some  Coasts,  the  ocean  is  shallow,  its  bed  being 
the  submerged  border  of  the  continent ;  but,  at  a  distance 
from  the  coast  of  100  to  300  miles,  the  water  becomes  sud- 
denly deep.     {See  Illustration  on/olhwing page.) 


MOri^MJEJSTS    OF  THE   OCEAN. 


23 


A  Sectional  View  from  the  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United  States  eastward  and  north-eastward  i  showing  the  Bed  of  the  Ocean,  the  Comparative  Shallowness  of  the  Water  near  the  Coast*"*, 
the  Depth  of  the  Ocean,  as  compared  with  that  of  the  Irish  and  North  Seas.— a  Steamer  sailing  from  Europe  to  the  United  States.— Fishing  Vessels  off  the  Coast.— a  V\/reok  at  tho 
Bottom  of  the  Ocean. —Whales.-Seaweeds. 


19.  The  Depth  of  the  Water  stlrrotindinj  the  British 
Islands  and  the  islands  east  of  Asia,  is  only  about  one-fortieth 
of  that  of  the  ocean  basin. 

20.  If  the  ocean  were  withdrawn  from  the  earth,  its  bed 
would  appear  chiefly  as  extensive  valleys  of  various  depths, 
and  the  parts  adjoining  the  continents,  as  plateaus,  sloping 
suddenly  downward  to  the  valleys. 

21.  The  Ocean  is  Deepest  near  the  tropics;  here,  also,  are 
the  highest  mountaias. 

22.  The  Depth  of  the  Ocean  varies  from  1,000  to  30,000 
feet.  Between  Ireland  and  Newfoundland  the  bed  of  the  sea 
is  a  submarine  plateau,  remarkable  for  its  comparative  even- 
ness, and  the  quietness  of  the  waters  that  rest  upon  it.  The 
depth  of  the  water  there  varies  from  10,000  to  15,000  feet. 

23.  The  Depth  of  the  Gulf  of  Mcjrico  is  about  5,000  feet  in 
its  deepest  part ;  of  the  Mediterranean  from  3,000  to  9,000 
feet ;  of  the  North  Sea,  180  feet.  The  mean  depth  of  the 
Ocean  is  estimated  to  be  between  15,000  and  20,000  feet. 

24.  A  Depression  of  the  Water  Level  of  about  300  feet 
would  extend  the  maia  land  of  Eurojie  and  Asia  over  their 
neighboring  seas  and  islands. 

25.  Were  the  Mass  of  Water  diminished,  so  that  its  greatest 
depth  would  not  exceed  5,000  feet,  the  elevation  of  the  conti- 
tiaents  would  be  so  increased  that  the  climate  of  the  lowlands, 
even  in  the  temperate  and  tonid  zones,  would  cause  them  to 
become  frozen  wastes ;  the  most  fertile  plains  of  Europe  would 
then  have  an  elevation  above  the  depressed  ocean  level  of  over 
15,000  feet,  the  present  height  of  Mt.  Blanc ;  the  INIississippi 
vaUey  would  attain  a  far  greater  elevation  than  the  present 
altitude  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

26.  Therefore,  it  is  plain  that  the  Climate  of  any  Localitij 
depends  essentially,  not  only  upon  its  distance  north  or  south 
of  the  Equator,  but  also  upon  its  elevation  above  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

27.  The  Saltness  of  tJie  Ocexin  is  supposed  by  some  to  be 
caused  by  great  masses  of  salt,  forming  parts  of  its  bed,  or  by 
the  salt  brought  into  it  by  rivers ;  others  hold  that  it  was 
originally  made  salt  by  the  Creator. 


Se6lion   XI. 


m. 


0si. 


Movements  of  the  ^cean. 

1.  The  Morements  of  the  Oceanic  Waters  are  of  three 
lands, — waves,  currents,  and  tides.  Waves  may  be  influenced 
by  tides  or  by  winds.  The  tide  affects  the  whole  depth  of  the 
ocean ;  the  wind  affects  the  water  nearer  the  surface. 

2.  Currents  and  Tides  are  regular  and  constant. 

3.  Tides  are  caused  by  the  influence  of  the  moon  and  sun; 
mostly  of  the  former. 

4.  The  Oceanic  Currents  are  caused,  or  modified,  by  the 
^dnds,  the  difference  of  temperature  between  the  Equator 
and  the  poles,  and  by  the  revolution  of  the  Earth  on  its 
axis. 

5.  //  tJie  Earth  were  at  Jtest,  the  whole  surface  covered 
evenly  with  water,  and  imder  no  external  influence,  there 
would  be  no  currents,  or  important  movements  of  the  water  ; 
but  admit  the  warm  rays  of  the  sun,  and  there  would  foUow 
two  great  movements ;  the  warm  tropical  waters  flowing 
toward  the  poles,  and  the  waters  of  ^  ^^^  ^ 
the  polar  regions  toward  the  Equa- 
tor. 

6.  As  Cold  Water  is  Heavier  than 
Warm  Water,  the  latter  would  leave 
the  Equator  as  surface  or  vippcr  cur- 
rents, and  the  cold  water  would  ap- 
proach it  as  under  currents.  Under 
these  circumstances,  the  directions  of 
the  currents  would  be  noiih  and  south. 
Besides  this,  the  Water  which  is  taken 
up  from  the  Tropical  Hcf/ions  by 
Evaporation,  is  replaced  by  water 
flowing  from  the  direction  of  the  poles. 

7.  Allowing  the  Earth  to  Jievolvc 
on  its  Axis  from  west  to  east,  and, 
remembering  that  the  motion  of  the 


24 


3ioNTErrirs  physical  gjeography. 


surface  is  most  rapid  at  the  Equator  n.pole 

and  diminishes  toward  the  poles,  you 
will  obgerve  that  as  the  waters  from 
the  polar  regions  approach  the  Equa- 
tor, they  are  unable  to  acquire  the  more 
rapid  motion  of  that  part  of  the  earth  ; 
consequently,  the  Water  falls  behind, 
and  presents  the  appearance  of  a  cur- 
rent rushing  from  east  to  west,  round 
and  round  on  each  side  of  the  Equa- 
tor ;  this  is  called  the  Equatorial  Car- 
rent. 

8.  The  Course  of  the  Equatorial 
Current  is  changed  by  the  deep  sea- 
slopes  of  the  continents  and  islands. 
The  eastern  angle  of  South  America 
is  so  situated  that  the  Equatorial  Cur- 
rent is  divided  at  Cape  St.  Eoque. 

9.  Tlie  Xorthern  Section  of  the 
Equatorial  Current  here  takes  a  north- 
westerly direction,  enters  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  between  Cuba  and  Yucatan, 
and  issues  from  it  between  Cuba  and 
Florida,  and  then  turns  north-eastward, 
constituting  the  GuK  Stream. 

10.  While  the  Equatorial  Current 
a])pears  to  seek  a  westerly  direction, 
it  actually  moves  with  the  earth  east- 
ward ;  and,  although  not  fast  enough 
to  keep  up  with  the  imyielding  land 
of  the  Equatorial  regions,  still,  when 
transferred  to  those  parts  of  the  sur- 
face whose  easterly  motion  is  less 
rapid,  the  Equatorial  Current  retains 

sufficient  of  its  actual  easterly  velocity  imparted  to  it  when 
near  the  Equator,  to  go  ahead  of  those  parts  nearer  the 
poles. 


Bunt  Race  illustrating  Currents  ot  the  Ocean      The  Starting  Points  are  shown  by  the  Three 
Outline  Figures  on  the  Left 

11.  IFIien  you  are  on  a  Steamboat,  its  motion  causes  the 
water,  rocks,  and  trees  near  by  to  appear  as  if  nishing  past 
you  in  the  opposite  direction ;  even  when  you  pass  a  boat 
which  is  sailing  in  the  same  direction  with  you,  but  less 
rapidly,  it  appears  to  move  behind  and  away  from  you. 

12.  In  the  Illustration  above,  the  Steamboat  represents 
the  land  of  the  Equatorial  regions  ;  the  small  boat  in  which 
are  two  oarsmen,  represents  the  water  of  those  regions. 
Although  both  started  together  as  shown  in  the  left  of  the  pic- 


ture and  moved  in  the  same  direction, — from  west  to  east, — the 
swifter  motion  of  the  steamboat  causes  it  to  leave  the  oarsmen 
behind  ;  consequently  they  appear  to  the  people  on  the  steam- 
boat to  move  in  the  opposite  direction, — from  east  to  west. 

13.  The  Two  Oarsmen  rejyresent  the  Equatorial  Current ; 
they  actually  move  eastward,  but  ajyparently  icestward. 

14.  Now  compare  the  motion  of  the  boat  containing  the  two 
oarsmen  with  that  of  the  boat  containing  but  one,  and  it  will 
readily  be  seen  that  the  former  goes  ahead  of  the  latter,  and 
moves  to  the  east ;  here,  the  two  oarsmen  represent  the  Return 
Equatorial  Current  flowing  eastward,  which  in  the  North  At- 
lantic is  called  the  Gtilf  Stream,  while  the  one  oarsman 
represents  the  regions  toward  the  poles,  where  the  eastward 
motion  of  the  Earth  on  its  axis  is  slower  than  at  the  Equator. 

15.  The  Waters  of  the  Equatorial  Current  and  the  Gulf 
Stream  are  warmer  than  the  other  waters  of  the  ocean,  and 
have  an  important  bearing  upon  the  climate,  prodiictions,  and 
inhabitants  of  the  countries  coming  imder  their  influence. 

16.  To  the  Glllf  Stream  Europe  is  greatly  Indebted  for  its 
healthful  climate,  rich  productions,  and  the  general  prosperity 
of  its  people. 

17.  The  Numerous  Inlets  from  the  Sea  which  give  to  West- 
em  and  Southern  Europe  an  exceedingly  extensive  coast  line, 
are  pecuUarly  fitted  for  the  distribution  of  the  favorable  influ- 
ences of  the  Gulf  Stream. 

18.  Disconnect  North  and  South  America  by  an  extension 
westerly  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  or  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  so  that 
the  Gulf  Stream  would  flow  into  the  Pacific,  and  the  prosperity 
of  Europe  would  be  suddenly  diminished ;  the  3Iild  and 
Genial  Climate  of  the  liritish  Isles  and  J<'i'rt« re  would  be  ex- 
changed for  that  of  the  bleak  coasts  of  Labrador  and  New- 
foundland, which  lie  between  the  same  parallels. 

19.  In  the  same  manner,  the  Equatorial  Current  of  the 
Pacific  continues  westward  until  it  reaches  the  islands  east  of 
Asia,  where  the  northern  part  of  the  current  is  turned  north- 
eastward to  higher  latitudes,  where  its  easterly  velocity  pre- 
dominates. 

NORTH   POLE. 


EQUATOR 


EQUATOR. 


The  Equatorial  and  Japan  Currents  ot  the  Pacific  Ocean. 


20.  Under  the  Name  of  the  Japan  Current  it  then  flows 
eastward  across  the  Pacific,  until  turned  by  the  western  side 
of  North  America,  when,  following  the  direction  of  the  coast, 

I  it  meets  the  Equatorial  Tropical  CuiTent. 

i  21.  Therefore,  the  General  Plan  of  the  Equatorial  Current 
is  a  flow  roimd  and  roimd  in  ellipses,  westward  on  or  near  the 
Equator ;  turning  to  the  north  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere, 
and  to  the  south  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere. 

22.  The  Equatorial  Current  ffows  in  Deep  Waters,  and  its 
course  is  bent  by  the  steep  sides  of  the  ocean's  bed,  about 
100  miles  i\':>va.  the  coast  Kne. 


23.  From  the  Arctic  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean  two  cold  cur- 
rents flow  southwardlj ;  one  being  west,  the  other,  east  of 
Greenland.  These  are  called  Arctic  CuiTents ;  and,  being  una- 
ble to  acquire  the  easterly  velocity  of  those  parts  of  the  earth's 
surface  which  they  pass  on  their  way  south,  they  are  thrown 
to  the  west  side  of  the  ocean. 

24.  The  Arctic  Currents  carry  with  them  huge  icebergs  ; 
many  of  which,  as  they  meet  the  warm  waters  of  the  Gulf 
Stream  off  the  coast  of  Newfoundland,  become  melted,  and 
there  deposit  quantities  of  gravel,  sand,  and  stones,  transported 
from  more  northern  lands. 

25.  These  Masses  contribute  to  the  formation  of  the  famous 
banks  or  shoals  of  that  region. 

26.  Here,  also,  the  Cold  Currents  of  the  Atmosphere  from 
the  North  meet  the  warm,  moist  air  over  the  Gulf  Stream, 
whose  vapors  thus  become  condensed  and  form  the  heavy  fogs 
for  which  that  region  is  noted. 

27.  liy  means  of  these  Currents,  there  is  maintained  a  con- 
stant interchange  of  tropical  and  polar  waters  ;  thus  moderat- 
ing the  Kcat  of  the  Torrid  Zones,  and  the  cold  of  the  Frigid. 

28.  The  Difference  of  Tem/>craturc  between  the  waters  of 
the  Gulf  Stream  and  those  which  wash  the  east  coast  of  North 
America,  is,  in  winter,  between  twenty  and  thirty  degrees  ;  and, 
the  climate  on  me  eastern  coasts  of  the  Atlantic,  at  the  latitude 
of  60°  is  as  warm  as  that  on  the  west  coast,  at  the  latitude 
of  40°. 

29.  Even  in  Winter,  the  Gulf  Stream  carries  the  Tempera- 


ture of  summer  as  far  north  as  the  Banks  of  Newfoimdland. 
Evaporation  fi-om  its  warm  waters  is  very  rapid,  hence  the 
dampness  in  tlie  atmosphere  of  the  Atlantic  States  when  east- 
erly winds  prevail. 

30.  The  Gulf  Stream,  on  reaching  the  British  Islands,  is 
divided ;  one  part  entering  the  Arctic  Ocean,  while  the  other 
is  turned  southward  along  the  south-western  coasts  of  Europe, 
where  its  effect  upon  Atmosphere  and  Climate  is  visible  in 
the  fertile  vineyards  and  beautiful  landscapes  of  that  section. 

31.  The  Averof/e  Velocity  of  the  Gulf  Stream  is  one  and  a 
half  miles  an  hour ;  off  the  coast  of  Florida  it  is  most  rapid, 
being  from  three  lo  five  miles  an  hour.  In  the  Pacific  Ocean  the 
Equatorial  Current  moves  at  the  rate  of  about  three  miles,  and, 
in  the  Indian  Ocean,  of  two  and  a  quarter  miles  an  hour. 

32.  Within  the  circuit  of  the  Gulf  Stream  are  large  col- 
lections of  floating  sea-weed,  giving  to  the  middle  part  of  the 
North-Atlantic  the  name  of  the  Sargasso  Sea,  {Sarcjazo,  Span- 
ish for  Sea-zveed.)  These  collections  are  caused  by  the  whu'l- 
ing  motion  of  the  Gulf  Stream. 

33.  The  Gulf  Stream  may  be  traced  throughout  its  course 
by  the  warmth  of  its  waters  ;  and  its  deep  blue  color  contrasts 
strongly  with  the  green  waters  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

34.  The  Cold  Current  from  the  Antarctic  Ocean  is  divided 
in  its  north-easterly  course  by  the  south-west  coast  of  South 
America.  One  part  flows  northward  into  the  Equatorial  Cur- 
rent ;  while  the  other  part  flows  around  Cape  Horn  and  takes 
an  easterly  direction,  toward  Australia. 


26 


MOXTEITWS  BHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


35.  The  Equatorial  Cini'ent  of  the  Indian  Ocean  con- 
nects with  that  of  the  Atlantic  by  a  westerly  current  which 
doubles  Cai^e  Good  Hope,  called  the  Cape  CuiTcnt,  in  wliich 
vessels  sail  that  are  bound  westward.  Soutia  of  the  Cape 
Current  is  the  retm-n  or  counter  current,  in  which  vessels  sail 
that  are  bovmd  eastward. 

36.  Vessels  Xavifiatimj  the  Pacific,  between  North  America 
and  Asia,  sail  westward  in  the  Equatorial  Current,  and  east- 
ward in  the  return  flow,  called  the  Japan  Current. 

37.  These  two  ciirrents  together  form  a  great  ellipse  ;  its 
southern  side  being  the  Equatorial  Current,  and  its  northern 
side,  the  Japan  Cun'eut. 

38.  From  the  Japan  Current,  a  Stream  of  Warm  Water 
flows  Xorthward  through  Behring's  Strait;  this,  "n-ith  a  simi- 
lar current  from  the  Giilf  Stream,  tends  to  moderate  the  cold 
of  the  Ai-ctic  region,  and  to  balance  the  cold  ciirrents  flow- 
ing south  on  both  sides  of  Greenland. 

39.  The  Climate  of  a  Country  deperuls  chiefly  upon  its 
latitude  and  elevation.  It  is  also  affected  by  the  ocean  and 
its  cun-ents. 

40.  The  General  Flow  of  the  Ocean  Currents, — westward 
in  the  tropical,  and  eastward  ia  the  temjierate  regions, — coin- 
cides with  the  atmospheric  movements.  In  the  tropics  the 
winds  blow  to  the  west,  and  are  called  Trade  Winds  ;  in  the 
Temperate  Zones  they  blow  to  the  east,  and  are  called  Eetum 
Trade  Wmds. 

41.  The  Temperature  of  the  Atmosphere  is  regulated  by 
winds,  or  currents  of  air ;  while  that  of  the  ocean  is  regulated 
by  currents  of  water. 

42.  Besides  the  Great  Benefits  of  tli«  Ocean  already  men- 
tioned, there  is  another,  in  its  myriads  of  fishes,  which  afford 
food  and  luxury  to  man  ;  and,  it  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the 
best  fish  are  found  in  the  cold  currents,  near  the  coasts. 

43.  The  Observing  Learner  cannot  fail  to  see  that  the 
ocean,  wliich  to  the  thoughtless  appears  as  a  great  waste,  is 
vast  in  its  benefits  ;  for  it  pro\ddes  man  ^dth  rain  and  streams 
to  bring  forth  grass,  fruit,  and  grain ;  tempers  cUmates  ;  bears 
his  ships  from  nation  to  nation,  and  furnishes  its  hving  crea- 
tures as  food  for  his  table. 

44.  Were  the  Warm  Currents  not  turned  toward  the  Poles, 
the  polar  waters,  now  open,  woidd  be  continually  covered  with 
vast  fields  of  ice  ;  hence,  the  coasts  of  America,  extending  far 
north  and  south,  and  turning  the  currents  in  their  various 
directions,  were  thus  formed  according  to  a  wise  design. 

45.  The  Unceasing  Aefirity  of  the  Waters  of  the  ocean 
contributes  largely  to  the  benefit  of  all  vegetable  and  animal 
life,  and  also  to  their  own  purity.  This  law  of  reciprocity 
applies  with  equal  force,  to  nations  and  to  man. 

46.  Imagine  the  Tropical  and  Frigid  Regions  to  he  in  a 
State  of  Rest,  refusing  to  exchange  their  waters ;  one  would 
be  intolerable  from  excessive  heat,  the  other,  from  excessive 
cold ;  the  result  would  be  ruin  to  both.  So,  also,  woidd  it  be 
with  man  in  a  state  of  idleness. 

47.  The  learner  cannot  fail  to  recognize  in  the  Creator's 
plan  for  the  development  of  the  earth,  and  for  the  welfare  of  its 
inhabitants,  the  benefits  of  the  Great  law  of  Contrasts : 
whereby  exist  heat  and  cold,  land  and  water,  highlands  and 
lowlands,  the  mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  kingdoms. 


Section  of  a  H  II    whence  issues  i  Spr  ng. 

A,  Loose  Earth  or  Broken  Rock  inrougn  wnicn  ine  Rain  smKft. 
C,  Solid  Rock  or  Hard  Clay  not  penetrated  by  Water. 

B,  Seam  or  Stratum  in  whicn  the  Water  flows. 

Sedion  XII. 

Evaporation,  |prings,  and  ^ells. 

1.  To  the  Ocean,  although  salt,  do  we  owe  all  the  fi'esh 
water  of  the  land.  It  is  the  soiu'ce  whence  aU  springs,  rivers, 
and  lakes  are  supplied.  The  ocean  and  its  streams  of  fresh 
water  thi-oughout  the  land,  resemble  the  heart  and  veins  by 
which  the  life  of  an  animal  body  is  sustained. 

2.  The  system  by  which  the  Land  receires  from  the  Salt 
Ocean  a  Bounteous  Supply  of  Fresh  Water,  is  remarkable, 
as  much  for  its  completeness,  as  for  the  benefits  which  it  im- 
parts. 

3.  All  is  the  effect  of  the  combined  action  of  heat,  cold,  and 
air.     Heat  hghtens  the  water,  that  the  air  may  lift  it  from  the 
ocean  ;  the  ■winds  carry  it  in  the  form  of  vapor  over  the  land  ; 
the  cold  makes  the  vapor  heavier  than  the  air,  and  then  it . 
falls  in  the  form  of  rain,  snow,  haO,  and  dew. 

4.  The  Rain  that  falls  upon  the  Ground  serves  to  water 
the  fields,  and  to  fill  lakes,  rivers,  ponds,  and  cisterns,  for  man's 
use.  A  part  of  it  sinks  into  the  gi-ound,  and  forms  subteiTa- 
nean  streams  or  reservoirs ;  other  portions  are  evaporated, 
and  they  again  return,  either  to  the  land  or  to  the  ocean. 

5.  Without  Evaporation,  there  would  be  no  rain  or  dew, 
trees  or  grass ;  the  whole  land  surface  of  the  earth  would  be 
parched  and  barren. 

6.  The  Water  which  forms  our  Springs  and  filLs  our  wells, 
is  rain  wluch  has  fallen  on  neighboring  lands,  at  or  above  the 
level  of  the  springs. 

7.  Rain-water  percolates  through  the  gravel,  loose  soil,  or 
fissm'es  in  rocks,  until  stopped  by  a  bed  of  rock  or  clay, 
impervious  to  water. 

8.  As  the  Vpper  Side  of  the  Bed  is  inclined  toward  low 
groimd,  the  water  flows  in  that  direction ;  and  finding  an 
opening,  it  issues  forth  as  a  spring. 

9.  Tflia fever  Cavities  ejrist  in  the  upper  surface  of  this 
bed,  become  natural  cisterns,  which  preserve  the  water  pure 
and  cool  for  our  use  in  dry  seasons. 


JMINERAL    WATERS  ;— THERMAL    SPRINGS  ;— GEYSERS. 


27 


Section  of  the  Ground  or  Rock,  showing  how  Wells  are  supplied. 

A.  The  Part  through  which  the  Rain  Water  percolates. 
C,  Rock  or  Clay  impervious  to  Water 

B,  Seam  or  Stratum  in  which  the  Water  passes. 

10.  Wells  are  supplied  with  water  from  the  stratum  in  whicJi 
it  rests  or  flows,  or  with  that  which  finds  its  way  into  them, 
through  the  crevices  of  the  rock. 

11.  Sprhiffs  tiKty  be  supplied  b;/  rain  or  snow  that  falls  on 
elevated  ground  several  miles  distant. 

12.  After  a  Dry  Season,  the  flow  from  most  springs  becomes 
diminished,  and  sometimes  ceases,  until  repleni.shed  by  rain. 
There  are,  however,  some  sjirhigs  whoso  discharge  is  uniform 
throughout  the  year ;  these  are  suppUed  from  subterranean 
reservoirs,  too  extensive  to  be  materially  affected  by  ordinary 
droughts. 

13.  The  Quality  of  Spriny  Hater  depends  upon  the  mate- 
rials composing  the  rocks  or  soil  through  which  it  flows.  That 
which  issues  fi"om  sand-stone  rock  is  softer  and  purer  than 
that  flowing  through  Ume-stone  sti'ata. 

14.  Filter  III  ittent  Spriiiys  are  those  which  flow,  and  cease  to 
flow,  dui-ing  alternate  periods  throughout  the  year. 

15.  3Iiiieral  Wafers  are  those  which  possess  medicinal 
quahties,  owing  to  certain  mineral  substances  which  they  hold 
in  solution.     There  are,  also,  springs  of  salt  water. 

16.  Mineral  Waters  are  used  for  purposes  of  drinking  and 
bathing.  Mineral  springs  are  numerous  in  the  United  States ; 
the  most  celebrated  are  tho^e  of  Saratoga  and  Virginia.  They 
abound,  also  in  England,  France,  and  Germany. 

17.  The  Strata  at  the  Sides  of  the  Continents  being  inclined 
to  the  ocean,  many  subterranean  streams  empty  into  it, 
through  its  bed.  In  some  instances,  these  streams  are  forced 
upward  to  the  siu-face  of  the  ocean ;  this  is  caused  l)y  the 
pressure  of  the  water  within  the  surrounding  high  grounds. 
Off  the  south  coast  of  Cuba,  springs  of  this  nature  burst  up- 
ward through  the  salt  water  with  great  violence. 

13.  The  Waters  of  Thermal,  or  Hot  Springs,  are  those  which 
have  penetrated  to  such  a  depth  as  to  come  in  contact  -nith 
the  heated  rocks,  or  lava  beds,  in  the  interior  of  the  earth ; 
here,  steam  is  produced  which  forces  hot  water  and  vapor 
through  creviees  in  the  rock,  fi-om  subterranean  pools,  iip  to 
t!i3  surface.  The  waters  of  thermal  springs  are  used  for  the 
purpose  of  bathing. 

I'J.  The  Most  Xotrd  Hot  S/>rinf/s  are  those  of  Iceland,  Cen- 
tral France,  Asia  Minor,  and  Virginia. 


Boiling  Springs,  illustrated  by  means  of  a  Tea-kettle, 

20.  Boiliny  or  Hot  Sprinys  may  be  illustrated  by  a  kettle 
partly  filled  with  water,  and  placed  upon  a  hot  stove ;  the 
kettle  representing  the  subterranean  cavern,  and  the  stove, 
the  heated  rocks  of  the  earth's  interior.  The  steam,  if  pre- 
vented from  escaping  at  the  top,  presses  upon  the  hot  water 
below  it,  and  forces  it  out  through  the  spout,  as  shown  in  the 
illustration  above.  When  the  water  in  these  caverns  is  long 
boiled  and  exposed  to  great  heat,  steam  may  be  so  suddenly 
generated  as  to  produce  explosion;  this  may  account  for 
the  geysers  (gld'zerz),  or  _^  f^ 
fountains  of  boiling 
water. 

21.  Geysers  are  of  va- 
rious dimensions  ;  some 
are  constantly  boiling, 
others  boil  up  only  at  in- 
tervals, with  loiid  explo- 
sions. 

22.  The  Most  Cilebva 
ted  Geyser  lieyions  arr 
in  Iceland,  Cahforuia, 
and  near  the  headwaters 
of  the  Yellowstone  ami 
Madison  Eivers  in  tlir 
United  States.  The  gey- 
ser region  of  the  Yel- 
lowstone and  Madison 
Rivers  is  more  won- 
derful than  any  other 
that  has  yet  been  dis- 
covered. 


The  Geysers,  Iceland. 


23.  Subterranean  Streams  produce  excavations  and  sub- 
sidence of  the  soil.  Flowing  down  a  hill  or  mountain,  just 
beneath  the  soil  in  which  trees  have  their  roots,  they  some- 
times cause  considerable  tracts  of  land  to  shde  down  from  the 
mountains ;  these  tracts  are  called  landslides. 

21.  If  the  Subterranean  lied  of  Rork  or  Clay,  over  which 
the  water  passes,  were  at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  instead  of 
some  distance  below  it,  the  land  would  be  inundated  by  every 
shower ;  or,  if  so  deep  as  to  be  far  below  the  surface,  springs 
woidd  not  exist,  or  would  be  beyond  man's  i-each  ;  and,  ^-ith- 
out  springs,  rivers  would  not  be  kept  supplied. 


28 


3£0XTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  GEOGBAJPHY. 


Seaion   XIII. 


Artesian  Wells  :-A.  A,  A,  Strata  impervious  to  Water  -B,  B,  Seams  or  Strata  in  which 
Subterranean  Streams  flow  ;-C,  Subterranean  Reservoir  filled  with  Water  j-D,  D.  Bor- 
ings in  the  Ground  or  Rock,  called  Artesian  Weils. 


25.  But  how  Complete  is  the  Design  in  this  particular,  also! 
Tlie  land  is  laid  out  by  the  hand  of  Providence,  in  channels 
and  hoUows,  with  streams,  lakes,  and  reservoirs  of  water,  on 
the  ground,  and  imder  the  ground,  according  to  the  plan 
which  best  contributes  to  the  benefit  of  mankind. 

26.  Bi/  Boriuf/  or  Drillhifj  into  the  Earth,  streams  are 
met  with  at  different  depths,  which  are  separated  from  each 
other  by  strata  of  rock  ;  through  the  opening  made,  the  water 
wiU  nish  upward  as  through  a  pipe,  and  rise  like  a  fountain. 

27.  These  Openings,  or  Borings,  arc  eaUcd  Artesian  weUs, 
fi-om  Artesium,  now  Ai'tois,  a  province  of  France,  where  they 
have  long  been  in  use.    ' 

28.  In  many  Places  Water  has  been  thus  obtained  in quavL- 
tities  sufficient  for  the  working  of  heaAy  machinery. 

29.  In  Drij  and  Desert  Begions,  even  in  Sahara,  Artesian 
wells  have  been  successfully  sunk. 

30.  Some  Artesian  Jf'et/s  have  been  sunk  to  Depths  exceed- 
ing 2,000  feet,  whence  issues  warm  water ;  its  temperature 
being  derived  fi-om  the  internal  heat  of  the  earth. 

31.  In  Wurtemburg,  this  water  is  introduced  into  pipes,  for 
the  heating  of  buildings,  in  winter  ;  and  by  this  means  alone, 
the  uniform  temperature  of  47°  is  maintained,  while  the  tem- 
perature without  is  at  zero. 

32.  At  Paris,  where  the  mean  temperature  at  the  surface, 
is  51°,  the  water  of  an  Artesian  well  which  is  1800  feet  deep, 
has  a  constant  temperature  of  82°. 

33.  At  St.  Louis,  the  mean  difference  in  temperature  be- 
tween the  water  obtained  from  an  Artesian  well,  1,500  feet 
deep,  and  that  at  the  surface,  is  eighteen  degrees. 

34.  At  Charleston,  S.  C,  the  temperatui'e  of  the  water  at  the 
surface  averages  C8° ;  at  the  depth  of  500  feet  it  is  73° ;  at 
1,000  feet,  84° ;  the  average  rate  of  increase  of  heat  being 
about  one  degree  for  every  52  feet  in  depth. 

35.  Many  such  Wells,  in  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Yir- 
ginia,  and  Ohio  are  famous  for  the  quantities  of  salt  and  rock 
oil,  or  petroleum,  obtained  from  them. 

36.  Petroleum  has  been  collected,  for  centuries,  in  Birmah, 
Farther  India,  where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  producing 
artificial  light ;  so,  also,  in  northern  Italy. 


ilVERS 


THEIR  Sources. 


1.  Birers  are  Formed  from  Springs,  or  from  rains  that 
fad  to  penetrate  the  ground. 

2.  They  commence  as  httle  streams,  called  Bills,  or  Bivulets, 
through  which  a  child  can  wade,  or  over  which  he  can  step. 

3.  Always  seehiny  the  Lou-lands,  these  rivulets  meet  other 
streams ;  and,  enlarging  as  they  go,  soon  become  rivers. 

4.  Like  a  Dove  set  free,  rivers  seek  their  former  home, — the 
ocean, — whether  it  be  through  extended  plains,  winding  vaUeys, 
or  mountain  gaps.  "  Unto  the  place  whence  the  rivers  come, 
thither  they  return  again."  The  dove  seeks  its  home  from  a 
natural  instinct ;  rivers  seek  the  sea  in  obedience  to  the  law  of 
gravitation. 

5.  Some  Bivers  rise  in  Begions  of  great  elevation,  and  at 
great  distances  from  their  mouths. 

6.  The  Sources  of  the  Amazon  are  far  up  the  Andes ;  and, 
although  they  are  within  100  miles  of  the  Pacific,  that  river 
flows  into  the  Atlantic,  over  a  distance  of  about  4,000  miles. 

7.  Bivers  are  useful  as  great  drains  of  the  land ;  running 
ofl^  the  siirplus  rain  water  into  the  ocean,  and  removing  im- 
purities fi'om  the  siu-face  of  the  groiind.  They  also  afford 
means  of  easy  internal  communication. 

8.  The  Courses  of  Bivers  are  various,  and  are  always  gov- 
erned by  the  slopes  of  the  lowlands.  Therefore,  the  general 
slopes  of  continents  or  countries  can  be  determined  from  a 
common  map,  by  the  directions  in  which  the  rivers  flow. 

9.  We  Observe  that  nearly  all  the  Bivers  of  South  America 
flow  in  an  easterly  direction ;  hence,  we  know  that  the  land 
east  of  the  Andes,  slopes  towards  the  Atlantic. 

Name  the  principal  rivers  of  South  America. 

10.  The  Bivers  of  Xorfhcru  Asia  and  Europe  flow  into 
the  Arctic  ;  hence,  we  know  that  fi-om  the  Altai  Mountains,  the 
land  presents  a  northern  slope. 

Mention  the  principal  of  tliese  rivers.  Mention  the  rivers  of  Eastern  Asia, 
and  the  directions  in  which  they  flow.     What  is  the  slope  of  the  land  ? 

In  what  direction  does  the  land  of  Southern  Asia  slope  ?  Mention  the 
largest  rivers  of  the  southern  slope. 

11.  The  land  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  slopes  in  what  general  direction  1 
In  what  direction  docs  the  land  of  the  United  States,  east  of  the  Appalachian 
chain,  slope  ?  How  do  you  ascertain  this  ?  The  rivers  of  the  United  States, 
between  the  Rocky  and  Appalachian  chains,  flow  into  what  river  ? 

12.  Mention  the  largest  rivers  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Mississippi  basin  ; 
on  the  eastern  slope. 

What  is  the  slope  of  the  land  of  the  Gulf  States?  Name  the  rivers  of  the 
southern  slope. 

How  does  the  land  slope  in  the  region  of  Hudson's  Bay  ?  Of  the  Baltic  Sea  ? 
Of  Western  Africa? 

13.  The  Sources  of  Bivers  always  occupy  Higher  Ground 

than  do  their  mouths ;  many  rivers,  hke  the  Ganges,  have 
their  sources  several  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  their 
mouths,  and  owe  their  commencement  to  the  melting  snows 
of  lofty  mountains ;  consequently,  their  course  to  the  sea  is,  at 
first,  over  very  steep  beds,  or  over  a  series  of  declivities,  down 
which  they  plunge,  producing  rapids,  cascades,  and  waterfalls. 
They  approach  their  termination  over  beds  less  inclined,  and 
comparatively  level. 


mVJEBS;    THE   INFLUENCE   OF  THEIR    WINDINGS. 


29 


14.  Some  Jtivei's,  like  the  Indus  and  Brahmaputra,  flow  for 
many  miles  on  plateaus ;  others  flow  over  beds  of  slight  inch- 
nation  fi-om  their  soiirces  to  their  mouths,  and  have  no  definite 
watershed.  A  boat  may  safely  descend  the  Amazon  River 
from  the  foot  of  the  Andes  Mountains  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

15.  The  Waters  of  the  Amazon  are  siij>plieil  mainly  by  the 
excessive  rains  for  which  the  Equatorial  regions  of  South 
America  are  celebrated. 

16.  The  Upper  Course  of  a  Hirer  commences  at  the  water- 
shed and  continues  over  that  part  of  its  bed  which  is  the  most 
inchned  :  in  this  part,  waterfalls  and  rapids  are  chiefly  found. 

17.  The  Lower  Course  of  a  River  is  toward  its  mouth ;  its 
bed  is  quite  or  almost  level. 

18.  By  means  of  the  Dissolving  and  Carrying  Powers  of 
If'ater,  the  surface  of  the  lowlands  has  received  its  compara- 
tive evenness. 

19.  The  Most  Important  River  in  North  America  is  the 
Mississippi.  Its  source  is  Itasca  Lake,  in  the  northern  part 
of  Minnesota,  and  is  elevated  nearly  1,700  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  Its  general  course  is  southward,  and  its  total 
length  about  3,000  miles. 

20.  The  Mississippi  is  navigable  by  steamboats  to  the  Falls 
of  St.  Anthony,  2,200  miles  fi'om  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  above 
the  falls,  it  is  also  navigable  for  a  considerable  distance. 

21.  The  Mississippi  and  Ohio  Rivers  constitute  a  hne  of 
communication  between  New  Orleans  and  Pittsburg,  of  about 
2,300  miles  in  length. 

22.  On  the  Missouri  River  steamboat  navigation  has  reached 
to  the  foot  of  the  Kocky  Mountains,  in  the  western  part  of 
Montana,  a,  distance  fi'om  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  of  4,000  miles. 

23.  Steamboats  have  ascended  far  up  the  Illinois,  which  has 
its  source  very  near  Lake  IMichigan  ;  and  a  canal  of  but  a  few 
miles  in  length  would  connect  that  lake  with  Illinois  River, 
and  thus  render  navigation  complete  between  the  Great  Lakes 
and  the  GuK  of  Mexico. 

24.  That  the  Course  of  a  River  should  not  be  in  a  Direct 
Line  to  the  sea,  was  wisely  ordered  by  the  Creator ;  for  its 
various  windings  render  the  descent  more  gradual,  and  the 
current  less  rapid  and  destructive.  Besides  this,  the  wdnding 
course  of  a  river  increases  the  area  of  drainage,  and  the  facul- 
ties for  the  progress  of  civihzation  and  trade. 

25.  The  Distance  from  Cairo,  Illinois,  to  New  Orleans,  by 
the  IMississippi  River,  is  1,178  miles.  If  there  were  no  bends 
or  windings  in  that  river,  the  distance  between  these  two 
places  would  be  700  miles  less,  but  the  force  and  destructive- 
ness  of  the  ciiiTent  would  be  gi-eatly  increased. 

26.  The  N.agara  River,  on  its  way  fi'om  Lake  Erie  to  Lake 
Ontario,  makes  a  total  descent  of  330  feet ;  about  one-half 
of  this  descent  is  over  a  precipice,  down  which  the  waters  rush 
with  such  tremendous  force,  that  they  are  constantly  weaiing 
away  the  rocks  beneath  ;  therefore,  Niagara  Falls  are  gradu- 
ally receding  toward  Lake  Erie. 

27.  Some  Rivers  of  Mountainous  Districts,  as  in  Califor- 
nia, have  worn  long,  narrow  channels  in  the  rocks,  called 
Canons  {kan'yitns).  A  remarkable  caiion  of  the  Colorado 
River  is  in  Utah  and  Arizona.  Its  length  is  300  mUes,  and 
the  rocks  stand  perpenchcularly  above  the  water  in  the  gorge, 
to  heights  varying  from  3,000  to  6,000  feet. 


Passages  worn  ihrough  the  Rocks  on  the  Southern  Coast  of  Norway. 

28.  A  River  System  is  composed  of  a  river  and  its  tribu- 
taries ;  thus  resembhng  a  great  vine  with  its  branches  spread 
in  all  dii'ections. 

29.  A  River  Banin  comprises  all  the  land  that  is  drained 
by  a  river  and  its  tributaries.  In  the  lowest  part  of  the  val- 
ley flows  the  princijaal  stream. 

30.  The  Rasin  of  the  Amazon  covers  an  area  of  more  than 
2,000,000  square  miles ;  that  of  the  Mississippi,  about  1,000,000 
square  miles. 

31.  A  Watershed  is  the  ridge  of  land  which  surrounds  a 
river  basin  and  casts  the  water  in  different  directions. 

32.  The  Watershed  of  Rivers  flowing  dotrti  opposite  Sides 
of  a  Mountain.  Range,  is  that  part  of  the  range  which  is  ele- 
vated above  the  sources  of  those  streams. 

33.  A  River  Bed  is  the  gi-ou:d  over  which  the  water  flows. 
The  channel  is  the  deepest  part  of  a  river.     The  right  bank 

i  is  on  your  right  hand  as  you  sail  down  the  stieam  ;  the  left 
j  bank  is  on  your  left  hand. 

I  34.  In  many  instances.  Springs  but  a  few  Rods  ilistant 
I  from  each  other,  and  fed  from  snows  resting  on  the  same 

peak,  supply  rivers  which  terminate  at  different  sides  of  a 

continent. 

j  35.  The  Rivers  of  that  Part  of  Europe  which  is  embraced 
{ by  the  Black,  Mediterranean,  and  North  Seas,  have  their 
I  soiu'ces  among  the  mountains  of  Switzerland  and  very  near 
j  together  ;  yet  they  flow  in  difl'ei'ent  directions,  and  empty  into 

seas  lying  on  difi'erent  sides  of  Europe. 
{See  map  on  piuje  88.) 
Name  the  principal  rivers  which  rise  in  or  near  Switzerland '?    Which  flows 

east  and  into  what  does  it  empty  ?    Which  flows  north  ?     Into  what  does  the 

Rhine  flow  ?     Which  flows  south  ?     Into  what  does  the  Rhone  flow  ?     What 

river  havinpr  some  of  its  sources  in  the  mountains  of  Switzerland  flows  into 

the  Adriatic  Sea. 


30 


3IOXTEITII'S  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Watershed  and  Head-waters  of  Four  Great  River  Basins  in  North  America. 

36.  The  Head-waters  of  the  Missouri  and  Clarke's  JRivers, 

in  the  Rocky  Moimtains,  are  almost  together  ;  yet  the  waters 
of  one,  by  way  of  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  Rivers,  enter 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  thence  into  the  Atlantic ;  while  the 
waters  of  the  other,  empty  into  the  Columbia  River  and  find 
their  way  into  the  Pacific. 

37.  .1  Korthcrn  Tributary  of  the  Columbia  Hirer  has  its 
head-waters  very  near  those  of  the  Saskatch'ewan  and  Atha- 
bas'ca  Rivers. 

Where  do  tlipso  rivers  rise  ?  Into  what  docs  the  Columbia  River  flow  ?  The 
Missouri  1  The  Mississippi  ?  The  Sasliatchewan  ?  The  Athabasca  ?  Which 
rise  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains?     On  the  western  slope  1 

38.  A  House  }»a;/  be  so  located  upon  the  ridge  which  forms 
a  watershed,  that  the  rain  falling  iipon  one  sloise  of  its  roof, 
may  eventually  find  its  way  to  one  ocean,  and  that  falling 
upon  the  oj^posite  slope,  to  another  ocean. 

39.  Asia  differs  f/reatlij  from  Xortli  Ameria.  in  this  re- 
spect. The  river  basias  of  the  Indian,  Pacific,  and  Arctic 
slopes,  are  so  disposed  that  the  head-waters  of  their  rivers  are 
separated  fi-om  each  other  by  vast  plateaus. 

40.  Some  Itivers  do  not  emitty  into  the  Ocean,  but  into  an 
inland  sea,  or  lake,  as  those  of  the  Caspian  Sea  basin  and  the 
great  basin  of  Utah.  The  river  Jordan  which  flows  into  the 
Dead  Sea  belongs  to  this  class. 

41.  Some  Hirers  of  Africa  disappear  in  the  sands  of  the 
desert,  and  others  are  partly  subteiTanean.  These  enter  cav- 
erns, channels,  or  loose  strata  below  the  surface. 

42.  Oceanic  Hirers  are  those  whose  waters  reach  the 
ocean,  directly  or  indirectly  ;  as  the  Amazon,  Ohio,  Danube, 
and  Connecticut. 

43.  Continental  Tlivers  are  those  of  inland  regions,  whose 
waters  do  not  reach  the  ocean  ;  as  the  Yolga  and  Ural. 

44.  Many  Hirers  which  hare  Hapid  Currents  bear  along 
with  them  alluvial  wasliings  from  the  land,  and  deposit  them 
at  their  mouths,  forming  deltas. 

45.  The  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  are  constantly 
transporting  mud,  logs,  and  stones,  from  the  land  of  about 
twenty  States  and  Temtories,  and  depositing  them  in  the 
valley  of  the  Mississijjpi  and  at  its  delta. 


Waterfalls.-Saw  Mil 


4G.  Borings  have  been  made,  north  of  New  Orleans,  to  the 
depth  of  600  feet  without  reaching  the  bottom  of  the  drifted 
mass ;  and,  judging  from  the  amoimt  annually  brought  down 
by  the  Mississippi,  it  is  estimated  that  the  formation  of  land 
by  its  deposits,  has  already  occupied  more  than  100,000  years. 
Hence,  the  land  is  constantly  encroaching  upon  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

47.  Th  is  is  also  remarlmhle  in  the  Ganges,  Nile,  and  Rhine. 

48.  Accordingly,  the  mountains  and  hOls  on  the  globe  are 
being  gradually  diminished  in  height,  and  the  land  surface  of 
the  earth  gradually  extended. 

49.  The  streams  rushiuff 
down  the  ]\Iountain  Sides,  are 
constantly  carrying  new  soil  to 
increase  the  fertihty  of  the 
plains  below.  On  their  way 
do^-n  they  turn  the  wheels  of 
numerous  miUs  and  manufacto- 
ries ;  and,  by  means  of  reser- 
voirs and  pipes,  cities  are  abun- 
dantly supphed  with  n-esh  wa- 
ter. 

50.  The  Water  of  a  Hirer  is 
high  or  low,  according  as  the 
season  is  rainy  or  dry. 

51.  Many    Hirers,    lihe    the 
Mississippi,  become  full,  some- 
tunes    to    overflo'vsang,    by    the 
melting  of  the  snow  at  the  approach  of  spring ;  but,  during  the 
summer  months,  the  water  is  comparatively  low. 

52.  Other  Hirers,  lihe  the  Xile,  receive  the  tropical  rains 
and  rise  periodically. 

53.  The  Sources  of  some  Hirers,  like  the  Mackenzie's  and 
those  of  Silieria,  are  afi'ected  by  the  spring  thaw,  while  their 
mouths,  far  northward,  remain  covered  vnth.  ice ;  causing 
extensive  overflows,  by  which  stones,  masses  of  earth,  trees, 
and  ice,  are  carried  far  across  the  land. 

54.  Hirers  opening  into  the  Oc^rtii  receive  sea-water  which 
is  forced  into  them  by  the  tides  and  winds ;  thus  increasing 
their  importance  for  purjjoses  of  na\'igation. 

55.  This  is  remarkable  chiefly  with  rivers  which  open  toward 
the  east  and  south,  ov/ing  to  the  westward  movement  of  the 
tide. 

56.  The  United  States  and  Europe  owe  much  of  their 
greatness  to  their  rivers,  canals,  and  railroads,  which  inter- 
sect aU  their  important  parts. 

57.  All  that  part  of  Europe  lying  West  of  the  Black  Sea, 
is  traversed  by  rivers  which  rise  in  the  same  region,  and  flow 
in  all  directions ;  while  Asia  and  Afi-ica  contain  immense  tracts 
not  crossed  by  a  single  river. 

58.  The  Importance  of  Hirers  to  the  development  of  man- 
kind is  manifested  by  the  numerous  villages  and  cities  wliich 
hne  their  banks ;  thus  resembling  the  vine,  whose  value 
is  indicated  by  the  clusters  of  grapes  hanging  upon  its 
branches. 

59.  Although  South  America  is  stiU  in  a  backward  state  of 
development,  its  vast  rivers  and  fertile  plains  promise  it,  in  the 
future,  a  high  rank  among  the  divisions  of  the  earth. 


LAKES;    THEIR    ELEVATIOXS   AND    DEPTHS. 


31 


Lake  Supenor.  Lake  Huron.  Lake  Erici 

St.  Mary's  Riven 

A  Sectional  View  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  looking  North. 


Niagara      Lake  Ontario.      1000  Islands. 
River  and  Falls. 


Montreal.  Quebeoi  Falls  of 


Montmorency. 


|akes 


Sedion  XIV. 

THEIR  -Elevations  and  Depths. 


1.  Lnlxcs  are  collections  of  water  in  lioUows  of  the  land,  of 
oUch  a  depth  that  their  outlets  cannot  completely  drain  them. 

2.  There  are  Four  Classes  of  Lakes : 

3.  The  First  Class  has  no  streams  which  serve  either  as 
inlets  or  outlets. 

4.  The  Second  Class  differs  from  the  first  in  having  an  out- 
let ;  both  classes  are  supplied  by  spriags  which  burst  forth 
from  the  bed  of  the  lake. 

5.  The  Lakes  of  the  Secotul  Class  are  generally  sitiiated  on 
great  elevations,  and,  in  many  instances,  form  the  sources  of 
rivers. 

6.  The  Tliird  Class  both  receives  and  discharges  its  waters 
by  means  of  streams.     Most  lakes  belong  to  this  class. 

7.  The  Fourth  Class  includes  those  lakes  which  receive 
streams  of  water,  but  have  no  visible  outlet.  They  belong  to 
continental  or  ialand  basins,  and  are  numerous  ia  Asia.  These 
lakes  are  kept  fi-om  overflowing  their  banks  by  means  of 
evaporation. 

8.  Main/  Depressions  of  the  Land  Surface  would  contain 
lakes,  but  for  the  effect  of  evaporation. 

9.  Xearlij  all  Lakes  are  supplied  by  streams  which  empty 
into  them,  and  by  springs  rising  fi-om  the  bottom  and  sides. 

10.  Some  Lakes  in  Mountainous  Regions  are  supplied  from 
the  melting  snow  of  the  surrounding  jseaks. 

11.  Lakes  oreitr  in  highlands  and  lowlands.  Some  arc  ele- 
Tated  several  thousand  feet  above  the  sea  level,  while  others 
are  depressed  below  it. 

12.  The  Most  Elevated  Lake  in  the  VTorld,  is  Lake  Sir-i-kol, 
which  is  situated  on  the  mountains  in  the  western  paii  of  the 
Chinese  Empire.  It  is  about  1.5,000  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.     (See  Illimtration  on  jmrje  17.) 

13.  Lake  Titieaea,  between  Peru  and  BoUvia,  is  over  12,000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  Its  area  is  more  than  2,000 
square  miles,  and  its  depth  is  equal  to  that  of  Lake  Ontario. 


14.  The  Dead  Sea,  properly  a  lake,  is  more  than  1,300  feet 
below  the  sea  level.  It  is  the  greatest  dejjression  of  the  kind 
on  the  globe.  This  famous  lake,  whose  formation  resulted 
from  the  catastrophe  which  destroyed  the  cities  of  Sodom  and 
Gomorrah,  about  1,900  B.  C,  contains  a  for  greater  portion  of 
salt  than  do  other  salt  lakes ;  the  water  being  so  imjiregnated 
■n-ith  it,  that  even  heavy  bodies  float  buoyantly.  Asphaltum, 
in  large  quantities,  and  sulphur,  are  found  on  its  banks. 

15.  The  If  (iters  of  most  Lakes  are  Fresh  ;  but  those  having 
no  outlet  are  usually  salt.  This  is  because  all  streams  receive 
from  the  land  through  which  they  flow,  small  qiiantities  of 
salt,  which  the  waters  hold  in  solution  until  it  reaches  the 
ocean,  or  another  body  of  water  haAdng  no  outlet ;  here  the 
salt  is  deposited. 

16.  The  Most  Celebrated  Salt  Lakes  are  the  Caspian  Sea, 
Aral  Sea,  and  Dead  Sea,  and  the  great  Salt  Lake  of  Utah. 

17.  The  Dasin  of  a  Lake  comprises  all  the  land  drained  by 
the  streams  which  flow  into  the  lake.  It  may  be  seen  on  a 
map,  by  passing  a  Une  aroimd  the  soiirces  of  all  its  tribu- 
taries. 

18.  Subterranean  Lakes  are  numerous.  Tliey  are  collec- 
tions of  rain  water  in  caverns  which  are  below  the  surface  of 
the  gi'ound. 

19.  Subterranean  Lakes  and  Streams  frequently  cause  de- 
structive inundations.  The  water  and  steam  thro-mi  iip  by 
volcanoes  proceed  from  these  lakes. 

20.  The  Island  of  Trinidad,  situated  near  the  mouths  of 
the  Orinoco  River,  contains  a  lake  three  miles  in  circum- 
ference, that  is  famous  for  the  quantities  of  pitch  contained  in 
its  waters.  This  substance,  hke  jjetroleum,  is  raised  by  the 
agency  of  subterranean  fire. 

21.  Lake  Superior  is  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  on  the 
globe.  Its  area  is  32,000  square  miles,  and  is  equal  to  about 
three-fifths  that  of  England. 

22.  Are  the  waters  of  the  Great  Lakes  salt,  or  fresh  ?  ^V^lat  river  forms  their 
outlet  ?  In  what  direction  does  the  St.  Lawrence  River  flow  ?  Mention  the 
depth  of  each  lalte.  Which  is  the  deepest, — the  shallowest  ?  Which  has  the 
most  elevated  surface  ?  Between  what  two  lakes  are  the  Falls  of  Niagara 
situated  ?    From  which  does  the  water  of  the  falls  proceed  1 

In  what  pitt  of  the  St.  Lawrence  are  the  Thousand  Islands  ?    The  Rapids  ? 


S2 


3fOXTEITII'S  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Sedion   XV. 

Ihe  Atmosphere  ;-the  ^mds. 

1.  The  Afmosiihere  is  a  gaseous  fluid  whicli  surrounds  and 
I'ests  upon  the  earth. 

2.  It  is  as  ncccssfn-i/  to  Life,  as  are  water  and  food ;  neither 
phxnts  nor  animals  could  exist  without  it.  ^        | 

3.  .l*;-  coiisLsts  of  Two  Gases,  oxygen  and  nitrogen,  mixed 
together.  j 

4.  The  Ingredient  of  the  Air  which  sustains  Animal  Life, 
is  oxygen ;  but,  should  these  two  gases  be  separated,  the 
result  would  be  instant  death.  I 

5.  The  Air,  like  Mlmlesome  Food,  is  necessarily  composed 
of  both  nutritious  and  innutritious  substances. 

6.  0.ri/f/en  forms  about  one-fourth  of  the  air ;  nitrogen, 
three-fourths.  ] 

7.  The  Jf'eiyht  of  the  Atmosjthere  is  about  gjfj  that  of 
water.  I 

8.  It  is  Heaviest  at  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  diminishes 
in  density,  according  to  the  distance  above  the  surface. 

9.  On  the  Tops  of  the  Highest  Mountains,  the  air  is  SO 
thiu  that  man  cannot  breathe  there. 

10.  The  Atmosphere  extends  ujrward,  to  a  distance,  it  is 
supposed,  of  about  fifty  miles. 

11.  muds  are  currents  or  movements  of  the  air,  caused  by 
the  different  degrees  of  temperature  to  which  the  air  is  sub- 
jected, and  by  the  revolution  of  the  earth  upon  its  axis. 

12.  The  Air  i.-i  V'aruied,  partly  by  the  passage  through  it 
of  the  sun's  rays,  but  mostly  by  the  radiation  of  the  sim's  heat 
from  the  earth's  surface ;  consequently,  the  warmest  part  of 
the  atmosphere  is  that  which  is  in  contact  mth  the  sui-face  of 
the  earth. 

13.  The  Heat  and  D.-nsiti/  of  the  Atmosphere  diminish  ac- 
cording as  the  elevation  is  increased  ;  this  has  been  observed 
by  travelers  who  have  ascended  high  mountains,  and  by  aero- 
nauts in  their  balloon  ascensions. 

14.  As  that  part  of  the  Atntosphere  is  Warmest  ivhich  is 
nearest  the  Surface,  the  upper  and  siirrounding  cold  aii' 
presses  down  and  replaces  the  warm  and  light  aii-,  which  rises 
to  more  elevated  regions. 

15.  A  Balloon  ascends  because  it  is  fiUed  with  a  gas  that  is 
lighter  than  common  air.  When  the  gas  is  allowed  to  escape, 
the  surrounding  au-  I'ushes  in  and  causes  the  balloon  to  descend. 

16.  The  Two  General  Movements  of  the  Air  are  fiom  the 
Equator  to  the  Poles,  and  fi'om  the  Poles  to  the  Equator. 

17.  As  the  Cool  and  Jleari/  }Hnds  press  toward  the  Equa- 
tor, they  are  lanable  to  keep  up  with  the  eastward  motion  of 
the  Equatorial  regions  of  the  earth  ;  and,  by  faUing  behind, 
they  appear  as  a  current  of  air  moving  tcesticard. 

[Forfurtlier  explanation,  see  page  23,  paragraplis  6  and  7.) 

18.  A  Current  of  Water  receives  the  name  of  the  direction 
toward  which  it  flows ;  but  a  current  of  air,  that y>o)?i  which  it 
moves.  Therefore,  a  loesterly  current  of  water  and  an  east 
wind  move  in  the  same  direction. 

19.  Changes  in  the  Courses  of  the  Winds  are  caused  by  va- 
rious bodies  of  land,  and  by  high  mountain  ranges. 


20.  Where  Two  Winds 
from  Different  Directions 
meet,  they  counteract  each 
other's  force,  and  cause 
calms ;  hence,  there  are 
Equatorial  Calms,  Calms  of 
Cancer,  Calms  of  Capricorn, 
and  Polar  Calms. 

21.  The  Trade  Winds  of 
the  Northern  Hemisphere 
blowing  from  the  north-east, 
and  those  of  the  Southern 
Hemisphere  blowing  fi'om 
the  south-east,  meet  near 
the  Equator,  and  neutralize 
each  other ;  thus  causing 
calms  in  that  region  around 
the  earth. 

22.  The  Winds  then  rise 
to  a  greater  elevation  and 
tend  toward  the  North  and 
South    Poles,    moving    over 


--#.      EQUATORIAL  CALMS  AND  RAINL 
"^^^     CALMS  OF  CAPRICO' 


iSti. 


;jii,iik 


SiTlie 
itfflceols 


w 


35.1 
aeie 
Hant 
iese 
■3G. 
■atcv 
rm 


Chart  showing  the  Directions  of  the  Winds 

the  tropical  regions  as  upper  currents. 

23.  When  they  reach  the  temperate  latitudes,  they  ha- 
become  so  cool  and  heavy  on  account  of  their  elevation,  thh^KjoU 
they  descend  to  the  surface,  and  blow  from  the  south-west  LkA 
the  Northern  Hemisphere,  and  fi-om  the  north-west  in  tMlj^^i 
Southern  Hemisphere.  These  are  called  the  Beturn  Trades  .jj 
Passage  winds.     [See  p)age  24,  paragraphs  10  to  14  inclusive.) 

24.  The  General  Direction  of  the  Winds  in  the  Tropit 
Hegions  is  toward  the  west.  These  •nonds  contribute  to  t 
westward  flow  of  the  Equatorial  Current. 

25.  In  the  Temperate  Hegions  there  is  a  like  con'espoi. 
ence  between  the  Eetiim  CmTents  of  the  ocean  and  the  Ketu. 
Trade  Winds  ;  then-  motion  being  toward  the  east.  .^ 

26.  A  To  gage  from  the  United  States  to  England,  in  a  sa  ' 
ing  vessel,  is  made  several  days  shorter  by  the  aid  of  thes 
winds  and  the  Gulf  Stream,  than  that  fi-om  England  to  tl. 
United  States.     The  time  made  by  steamers  from  New  Yor 
to  Liver^DOol,  is  between  nine  and  twelve  days ;  but,  returning 
they  require  from  two  to  foiir  days  longer. 

27.  The  rrerailing  South-uest  Winds  of  the  Nortli  Tem- 
perate Zone,  passing  over  the  warm  waters  of  the  Guli 
Stream,  contribute  largely  to  the  advantages  of  Western  and 
Southern  Europe  in  climate,  productions,  and  general  develop- 
ment. 

28.  If  the  Earth  revolved  on  its  Axis  in  the  Opposite  Di- 
rection— fi-om  east  to  west — in  what  direction  would  the  Trade 
Winds  and  the  Equatorial  Current  move  ?  If  the  earth  did 
not  revolve  on  its  axis,  what  would  become  of  the  ocean  cur- 
rents and  the  ■ninds  ? 

29.  The  Plan  of  the  Winds,  like  that  of  the  ocean  currents, 
is  such  that  a  constant  circulation  of  air  is  maintained  between 
the  Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres,  round  and  roimd  the 
globe,  and  between  the  Northern  and  Southern  Hemispheres, 
from  the  burning  zone  of  the  Ti-opics  to  the  fi-ozen  regions  of 
the  Poles.  "  The  wind  goeth  toward  the  south,  and  turneth 
about  imto  the  north  ;  it  whirleth  about  continually." 


MOISTUMJE  AND   EVAPORATION. 


HS 


*3ree2e.     A  View  on  the  Sea  Coast.     From  Morning  until  Evening  the  Air  which  is  over 
he  Sea  is  Heavier  than  that  over  the  Land  j  consequently,  the  Wind  blows  all  Day  from 
e  Sea. 

The  Plan  of  Di/ferenres  in  Nature,  producing  contact, 
sition,  and  variety,  is  beneficial  to  mankind. 
J..  It  is  recognized  in  the  Ught  of  day  and  the  darkness  of 
^ht,  in  land  and  water,  sunshine  and  rain,  in  the  variety  of 
oductions,  and  in  the  diverse  pursuits  of  people. 

32.  The  Wisdom  of  this  Plan  appears  not  only  in  the  ex- 
^tence  of  such  differences,  biit  in  their  cooperation  and  unity. 

33.  Sea  Coasts  and  Islands  enjoy  a  more  even  temperature 
throughout  the  year  than  inland  districts,  because  the  ocean 
loes  not  change  its  temperature,  either  in  summer  or  winter, 
m  readily  as  the  land. 

'  31.  Winds  which  blow  over  the  sea  are  generally  not  so  cold 
n  -winter,  nor  so  warm  in  summer,  as  those  blowing  over  .the 
and. 

35.  Land  near  tlte  Sea  is  Warmer  during  the  Day  than 
ne  neighboring  water.  Sea  air  is  then  cooler  and  heavier 
Han  the  air  of  the  land ;  henoe,  the  wind  blows  all  day  from 
■he  sea,  and  is  called  a  sea  breeze. 

'  3G.  After  Snndowtt,  as  the  land  becomes  cooler  than  the 
•ater,  the  air  rushes  back  from  the  land,  and  is  called  a  land 
reeze. 


Land  Breeze.     At  Night,  the  Air  which  is  over  the  Land  becomes  Heavier  than  that  over  the 
Water,  causing  the  Wind  to  blow  all  Night  from  the  Land, 

37.  Land  and  Sea  Breezes  are  winds  which  blow  alter- 
nately from  the  land  and  sea. 

38.  They  occur  on  coasts  and  in  islands,  especially  in  the 
tropical  regions  ;  also  on  the  shores  of  large  lakes. 

39.  In  the  Northern  He  mi  sphere,  a  north  wind  is  cold,  and 
a  south  wind,  warm  ;  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  the  north 
wind  is  warm,  and  the  south,  cold. 


Sedion   XVI. 
JoiSTURE  IN  THE  ^TMOSPHERE. 

1.  By  heat,  Water  is  Expanded  and  made  lighter  than  the 
air. 

2.  The  Water  then  rises  in  the  form  of  vapor,  and  is  carried 
away  by  the  winds. 

3.  1'apor  when  Influenced  bij  a  Cool  Temperature  becomes 
condensed,  and  returns  to  the  surface  of  the  earth  in  the  form 
of  rain,  snow,  and  dew. 

4.  The  Motive  Power  of  the  Steam  Engine  is  due  to  the 
property  which  water  possesses  of  being  easily  expanded  by 
heat  and  condensed  by  cold,  thus  forming  a  vacuum. 

5.  As  the  Air  becomes  Warm,  its  capacity  of  holding  mois- 
ture increases,  and  as  the  temperature  falls  that  capacity 
diminishes.  This  difference  between  the  temiaerature  of  tlio 
day  and  that  of  the  night,  causes  dew  to  appear  upon  the 
grass  and  flowers,  that  they  may  be  refreshed  in  the  absence 
of  rain. 

6.  Trees  and  Plants  obtain  much  of  their  nourishment  fi-om 
the  moisture  in  the  air  which  is  condensed  by  means  of  their 
leaves. 

7.  Vapor  is  not  always  Visible,  because  it  is  spread  out  in 
the  atmosphere,  like  the  moisture  that  is  exhaled  in  breathing. 
A  pitcher  of  cold  water  placed  in  a  warm  room  condenses 
vapor,  which  appears  on  the  surface  in  the  form  of  drops. 

8.  Evaporation  increases  with  the  warmth  and  dryness  of 
the  atmosphere ;  hence,  the  amount  of  rain  is  greatest  in  the 
tropical  regions,  and  diminishes  toward  the  poles. 

9.  Evaporation  modifies  Temperature.  Without  evapora- 
tion, the  surface  of  the  ocean  would  become  hotter  and  hotter 
by  the  influence  of  the  sun,  and  would  therefore  greatly  inten- 
sify the  heat  of  the  atmosphere  in  contact  with  it.  But  not 
thus  defective  are  nature's  laws. 

10.  As  Water  becomes  Heated  at  the  Surface,  it  gives  place 
to  cooler  portions  beneath,  by  rising,  in  the  form  of  vapor,  into 
upper  and  cooler  regions  of  the  atmosphere. 

11.  By  the  Action  of  the  Waves,  lower  and  cooler  portions 
of  the  water  are  brought  up  to  the  surface  to  reduce  its  tem- 
peratui'e. 

12.  By  these  Movements  of  the  Water,  the  surface  of  the 
ocean  is  prevented  from  attaining  a  degree  of  heat  so  gi-eat  as 
to  prove  detrimental  to  the  comfort  and  interests  of  mankind. 

13.  On,  the  Land,  these  two  movements  do  not  occur.  Its 
heated  surface  cannot  rise  in  the  air  as  water  does  by  the  pro- 
cess of  evaporation ;  neither  are  cool  portions  of  the  ground 
brought  constantly  up  to  reduce  the  temperatiu'e  of  the  sm- 
face  ;  hence,  the  land  becomes  more  heated  by  the  sun's  rays 
than  the  water  does.  ' 

14.  In  Summer,  the  land"  freely  imparts  its  heat  to  the  at- 
mosphere near  it  and  makes  that  season  hot,  perhaps  oppres- 
sive ;  but  when  -winter  comes,  the  land  has  not  saved  enough 
heat  to  keep  off  the  severity  of  the  cold.  It  is  o-sviug  to  this 
process  of  radiation  that  in  some  inland  places,  hot  and  sul- 
try days  are  followed  by  chiUy  and  disagreeable  nights,  and 
that  the  deposition  of  dew  is  gi-eatci  on  laud  than  on  water. 


34 


MONTEITWS  1*UYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


View  from  the  Catskill  Mountain  House,  New  York,  looking  East.     The  Hudson  River 

appears  in  the  Distance. 
Names  of  the  Classes  of  Clouds:— I,  Cirrus;  2,  Stratus;  3.  Cumulus;  4,  Nimbus. 

15.  In  Winter,  the  continental  climate  is  colder  than  the 
oceanic,  because  the  land  parts  with  its  heat  by  radiation  more 
readily  than  does  the  water. 

16.  .S^  Pctcfsbury  and  the  Faroe  Inlands  are  nearly  in  the 
same  latitude  :  the  climate  of  the  former  is  continental ;  of  the 
latter,  oceanic.  TiTiich  is  the  warmer  in  summer?  Which  is 
the  colder  in  winter '? 

17.  The  Summer  of  St.  Petershiirg  averages  seven  degrees 
warmer  than  that  of  the  Faroe  Islands,  north-west  of  Scot- 
land ;  while  the  ^vinter  of  the  former  is  twenty-two  degrees 
colder  than  that  of  the  latter. 

18.  Clouds  are  collections  of  visible  vapor  suspended  in  the 
atmosphere,  at  altitudes  ranging  from  one  to  five  miles. 

19.  Fofj  is  a  hke  collection  nearer  the  earth's  surface. 

20.  Vapor  consists  of  particles  of  water  so  fine  and  light 
that  they  float  in  the  air  Hke  dust. 

21.  There  are  Four  Classes  of  Clouds: 

22.  The  Cirrus,  which  is  the  highest  cloud  we  see,  is  of  a 
light  feathery  form ;  and,  on  account  of  its  elevation,  its 
vapors  probably  exist  in  light  particles  of  snow. 

23.  The  Stra'tus  exists  generally  in  the  night  and  in  winter ; 
it  is  formed  by  the  cooUng  and  consequent  settling  down  of 
the  higher  clouds,  which  appear  in  horizontal  bands. 

24.  The  Cn'mulus  is  the  summer-day  cloud  which  forms  at 
sunrise  by  the  gathering  together  of  the  night  mists. 

25.  The  Ximltus  is  the  heavy,  dark  cloud  from  which  rain 
falls. 


26.  Wlien  Clouds  2}(tf's  info  the  Atmosphere  which  sur- 
rounds the  cold  summits  of  the  mountains,  their  vapors  Le- 
come  condensed,  and  faU  in  the  form  of  rain  and  snow,  which 
supply  springs,  streams,  and  lakes  of  elevated  regions. 

27.  Itain  falls  from  Clouds  at  different  elevations ;  in  moun- 
tainous districts  heavy  showers  sometimes  fall  upon  the  low 

1  gi'ound,  while  persons  on  a  mountain  behold  a  clear  sky  above 
them  and  black  clouds  below  them. 

28.  If  there  were  no  3Iounfains  on  the  globe,  the  clouds 
would  pass  over  the  land  without  depositing  an  amount  of 
rain  sufficient  for  the  preservation  of  vegetable  and  animal 
Hfe. 

29.  The  Harmon}/  irhich  exists  between  the  influence  of 
the  mountains  and  the  movements  of  the  clouds,  jjroduces 
results  necessary  to  the  development  of  the  earth  and  to  the 
well-being  of  man.  Is  this  harmony  the  result  of  accident,  or 
is  it  in  accordance  with  the  wise  design  of  the  Creator  ? 

30.  Bain  is  caused  by  vapor  entering  a  cool  atmosphere 
and  becoming  condensed  ;  it  then  falls  to  the  earth  in  di'ops. 

31.  If  Itain,  in  its  I>eseent,  passes  throuyh  u  Current  of  Air 
sufficiently  cold  to  freeze  the  drops,  hail  is  produced. 

32.  //■  Vapor  becomes  Frozen  while  its  particles  are  light, 
it  faUs  to  the  earth  in  the  fonn  of  snow. 

33.  In  Xorth  America,  snow  is  seldom  seen  to  fall  south 
of  the  parallel  of  latitude  30" — that  which  passes  over  New 
Orleans. 

34.  In  the  Hot  Zone  o/ -Soitf/t  ^jwerica,  however,  it  remains 
throughout  the  year  on  aU  mountain  peaks  above  the  eleva- 
tion of  16,000  feet. 

35.  Snow  is  a  Kon-conduetor  of  Heat ;  it  consequently 
prevents  radiation  of  heat  fi-om  the  ground  covered  by  it,  and 
protects  roots,  vegetables,  and  seeds  from  the  intense  cold  of 
winter. 

36.  Rain  is  distributed  over  the  land  by  the  agency  of 
winds. 

37.  The  Cliief  Source  of  Supplij  is  the  ocean ;  although 
from  every  lake,  pond,  and  stream,  there  arises  moisture  which 
returns  to  refresh  vegetation. 

38.  The  Greatest  Amount  of  Main  falls  within  a  belt  around 
the  earth,  near  the  Equator.  This  is  becaiise  the  Trade  Winds 
here  come  in  contact  with  each  other  and  carry  the  vapors 
with  which  they  are  heavily  charged,  up  into  a  cool  atmos- 
phere which  condenses  them. 

39.  On  the  Continents,  the  greatest  amount  of  rain  falls 
near  the  sea  coasts  and  upon  the  mountainous  regions  in  the 
interior. 

40.  On  the  Western  Continent,  the  greatest  amount  of  rain 
falls  in  South  America — on  its  eastern  coast,  and  the  eastern 
sloj^e  of  the  Andes  Mountains. 

41.  Itanges  of  Mouufains,  hke  the  Andes,  whose  tops  are 
perpetually  covered  with  snow,  cause  vast  quantities  of  rain  (o 
fall  on  the  windward  side  or  slope,  while  in  some  places  on 
the  opposite  slope,  rain  is  almost  or  whoUy  imkno-mi. 

42.  The  Desert  of  Atacama  (ah-fali-hiJi'mah)  is  situated 
west  of  the  Andes,  and  lies  partly  in  Peru  and  partly  in  Bolivia. 
The  east  -winds  are  deprived  of  their  moisture  before  passing 
the  mountains,  and  continuing  westward,  prevent  the  vapors 
jof  the  Pacific  from  reaching  that  arid  region.   (See  see.  /x,  par.  u. 


THJE  JJISTllIBUTIOX  OF  RAIN. 


35 


A  M  T  />,  R  C  TJ  C  _    C  I  R_C  L,E 


Rain  Chart:— The  Quantity  of  Rain  which  falls  at  any  Place  is  indicated  on  this  Chart  by  the  Depth  of  the  Shading)  the  Darker  the  Shading,  so  much  Greater  is  the  Amount  of  Rain, 


43.  The  Kainless  Region  of  South  America  lies  west  of  the 
Andes,  and  in  the  track  of  the  South-east  Trade  Winds. 

44.  South  of  the  Desert  of  Atacatna  is  Chili,  which,  although 
lying  on  the  west  of  the  Andes,  receives  copious  rains  ;  these 
are  brought  by  the  Return  Trade  Winds,  which  blow  over  the 
Pacific  fi-om  the  north-west. 

45.  The  North-western  Coast  of  South  America  is  within 
the  zone  of  almost  constant  rains. 

46.  The  Trade  Ifiiids  blow  from  the  east  and  deposit  their 
rain  mostly  on  the  eastern  coasts  of  continents  and  islands, 
and  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  high  mountain  ranges. 

47.  The  Return  Trades  deposit  their  rain  chiefly  on  west- 
em  coasts  and  slopes. 

48.  In  North  America,  rain  is  most  abundant  on  its  west- 
em  side,  and  around  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

49.  The  West  Indies  are  Noted  for  the  heavy  rains  which 
fall  there  ;  these  rains  proceed  from  the  vajjors  supplied  by 
the  warm  waters  of  the  Gulf  Stream. 

50.  The  British  Islands,  together  with  the  western  and 
southern  coasts  of  Europe,  are  supplied  with  rain  fi'om  the  va- 
pors of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  which  are  carried  there  by  the  pre- 
vailing west  winds — the  Return  Trades  ;  while  on  the  plains  of 
Eussia  and  Siberia,  the  amount  of  rain  is  comparatively  slight. 

51.  The  Rains  of  Africa,  like  those  of  South  America,  are 
supphed  by  means  of  the  Trade  Winds ;  but  while  South 
America  has  its  high  mountain  range  on  its  western  side, 
causing  copious  rains  to  fall  upon  vast  plains  eastward,  the 


high  mountains  on  the  eastern  side  of  Africa  return  much  of 
the  rain  immediately  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

52.  I)o  the  Trade  Winds  drposit  more  Jiain  on  tlie  eastern,  or  the  western 
sides  of  itland8  and  mountains  ?  On  Tvhicli  coast  of  South  America  is  rain  most 
abundant  ?  On  which  coast  of  Africa  ?  On  which  side  of  the  Andes  Moun- 
tains ?  On  which  side  of  continents,  islands,  and  mountain  ranges  do  the 
Return  Trades  deposit  most  rain  1 

53.  I>n  Vapors  rise  mostlij  from  Cold,  or  Warm  Currents'?  From  what  Cur. 
rent  do  vapors  come  which  supply  the  rivers  of  Western  and  Southern 
Europe  ?  From  what  current  are  the  rivers  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  North 
America  supplied  ?    (See  Chart  on  page  25.) 

54.  On  trhicli  Coast  of  Greenland  is  Rain  most  AhundanI  ?  On  which  Bide 
of  Norway  ?     France  ?     Spain  1    Arabia  ?    Australia  1    Hudson's  Bay  ? 

55.  What  Great  Hirer  in  Africa  flows  through  the  rainless  district  1 
Whence  does  the  Nile  receive  its  waters  ? 

56.  If  no  Ocean  intervened  hetireen  America  and  Europe, 

the  absence  of  rain  alone  would  make  Europe  desolate. 

57.  The  Great  Rainless  Region  of  the  Old  World  includes 
the  Great  Desert  of  Aiiica  and  the  deserts  of  Arabia,  Persia, 
and  Gobi. 

58.  Their  Condition  is  caused,  mainly,  by  their  interior 
position,  the  comparative  drjTiess  of  the  winds,  and  the  ab- 
sence of  lofty  peaks  that  would  act  as  condensers  of  the  thin 
and  scattered  vapor  which  floats  over  them. 

59.  In  the  New  World,  the  principal  rainless  districts  are 
in  Mexico  and  Central  America,  and  in  South  America,  on  the 
western  side  of  the  Andes. 

60.  In  some  Places  uhcre  Rain  seldom,  or  never  falls, 
vegetation  is  sustained  by  frequent  and  heavy  dews. 


SIOXTEITirS  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Chart  showing  Isothermal  Zones  and  the  Mean  Annual  Temperature  of  the  Different  Parts  of  the  Earth's  Surface. 


Seaion   XVII. 


(^^ 


mUMATE-ISOTHERMAL  SEINES. 

1.  Climate  is  the  condition  of  a  place  in  relation,  cliiefly,  to 
the  temperature  and  moisture  of  the  atmosphere. 

2.  Inotherms,  or  Tsoflicfuiftl  Lines,  are  hues  drawn  on  a 
a  chart  through  places  of  equal  mean  temperatui'e. 

3.  Mean  Annual  Tewperatiire  is  midway  between  the  heat 
of  summer  and  the  cold  of  wanter.  In  Cincinnati  the  mean 
temperatvire  of  summer  is  73°,  and  of  -n-inter,  33° ;  the  mean 
annual  temperature  is  53°,  which  is  obtained  thus  : 

2 =^^- 

4.  If  the  Temperature  diminished  riniformly  from  the 
Equator  to  the  poles,  isothermal  Unes  would  correspond  with 
parallels  of  latitude. 

5.  Their  Directions  are  various,  and  indicate  the  influence 
upon  cUmate,  of  ocean  currents,  winds,  high  mountains,  frozen 
plains,  and  burning  deserts. 

6.  Therefore,  the  Hot,  Cold,  and  Temperate  Zones  of  the 
earth  are  situated  between  isothermal  lines,  and  not  between 
parallels  of  latitude.     These  zones  are  called  Isothermal  Zones. 

7-  Isothermal  Lines  have  their  Greatest  Inclination  in  the 
North  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  show  that  the  north-west  coasts  of 


the  Old  World  possess  warmer  climates  throughout  the  year 
than  other  parts  of  the  land,  at  the  same  latitude. 

8.  This  is  chiefly  owing  to  the  influence  of  the  Gulf  Stream, 
which  warms  the  prevailing  south-west  winds  passing  over  it 
on  their  way  toward  the  west  coasts  of  Euroise. 

9.  Eastward  from  these  Coasts,  the  temperature  gi-adually 
falls,  as  shown  by  the  isotherms,  on  account  of  the  cooling 
influence  of  the  high  mountains  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  the 
frozen  plains  of  Siberia. 

10.  If  the  Waters  of  the  Atlantic  imparted  no  IFarmth 
to  the  atmosphere,  Newfoundland  and  Northern  France,  being 
between  the  same  parallels  of  latitude,  would  have  the  same 
climate. 

11.  inthout  the  Influence  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  the  now 
genial  and  productive  chmate  of  the  British  Isles  would  be 
similar  to  that  of  the  cold  and  desolate  regions  of  Labrador. 

12.  In  reality,  however,  the  Center  of  Great  Britain,  at  the 
latitude  of  55°,  has  the  same  mean  temperature  as  the  east- 
em  side  of  the  United  States,  at  the  latitude  of  40°. 

13.  The  Isotherm  which  passes  through  Newfoundland  ex- 
tends north-eastward  to  the  coast  of  Iceland,  15°  nearer  the 
North  Pole. 

14.  The  Temperature  of  the  coast  of  Norway  is  the  same  as 
that  of  Central  Labrador,  although  20°  of  latitude  he  between 
them.    The  influence  of  the  Gulf  Stream  is  felt  upon  the  coasts 

I  of  Spitzbergen  and  also  upon  the  north  coast  of  Nova  Zembla. 


CLIMATES    COMPARED. 


37 


15.  The  Land  of  the  Xorthern  Hemisphere  maybe  divided 
into  six  climatic  zones :  The  Tonid  or  Hottest,  the  Hot, 
Warm,  Temperate,  Cold,  and  Frigid  or  Coldest. 

16.  THE    MEAN   AOTsUAL  TEMPERATUEE   OF  THE  ZONES. 

The  Frigid  Zone,  below 32°  Fakr. 

The  Cold  Zone,  between 32°  and  40°      " 

The  Temperate  Zone,  between 40°  and  60°      " 

The  Warm  Zone,  between 60°  and  70°     " 

The  Hot  Zone,  between 70°  and  80°     " 

The  Torrid  Zone  is  over 80°     " 

17.  The  Isotherm  of  32°  Fahr.  is  the  line  of  constantly 
frozen  gi-ound. 

18.  TJirouf/h  tt'hat  Parts  of  Xorth  Atnerica  docs  the  Isotherm  of  S2°  pass? 
Through  what  parts  of  Europe  ?  Of  Asia  ?  What  large  bay  in  British 
America  receives  cold  water  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  What  effect  has  the 
temperature  of  the  water  of  Hudson's  Bay  upon  the  climate  of  the  sur- 
rounding regions  ?  What  is  the  direction  of  the  isotherms  which  pass 
over  those  regions  ? 

19.  What  Places  are  under  the  same  Isotherm  as  JTeu-  Tori;  ?  What  is  their 
mean  temperature? 

What  places  are  under  the  isotherm  which  passes  over  .Panama  t  WTiat  is 
their  mean  temperature '? 

What  places  are  under  the  isotherm  which  passes  over  Newfoundland  ? 

20.  FI7mf  Parts  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere  are  in  the  Hottest  ZonVf  The 
Hot  Zone  ?  The  Warm  Zone  ?  The  Temperate  Zone  ?  The  Cold  Zone  ?  The 
Frigid  Zone  ? 

What  lands  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere  are  in  the  Hottest  Zone  ?  The 
Hot  Zone  ?     The  Warm  Zone  ?     The  Temperate  Zone  ? 

Does  any  part  of  the  two  continents  extend  south  of  the  line  of  constantly 
frozen  ground  ?     MTiat  part  extends  furthest  south  ? 

What  is  the  mean  annual  temperature  of  Cape  Horn  ? 

21.  The  Prevailing  Winds  of  the  United  States  and  Europe 

blow  from  the  south-west ;  consequently,  they  are  Land  Winds, 
to  the  eastern  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Europe,  and 
cause  Excessive  Climates  {see  page  Zi,  paragraph  34) ;  while  to 
the  western  coasts,  they  are  Sea  Winds,  and  produce  that 
evenness  of  climate  for  which  Western  Europe  and  the  Pacific 
coast  of  the  United  States  are  remarkable. 

22.  If  we  Compare  the  Climate  of  New  York  with  that  of 
San  Francisco,  the  difi'erence  between  oceanic  and  land  cli- 
mates will  be  obvious. 

THE   MEAN   TEMPERATURE   OF  THE    HOTTEST  AND   COLDEST  MONTHS 
DURrNG   THE   YEAE,   IN   NEW  YORK   AND   SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Hottest  month  in  New  York,  80°  Fahr. ; — San  Francisco,  58°. 

Coldest       "        "      "          "  25°      "            "            "  50°. 

Mean  difference  between  sum-  

mer  and  winter 55°      "            "            "  8°. 

23.  While  Snow  nsiitilli/  lies  in  Xew  York  a  great  j>art 
of  the  Winter,  it  rarely  falls  in  San  Francisco.  The  winter  of 
San  Francisco  consists  of  a  Raimj  Season,  which  is  caused  by 
the  cooUng  influence  of  the  mountains  upon  the  moisture  of 
the  sea  winds.     Its  summer  is  known  as  the  Dry  Season. 

24.  The  Tenijtevafure  of  the  East  Coast  of  the  United  States 
is  further  depressed  by  cold  waters  from  the  Ai-ctic  Currents, 
which  here  flow  in  a  south-westerly  direction  between  the 
Gulf  Stream  and  the  coast.     It  is  therefore  a  counter  current. 

25.  The  Vfillrt/s  near  the  Coast  of  California  possess  a 
more  even  and  dehghtful  climate  than  any  other  part  of  the 
world. 

:U)478 


26.  In  some  iHirts  of  the  Faroe  Islands,  water  never  freezes, 
while  in  Yakoutsk,  a  city  of  Siberia,  which  hes  imder  the 
same  parallel,  the  simimers  average  9°  warmer,  and  the  win- 
ters, 76°  colder.  The  mean  difference  in  temperature  between 
summer  and  -n-inter  at  the  former  place,  is  only  15" ;  at  the 
latter,  it  is  100'. 

27.  In  which  of  the  two  Ptaces  just  mentioned  is  the  climate  excessive? 
Even  ?    Continental  ?    Oceanic  ? 

28.  In  the  Azores  and  Madeiras — islands  north-west  of 
Africa, — the  climate  is  that  of  eternal  spring ;  flowers  bloom 
there  throughout  the  year  in  the  open  air,  although  those 
islands  are  between  the  same  parallels  as  Philadelphia,  Cin- 
cinnati, and  St.  Louis. 

29.  Forests,  Fertile  Plains,  and  Parched  Deserts  owe  their 
respective  conditions  not  only  to  their  position  on  the  globe, 
but  also  to  the  influence  of  ocean  currents,  the  agency  of 
winds,  and  the  presence  or  absence  of  rain. 

30.  The  Isotherms  of  North  America,  Europe,  and  Asia 
extend  in  the  same  general  direction — south-eastward  from 
their  western  sides ;  showing  the  mean  temperatm-e  of  their 
western  coasts  to  be  warmer  than  that  of  their  eastern. 

31.  The  Climate  of  the  Atlantic  Coasts  of  Europe  corre- 
sponds with  that  of  the  Pacific  Coast  of  North  America. 

82.  Isothermal  hues  correspond  more  nearly  with  parallels 
of  latitude  in  the  Water  Hemisphere  than  in  the  Land  Hemi- 
sphere, showing  the  evenness  of  an  oceanic  cHmate. 

83.  Compare  the  Climate  of  Vancouver's  Island  mith  that 
of  Maine.  In  the  former,  the  simimers  are  mild,  and  the 
frosts  of  short  duration;  while  in  the  latter,  the  summers 
are  hot,  and  the  winters  very  severe,  the  snow  lying  on  the 
ground  from  three  to  five  months  in  the  year. 

34.  Trareling  Enstwardlij  from  the  Pacific  Coast  of  North  America  on  any 
parallel  north  of  San  Francisco,  what  change  of  temperature  is  observed  ? 
(See  Isothermal  Lines.) 

35.  Sailing  Due  East  from  the  Atlantic  Coast,  what  change  ? 

AATiat  part  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America  has  the  same  temperature 
as  Newfoundland  ?  Give  the  latitude  of  each  of  these  two  places.  What  is 
the  average  temperature  ? 

W~hat  island  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America  has  the  same  tempera- 
ture as  New  York  ?     What  is  the  latitude  of  each  ?    Their  mean  temjierature  ? 

36.  Wlutt  European  Countr;/  has  a  climate  simOar  to  that  of  California  ? 
Although  North  Cape  is  11°  further  north  than  Cape  Farewell,  its  climate 

is  no  colder.     Why  ? 

What  city  in  Russia  has  the  same  latitude  as  Glasgow  ?  At  which  place  is 
the  winter  more  severe  ?     Why  ? 

37.  Whi/  docs  the  Climate  of  the  ifest  Indies  differ  from  that  of  Newfound- 
land ? 

Which  is  further  north — Canada,  or  Iceland  ?  In  which  are  the  winters 
more  severe  ?    Why  ? 

Which  coast  of  the  United  States  possesses  the  more  even  climate the 

Atlantic,  or  Pacific  ?    "Why  ? 

38.  The   Climate  of  the  Western  Sitle  of  North  America 

and  of  Western  Europe  is  more  conducive  to  health  than  that 
of  then-  eastern  parts,  on  account  of  its  greater  evenness. 

39.  If  the  Bed  of  the  Atlantic  should  lie  elcrnied  and  become  dry  land,  what 
climates  would  be  affected,  aiul  how  ? 

If  a  range  of  high  mountains  extended  along  the  west  coast  of  Europe,  what 
would  be  the  effect  upon  the  climate  and  rains  of  that  division  ? 

40.  Why  is  the  Clitnate  of  the  Atlantic  Coast  of  North  America  warmer  in 
snmmcr,  and  colder  in  winter,  than  that  of  the  Pacific  coast  ? 

What  effect  have  the  Rocky  Mountains  upon  the  temperature  of  the  west. 
ly  winds  of  the  United  States  ? 


r 


38 


MOXTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


47.  All  the  Great  Agents  by  wliich  the  various  conditions 
of  the  earth  are  so  wonderfully  sustained,  are  so  adapted^  to 
each  other,  and  act  together  so  harmoniously,  that  if  but  one 
shoidd  neglect  to  act  its  part,  mankind  would  suffer — ^^lerhaps 
perish. 

48.  If  the  Process  of  Uraporatioii  sliould  be  discontinued,  vhat  Tvould  be 
the  effect  upon  vegetation,  animals,  and  man  ?  Or,  if  all  winds  sliould  cease, 
where  would  all  the  rain  fall  'I 

49.  The  Soiitlicrn  Part  of  the  l^tiited  States  is  admirably 
adapted  to  agiiculture.  Its  pecuhaiities  of  soil  and  chmate 
so  harmonize  with  each  other  that  the  amount  of  cotton  alone 
which  is  here  produced,  and  upon  which  millions  of  the  earth's 
inhabitants — on  both  continents — depend  for  clothing,  com- 
prises nearly  seven-eighths  of  the  entire  yield  of  the  world. 

50.  The  Riifjged  Korth-easteni  Part  of  this  Coinitr;/ is  jiTO- 
vided  ■ndth  coal,  iron,  and  mountain  streams,  which  make  it 
the  great  manufacturing  region  of  the  Union. 

51.  If  the  Oiitf  and  AtUtntie  States  of  the  South  were 
mountainous,  and  the  north-eastern  States  level,  the   cotton 

!  plant,  sugar-cane,  and  rice  woidd  not  grow  either  upon  moun- 
j  tains  of  the  south  or  cool  plains  of  the  noi-th-east. 


A  Mountain  Stream. 

41.  Aetivity,  Use,  and  Iii/titence  are  everywhere,  frCm  the 
miglity  ocean  and  lofty  mountains  to  the  httle  stream  that 
tiu-ns  the  miller's  wheel  and  furnishes  ch'ink  to  cattle. 

42.  The  Common  Garden  Worm  opens  channels  in  the 
gi'ound  through  which  the  moisture  enters  to  nourish  the  roots 
of  plants,  and  otherwise  assists  man  in  preparing  the  soil. 

43.  The  Ocean,  although  covering  the  greater  part  of  the 
earth's  surface,  is  not  a  vast  waste,  for  it  supplies  the  land 
with  vegetation  and  an  abundance  of  fresh  water  for  the 
support  of  aU  life ;  and,  as  the  modifier  of  climate,  it  exerts  its 
essential  influence  upon  the  physical,  intellectual,  and  moral 
conditions  of  mankind,  and  contributes  largely  to  the  pros- 
perity of  the  nations  of  the  earth. 


The  Earth  in  the  form  of 
a  Globe. 


The  Earth  in  the  form  of 
a  Cylinder. 


44.  Kone  can  fail  to  recognize  the  Systems  of  Winds  and 
ocean  currents  as  necessary  to  the  life  and  weU-being  of  the 
earth's  inhabitants ;  and,  herein,  the  wisdom  of  the  plan  by 
which  the  world  was  made  in  the  form  of  a  globe. 

45.  If  the  World  had  been  made  ?w  the  Form  of  a  Cube. 
or  of  a  cyhnder,  there  would  not  be  that  harmony  of  action 
between  diverse  conditions  of  the  earth's  surface  which  now 
exists. 

If  the  Enrth  tpere  a  ftrent  Cuhe,  would  there  be  zones  of  different  degrees 
of  temperature  as  there  are  now  ?    The  same  winds  and  ocean  currents  1 

46.  Diversity  in  Clnnatf  and  Pc«ri'/»r-^;oH.<!  of  the  earth,  and 
in  the  pursuits  of  iadividuals  and  nations,  constitutes  a  wise 
provision  of  the  Creator. 


Chart,  showing  that  Climates  between  the  Equator  and  the  North  Pole  correspond  witii 
those,on  the  Sides  of  High  Mountains  at  the  Equator. 

52.  Temperature  so  rliminislies  with  Increase  of  Elevation 

that  various  chmates,  with  their  characteristic  productions,  are 
found  not  only  vipon  the  earth's  surface  between  the  Equator 
and  the  Poles,  but  likewise  upon  the  sides  of  high  mountains 
between  their  base  and  summit. 

53.  If  H-e  consider  the  Xorthern  ITcmisphere  and  the  side 
of  a  mountain  which  is  situate^^  imder  the  Equator,  to  be  di- 
\-ided  each  into  three  climatic  zones,  the  Torrid  Zone  on  the 
former  wotdd  extend  norihicard  to  about  the  parallel  of  30°, 
and  on  the  latter,  vpward  to  the  elevation  of  about  5,000  feet ; 

■  the  Temperate  Zone  of  the  former  would  extend  to  about  the 
Isotherm  averaging  60°  latitude,  and  on  the  latter,  to  the 

,  height  of  about  15,000  feet. 

I      What  part  of  the  earth's  surface  and  what  part  of  a  tropical  monntain 
have  a  mean  temperature  of  80°  Fahr.  1    Of  70°  1    Of  34°  1 

\      54.  From  the  Equator  toward  the  North  Pole,  the  tem- 
perature diminishes  about  1°  for  every  100  miles. 

55.  From  the  level  of  the  Ocean  to  the  summit  of  a  moun- 

[  tain,  the  temperature  diminishes  about  1°  for  every  350  feet. 


THE  CLIMATES   OF  ELEVATED    BEGIOJSS. 


39 


FROZEN    REGIOMS. 

•56.  The  Ipper  Fart 
of  this  Picture  repre- 
sents the  regions  of  per- 
petual snow  among  the 
tropical  Andes,  which 
correspond,  in  tempera- 
ture, to  the  Frigid 
Zones. 

These  Ififfh  Snotc-clad 
Peaks  are  the  great  con- 
densers which  bring 
down  moisture  from  the 
atmosphere,  and  suppl 
the  rains  which  fill  the 
lakes  and  rivers  of  South 
America. 

TEMPERATE    REGIONS. 

57.  The  Middle  Por- 
tion of  the  picture  re- 
presents a  region  whose 
climate  corresponds 
to  that  of  the  Tem- 
perate Zones, 

This  llef/ion  contains 
plateaus  and  elevated 
cities,  whose  inhabi- 
tants enjoy  a  cool  and 
salubrious  climate. 

Depressions     on      the 

surface  of  the  plateaus 
fonn  the  beds  of  ele- 
vated lakes  and  streams. 
w'lich  receive  their  wa/ 
tors  from  the  melting 
snows  above  them. 

Here  are  Fertile Fielda 

of  grain  and  grass  ;  here- 
flourish  trees,  fruits,  and 
plants  peculiar  to  the 
Temperate  Zone. 

TROPICAL   REGIONS. 

58.  Ttelotr  the  Tine 
whicli  marks  an  eleva- 
tion of  5,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  is 
the  climate  wliich  cor- 
responds to  that  of 
the  hot  zone  of  the  earth, 
not  only  in  temperature, 
bat  also  in  its  vegetable 
productions  and  species 
of  animals. 

At  vfirlfnis  Tlcights^ 
are  deep  ravines  and 
fearful  precipices,  down 
which  rush  streams  and 

waterfalls. 


View  among  the  Andes  Mountains,  showing  that  different  Zones  of  Temperature  pertain  to  different  Elevations. 


62.  A  Traveler  asreiulhtg  a  Ilif/h  Mountain  of  the  tropical 
Andes,  passes  through  climates  similar  to  those  of  the  dili'er- 
ent  zones,  from  the  heat  of  the  Equatorial,  to  the  continual 
frost  of  the  Arctic  regions. 

63.  At  the  Base  of  the  Mountain,  or  at  the  ocean  level,  he 
endures  the  oppressive  heat  of  the  tropical  sim,  and  observes 
the  luxuriant  vegetation,  lofty  trees,  and  luscious  fruits  of  the 
hot  zone. 

64.  Half-way  up  the  Mountain,  he  enjoys  the  delightful 


FROZEN   REGIONS, 

69.  The  niffhest  Peal.s 
of  the  Tropical  Andes 
are  elevated  above  the 
level  of  the  sea  about 
20,000  feet. 

The  Most  Noted  are 
Chimborazo,  Sorata,  lUi- 
mani,  Antisana,  Goto 
paxi,  and  Arequipa. 

An  immense  bird, 
called  the  condor,  builJs 
its  nest  far  up  these 
heights,  and  has  been 
known  to  fly  above 
the  summit  of  Chimbo- 
razo. 

TEMPERATE    REGIO^.S. 

60.  The  Citij  of  Potosi 
is  represented  on  the 
right  of  the  illustration. 
It  is  built  on  a  plateau, 
at  an  elevation  of  more 
than  12,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  and 
cirntains  about  CO,C0O 
inhabitants. 

Quito  is  represented 
on  the  left,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  about  10,000  f.et  ; 
and,  although  almost 
immediately  under  the 
Equator,  its  tempera- 
ture is  that  of  continual 
spring. 

Surrounded  by  plains 
and  fertile  valleys  wLich 
are  enclosed  by  lofty 
mountains,  Quito  is  cele- 
brated for  the  grandeur 
of  its  scenery. 

TROPICAL   REGIONS, 

61.  At  the  Foot  of  these 
mountains  the  heat  is 
oppressive  throughout 
the  year. 

The  Trees  of  the  lower 
or  hot  section  comprise 
the  palm,  tree  fern,  ba- 
nana, and  pine-apple. 

The  Animals  comprise 
the  tapir,  jaguar,  cou- 
gar, and  several  tribes  of 
monkeys  ;  besides,  par- 
rots, macaws,  and  other 
birds  which  are  noted 
for  the  brilliant  colors  of 
their  plumage. 

air  of  the   Tcmjvrate  Zone,  with  its  characteristic  varieties  of 
trees,  plants,  and  grains. 

65.  Continninfi  to  asrenti,  he  observes  that  the  mercury  in 
the  thermometer  is  gradually  falling,  and  passes  through  re- 
gions whose  temperature  admits  only  of  the  gro^vth  of  low 
evergreens,  stunted  slirubs,  and  mosses. 

66.  .l.s  the  Traveler  approaehen  the  Top,  he  enters  the  re- 
gion of  perpetual  snow,  and  experiences  a  climate  similar  to 
to  that  of  the  Esquimau   or  the  Laplander. 


40 


3IOJSrTEITirS  I*HYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Sedion  XVIIL 
feETATION;   ITS  .GROWTH  AND  0SES. 

1.  From  Vegetation,  all  animal  life  derives  its  food,  either 
directly  or  indirectlv.  Some  animals  subsist  on  flesh,  which, 
however,  is  the  ilesh  of  animals  that  have  fed  on  vegetation. 

2.  For  this  Reason,  the  Creator  has  covered  the  greater 
part  of  the  land  with  vegetation  ;  for  this  reason,  He  made  the 
gi'ass,  herbs,  and  trees,  before  living  creatures  were  brought 
into  existence. 

"  He  causeth  the  grass  to  grow  for  the  cattle,  and  herb  for 
the  serAice  of  man." 

3.  The  Inhahitants  of  One  Climate  require  food  different 
fi"om  that  required  by  the  inhabitants  of  anotlier  climate. 

4.  Differences  in  Temperature,  soU,  and  degree  of  mois- 
ture on  the  earth's  surface,  produce  differences  in  the  kinds 
of  plants,  and  furnish  to  the  various  races  of  mankind  and 
species  of  animals,  the  food  which  is  best  suited  to  their 
wants. 

5.  Tlie  Inhabitants  of  the  Hot  Zone  require  food  of  a  light 
or  watery  nature  ;  therefore,  that  region  is  pro^vided  ■5\'ith 
abundant  and  luscious  fruits,  besides  rice,  millet,  and  sago. 

6.  When  i/oii  leave  the  Tropieal  ^ej//o«.s  and  enter  a  cooler 
cUmate,  food  of  a  more  substantial  nature  is  required. 

7.  Ill  the  Temperate  Zones,  food  is  obtained  mainly  from 
the  heavier  grains  and  the  flesh  of  animals. 

8.  In  the  Frigid  Zones,  the  inhabitants  subsist  almost  en- 
tirely on  animal  food. 

9.  It  is  therefore,  according  to  a  Wise  Design  that  the  ti'opi- 
cal  regions  yield  the  most  abundant  vegetation. 

10.  The  Conditions  ivhieh  are  most  favor.ihle  to  the  growth 
of  plants,  are  heat  and  moisture. 

11.  Trees  snpplg  Man  with  Bipe  Fruits  and  afford  shelter 
during  the  hot  season ;  some  are  cut  down  and  sawed  into 
lumber  for  building  piu^poses  and  for  fuel. 

12.  From  Plants,  man  obtains  food  for  himself  and  for  the 
animals  which  are  usefvd  to  him. 

13.  The  Most  Important  Food  Plants  are  wheat,  com,  rice, 
oats,  rye,  and  potatoes. 

14.  I'lants  derive  their  Kourishincnt  from  the  water  which 
they  receive  from  the  soil  through  their  roots,  and  from  the 
atmosphere  through  their  leaves. 

15.  Plants  are  provided  with  cells  or  tubes  through  which 
the  water  circulates.  Those  jilants  which  have  the  largest 
cells,  roots,  and  leaves,  requii'e  most  water. 

16.  Water  holds  in  Solution  various  substances  that  are 
contained  in  the  soil  and  are  required  for  the  growth  of  jolants  ; 
these  are,  chiefly,  carbonic  acid,  with  animal,  vegetable,  and 
earthy  substances. 

17.  Carbonic  Acid  Gas  is  exhaled  from  the  lungs  of  ani- 
mals ;  and,  although  poisonous  to  aU  hving  creatures,  it  fur- 
nishes the  material  which  enters  largely  into  the  formation  of 
trees,  vegetables,  and  flowers. 

18.  Herein  is  the  Economg  of  Nature  plainly  manifested: 
vegetation  siastains  animal  hfe  ;  animal  life  and  animal  sub- 
stances sustain  vegetation.     They  depend  upon  each  other. 


19.  Vegetation  not  only  furnishes  Food  for  Hving  creatures, 
but  it  also  extracts  fi-om  the  air  that  which  would  be  destruc- 
tive to  animal  hfe.  It,  therefore,  is  the  means  of  preserving 
the  atmosphere  in  a  pure  state  for  the  well-being  of  the  earth's 
inhabitants. 

20.  When  the  Water  which  is  within  a  Plant  becomes 
Frozen,  the  plant  withers,  because  the  water  ceases  to  circulate. 

21.  As  Snow  usually  falls  before  Severe  Frost  begins,  it 
keeps  the  lieat  of  the  ground  from  passing  out  into  the 
air,  and  protects  the  roots  of  plants  and  grasses ;  hence  the 
farmer  always  welcomes  a  heavy  fall  of  snow ;  for  the  wheat 
sown  in  the  autumn  is  protected  and  nourished  by  the  snowy 
covering. 

"  He  sendeth  forth  His  commandment  upon  earth ;  His 
word  runneth  very  swiftly.     He  giveth  snow  Uke  wool." 

22.  The  Soil  contains  Ingredients  necessary  to  the  life  of 
every  plant,  whether  it  be  the  shade  or  fmit  tree,  the  cotton 
or  tobacco  plant,  com,  sugar-cane,  or  potato ;  and,  as  the 
animal  body  is  so  constituted  as  to  draw  from  its  food  all  the 
elements  necessary  to  the  growth  of  bone  and  flesh,  so  the 
plant  draws  from  water,  air,  and  soil,  the  different  substances 
required  for  the  gi-owth  of  wood,  leaves,  bark,  flowers,  and  fruit. 

23.  Dcsidcs  Soil,  Moisture,  and  Heat,  plants  require  the 
light  of  the  sun. 

24.  The  light  of  the  Sun  assists  in  preparing  their  nour- 
ishment, gives  them  their  green  color,  and  caiises  their  leaves 
and  blossoms  to  open,  and  their  fruit  to  rijjen. 

25.  The  Grape  does  not  become  Fully  Pipe  in  England 
and  Northern  France,  because  of  heavy  fogs,  which  hinder 
the  action  of  the  sun's  rays. 

26.  All  Animals  do  not  eat  the  same  hind  of  Food,  neither 
do  different  plants  and  trees  draw  from  the  soil  exactly  the 

!  same  siibstances. 

27.  Each  Variety  of  Plants  must  be  supplied  with  the  food 
or  elements,  adapted  to  its  wants,  or  it  vnR  not  flourish. 

28.  This  is  why  the  Farmer  does  not  sow  the  same  Seed 
in  the  same  field  every  year,  and  why  he  manures  the  soil ; 
for,  otherwise,  it  would  soon  become  exhausted  of  the  elements 
required  s^iecially  by  the  plant  which  springs  from  that  seed. 

29.  Plants  thrive  only  where  the  soil  allows  the  roots  to 
spread,  and  the  air  and  water  to  penetrate  to  them ;  therefore 
they  do  not  flourish  on  rock,  or  in  hard,  com- 
pact clay. 

30.  When  the  Farmer  fails  to  respond  to 
these  Daws,  he  is  soon  reminded  of  his  neglect 
by  the  appearance  of  weeds,  which  seem  to  call 
upon  liim  to  uproot  them  ;  this  done,  the  soil  is 
loosened,  and  the  labor  of  the  industrious  hus- 
bandman is  recompensed  by  an  abundant  har- 
vest. 

31.  Plants  are  greatly  dependent  upon  the 
moisture  and  gases  contained  in  the  atmos- 
phere. 

32.  Some  Plants  flourish  with  their  Pools 
either  in  the  Soil,  or  in  water  alone,  as  the 
hyacinth.  The  "  air  plant "  grows  without  either 
soil  or  water,  the  air  affording  sufficient  nutii- 
ment  for  its  growth.  hyacinth. 


VEGETATIOJSr ;    ITS   DISTRIBVTION. 


41 


Seed  of  a  Maple  Tree, 


Seed  of  the  Thistle. 


33.  regetation  is  extended  by  the  Winds  and  Water,  which 
carry  seeds  to  great  distances. 

34.  For  f/iis  Purpose  some  seeds  are  provided  with  a  kind 
of  wing,  some  with  a  downy  substance,  and  others  with  a 
waterproof  covering ;  but  the  distribution  of  the  useful  plants 
is  accomplished  chiefly  by  man. 

35.  The  Potato  was  first  found  in  Peru,  and  was  afterwards 
taken  from  Virginia  to  England  by  Su'  Walter  Ealeigh,  in 
1586.     It  is  now  cultivated  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  world. 

36.  Vlieat,  Bye,  and  Oats  came,  probably,  from  the  west- 
ern part  of  Asia. 

37.  The  Seeds  of  some  West  Indian  Plants  have  been  car- 
ried by  the  Gulf  Stream  to  the  western  and  north-western 
shores  of  Europe  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  vegetation  of 
one  region  may  be  kept  distinct  from  that  of  a  neighboring 
region  by  intervening  mountain  ranges,  or  deserts. 

38.  Veyetation  prevents  the  soil  from  being  washed  away 
and  injured  by  the  rains. 

39.  The  Winds  not  only  supply  Moisture  to  the  Plants, 
but  they  also  remove  it  when  the  quantity  is  superfluous. 

40.  Plants  are  distributed  with  reference  to  cUmate.  In 
the  Hot  Zone  grow  rice,  sago,  bananas,  dates,  cocoanuts,  and 
yams ;  in  the  Temperate  Zone,  wheat,  i-ye,  Indian  com,  oats, 
and  potatoes ;  while  the  Polar  Berjions  are  almost  destitute  of 
food  plants. 

41.  The  Climate  of  the  Torrid  Zone  not  only  affords  the 
most  luxuriant  vegetation,  but  keeps  the  trees  and  plants  in 
leaf  throughoiit  the  year ;  while,  in  the  other  zones,  vegetation 
diminishes  with  the  distance  from  the  Equator,  and  the  leaves 
fall  every  year,  at  the  ajjproach  of  'ftinter. 


^ — 1 

> 

^n"^ 

D 
Mosses, 

Shrubs, 

Fir  Trees. 

T^^^  Willow, 

Cherry, 

Berries, 

1^                 Date, 
S*^                  Apple. 

Wheat. 

Oats. 

Corn. 

Rye, 

^^ 

Flax, 

Tobacco, 

^^ 

Grape, 

Olive, 

, 

JH^ 

S!;v                   Peach, 

Lemon, 

Orange, 

t 

^ 

''                     F,g, 

Cotton, 

Rice. 

^^ 

Cocoa,                Date, 

Sugar 

-cane, 

^fj*^ 

Cotton,                Coffee,             Indigo, 
Bananas,             Banyan,           Pine-apple, 

m 

^ 

Sago,                    Rice, 

Mahogany. 

i^ 

M 

1 

NORTH    POLE. 


EQUATOR. 
Chart  showing  that  the  Luxuriance  of  Vegetation  diminishes  toward  the  Poles. 

Trees  and  Productions  of  the  Zones. 

42.  In  tite  Torrid  Zone,  are  the  gigantic  banyan  tree,  which 
covers  more  than  seven  acres,  and  the  lofty  palm,  reacliing  the 
height  of  two  hundred  feet ;  while  in  the  Frigid  Zone,  there 
are  found  only  dwarfed  trees,  low  plants,  and  mosses. 


43.  Vegetation  in  the  Northern  Hemisjthere  extends  fur- 
ther north  on  the  western  sides  of  the  continents  than  on  the 
eastern,  owing  to  the  agency  of  the  south-west  winds  which 
blow  over  the  warm  currents  of  the  ocean. 

44.  The  Forest  Trees  of  the  Temperate  Zones  are  mostly 
deciduous — that  is,  their  leaves  fall  in  the  autumn  ;  some,  how- 
ever, are  evergreen,  or  indeciduous. 

45.  The  Productions  jteculiar  to  the  Temperate  and  Frigid 
Zones  do  not  generally  thrive  in  the  hot  zone,  even  if  trans- 
planted there,  unless  they  are  placed  in  elevated  situations, 
where  the  cUmate  corresponds  with  that  of  higher  latitudes. 

46.  Apples,  Pears,  and  Grapes  belong  to  the  Temperate 
Zone,  and  thrive  in  the  Hot  Zone  only  at  an  elevation  of  from 
600  to  1,000  feet. 

47.  The  Productions  of  One  Zone  are  not  separated  from 
those  of  the  adjoining  zone  by  any  distinct  Une,  the  change 
from  one  zone  to  another  being  gradual. 

48.  From  the  Base  to  the  Summit  of  a  Lofty  Motmtain, 
vegetation  varies  with  the  elevation  ;  on  its  sides  are  the  same 
gradations  of  climate,  with  their  characteristic  varieties  of 
plants  and  trees,  that  exist  on  the  earth's  surface  between  the 
latitude  of  the  mountain  and  the  Poles. 

49.  The  3Iountains  and  Valleys  in  the  State  of  California 
afford  every  variety  of  climate,  with  fruits  peculiar  to  every 
zone.  There  flourish  the  ohve,  the  fig,  the  date,  the  grape, 
the  pine-apple,  the  peach,  the  apple,  and  the  pear ;  besides 
all  varieties  of  gi'ain.  In  the  forests  grow  mammoth  trees, 
many  being  from  300  to  400  feet  high,  and  from  25  to  35  feet 
in  diameter. 

50.  Of  what  use  is  vegetation  ?  What  kinds  of  food  are  adapted  to  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Temperate  Zones  ?  The  Frigid  ?  The  Torrid  Zone  ?  In 
what  zone  do  bananas,  cocoa  nuts,  and  dates  grow  ?  What  zone  is  most  fa- 
vorable to  grain,  apples,  and  grapes  ? 

Do  different  kinds  of  plants  receive  their  nourishment  from  the  sama 
ingredients  of  the  soil  ? 

In  what  zone  is  vegetation  the  most  abundant  1 

Mention  some  of  the  uses  of  trees  and  plants.     Of  snow. 

What  two  elements  are  necessary  to  the  growth  of  all  plants  1 

Name  the  principal  trees  and  plants  of  the  Torrid  Zones.  Of  the  Temper- 
ate Zones.     Of  the  Frigid  Zones.     (See  illustration  on  first  column.) 

What  effect  have  the  winds  upon  the  climate  and  productions  of  California? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  trees  of  California  ? 

On  which  side  of  North  America  does  vegetation  extend  further  north  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  Torrid  Zone  could  you  find  the  elunate  and  productions 
of  the  Temperate  Zone  ? 

51.  The  land  which  forms  the  continents  was,  at  first,  but 
slightly  elevated  above  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  became 
covered  with  plants  and  heavy  trees,  such  as  are  shown  in  the 
illustration  on  the  following  page — second  column. 

52.  Portions  of  the  Earth's  Surface  would  sink  below  the 
water,  and  their  masses  of  vegetation,  which  were  covered 
with  sand,  clay,  etc.,  now  appear  in  the  form  of  coal. 

53.  Such  was  tlte  Formation  of  the  Important  Coal  Fields 
of  the  world. 

54.  In  North  America,  one  extends  from  Pennsylvania  to 
Alabama,  the  workable  area  of  which  is  estimated  at  60,000 
square  miles  ;  another  large  field  extends  from  Illinois  to  Texas. 
Coal  aboumls  also  in  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  Piince 
Edward's  Island,  and  Ne-vN'foundland. 

55.  In  the  Old  World,  vast  beds  exist  in  Great  Britain, 
France,  Belgium,  Spain,  Germany,  Hungary,  and  China. 


42 


:\IOJ\TEITH'S  PHYSICAL  GEOGIiAPHY. 


Sand  Stonet 


Interior  or  Sectional  View  of  the  Coal  Regions  of  Pennsylvania,  showing  Strata,  which  re- 
sulted from  Successive  Submergences  of  the  Surface^  The  Trees  whose  Stumps  are 
here  represented,  flourished  at  the  Earth's  Surface'in  Periods  long  past. 

56.  B;i  Digging  doivtiward  in  the  coal  regions,  various 
strata  are  met  with,  as  shown  above  ;  they  do  not  consist  of  the 
same  materials,  nor  do  they  lie  in  the  same  order,  in  aU  places. 

57.  27te  Distribution  of  Coal  in  various  parts  of  the  earth, 
plainly  indicates  that  its  importance  to  man  was  anticipated 
by  the  Creator.  Even  the  necessity  for  coal,  in  the  working 
of  iron  ore,  was  provided  for  by  Him  ;  this  is  observed  in  the 
remarkable  association  of  the  two. 

58.  The  Dirt-beds  ivhich  contain  the  Moots  of  Trees  and 
Plants,  formed,  at  some  period,  the  surface  soil  which  supported 
vegetation ;  and  the  greater  the  vegetable  mass  that  was 
submerged,  the  thicker  woidd  be  the  coal  bed ;  and,  while  a 
coal  bed  extends  over  considerable  space,  it  is  generally  much 
thumer  than  the  sti-ata  of  sand,  clay,  and  stone,  which  may  be 
above  or  below  it. 

59.  Many  Stumps  of  Large  Dimensions,  and  with  very 
extended  roots,  have  been  found  both  in  America  and  Eng- 
land, transformed  into  coal ;  the  stumps  retaining  their  shape 
and  the  natural  roughness  of  the  bark. 

60.  The  Vegetation  of  which  Coal  was  formed,  included  the 
trees  and  plants  of  the  forests  and  marshes. 

61.  Vegetation,  which  undergoes  Decay  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth  serves  to  enrich  the  soil. 

62.  Vegetation  which  entered  into  the  Formation  of  Coal 
must  have  been  entirely  submerged  through  long  periods  of 
time. 

63.  nad  there  been  no  Submergence  of  vegetation,  we  would 
not  now  be  provided  with  coal. 

64.  The  Different  Coal  Beds,  lying  one  below  the  other, 
show  how  often  that  part  of  the  surface  was  above  the  water 
level,  and  covered  with  vegetation. 

65.  In  Nova  Scotia,  there  have  been  discovered  nineteen 
parallel  seams  of  coal,  varying  in  thickness  from  two  inches 
to  four  feet. 

66.  At  tlie  present  Rate  of  Consumption  of  Coal,  it  is  esti- 
mated that  the  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania  alone,  could  meet 
the  demand  of  the  whole  world  for  more  than  1,000  years. 


Appearance  of  Parts  of  the  Earth's  Surface  at  the  Commencement  of  the  Age  of  Reptiles. 
The  Fern  with  other  Trees  and  Plants  here  represented  entered  largely  into  the  Forma- 
tion of  Coal) 


Sedion   XIX. 


ffO 


SnIMALS;  their  IrEATION  AND  [IsES. 

1.  Vegetable  and  Animal  Life  fj"(*ff-rf  long  before  the  crea- 
tion of  man,  and  mutually  contributed  to  each  other's  support 
and  nourishment ;  vegetation  sustaining  animal  life,  and  the 
decay  of  animal  bodies  and  substances,  through  long  ages, 
adding  to  the  fertility  of  the  soil. 

2.  Soil  that  is  destitute  of  Decomposed  Animal  or  Vegeta- 
ble Substances  is  very  poor,  and  ivill  yield  little  or  no  vegeta- 
tion ;  such  was  the  condition  of  vegetable  Hfe  at  its  commence- 
ment ;  such,  also,  was  the  beginning  of  animal  hfe — very  infe- 
rior in  character  and  form. 

3.  An  Improvement  in  the  Quality  of  the  Soil,  caused  an 
improvement  also  in  the  varieties  of  plants  ;  following  which 
came  different  and  improved  species  of  animals. 

4.  Geologists  show  that  the  Animals  which  were  first  created 
were  very  different  fi-om  those  we  now  see  upon  the  land. 

5.  Those  first  formed  were  of  the  simplest  construction, 
hardly  distinguishable  from  plants. 

6.  Different  Kinils  or  C7asses  of  Animals  followed  each 
other ;  each  class  being  superior  in  constmction,  powers,  and 
usefulness,  to  those  which  preceded  it. 

7.  Tliroughout  the  Works  of  Nature,  we  see  the  leading 
law  of  development — improvement  by  successive  steps. 

8.  According  to  this  Law,  from  a  small  seed  springs  a  ten- 
der plant,  which  enlarges  gradually  imtil  it  becomes  a  great 
tree. 

9.  The  Mighty  Hirer  started  upon  its  course  as  a  mere 
rivulet,  which  was  formed  from  a  trickling  spring. 


ANIMALS;    THEIR    CREATION  AND   DISTRIBUTION. 


43 


RADIATES 


17.  Mamtnals  are  those  animals  whicli  breathe  with  lungs, 
suckle  their  young,  and  have  warm  blood.  They  include 
Mankind  {himana — having  two  hands),  the  Monkey  {qiiadru- 
mana — having  four  hands),  and  the  following  named  animals  : 


Jelly-fish 


Star-fish.    Actinia. 


Coral. 


Medusa.    Polyps.    Actinia. 


10.  Animal  Life  first  appeared  in  the  form  of  Radiates. 
After  them  came  Molhtsls,  then  Articulates ;  after  these  there 
followed  in  order.  Fishes,  Reptiles,  and  Mammals.  Last  of  aU 
came  Man. 

11.  A  Kiioirtedf/e  of  the  Animals  which  itreceded  Man  IS 
obtained  by  digging  into  stratified  rock,  where  their  forms, 
sizes,  and  construction  are  distinctly  observed.  {See  ixige  8, 
paragraph  10.) 

12.  liadiates,  in  constmctiou,  resemble  a  flower  or  plant, 
but  differ  from  them  in  ha\Tng  a  mouth  and  stomach.  Their 
bodies  are  nearly  transparent,  and  seem  only  to  float  or  rest 
in  water. 

MOLLUSKS. 


Nautilus* 


Squid. 


Snails. 


Scallop.       Ctam.    Oyster. 

13.  MollasLs  are  those  which  have  soft  bodies  without 
bones  or  skeletons ;  some  are  naked,  while  others  are  enclosed 
in  shells  for  their  protection.  Of  the  latter,  oysters,  clams,  and 
snails  fiimish  examples. 

li.  t  rticHlates  are  characterized  by  jointed  or  articulated 
coverings  consisting  of  a  series  of  lings :  they  comprise  such 
animals  as  worms,  crabs,  lobsters,  spiders,  and  winged  insects. 

ARTICULATES 


Common  House-fly.  Mosquito. 

Beetle.  Caterpillar, 


Butterfly. 
Grasshopper. 


Lobster. 


15.  Following  the  Creation  of  Articulates  ivas  that  of  Ver- 
tebratcs,  which  embrace  all  animals  having  a  backbone. 

16.  The  First  Vertebrates  were  fishes,  then  reptiles,  birds, 
and  mammals. 


CARNrVORA,   OR 
FLESH-EATERS. 

Lion,  Panther,        Bear, 

Tiger,  Dog,  Walrus, 

Leopard,         Cat,  Seal. 


RUMINANTS,    OR 
CDD-CHEWER8. 

Ox,  Deer, 

Sheep,         Camel, 
Goat,  Giraffe. 


RODENTS,    OR 
GNAWERS. 

Hare,  Beaver, 

Rabbit,       Rat, 
Squirrel,     Mouse. 


PACHYDERMS,   OR 
THICK-SKINNED  ANIMALS. 

Elephant,  Horse, 

Hippopotamus,  Zebra, 

Rhinoceros,  Hog. 


eden'tates,  or 
toothless. 
Sloth, 
Ant-eater, 
Armadillo. 


CETACEA,   or  |  INSECTIVORA,  OR 
SEA  MAMMALS.    INSECT  EATERS. 


Whale, 

Porpoise, 

Dolphin. 


Mole, 

Bat, 
Hedgehog. 


18.  Animals  of  tJie  Different  Zones. 


TS  THE  ARCTIC  REGIONS  pP  BOTH   HEMISPHERES. 

The  Reindeer,  Polar  Bear,  Whale,  Seal. 

IN   THE  TEMPERATE  ZONES  OP  BOTH  HEMISPHERES. 

Horse,  Ox,        «        Sheep,  Deer,  Wolf. 

IN  THE  TEMPERATE  ZONE. 

North  America,    Grizzly  Bear,        Bison,  Puma, 

Europe,  Brown  Bear,         Chamois,      Wild  Boar,      Stag. 

Asia,  Tiger,  Camel,  Musk,  Deer 

IN   THE  TORRID  ZONE. 


Sable. 


South  America, 

Jaguar  or  American  Panther, 

Puma, 

Tapir, 

Llama,              Alpaca, 

Sloth, 

Monkey. 

Asia, 

Camel,               Tiger, 

Elephant, 

Rhinoceros, 

Asiatic  Lion,    Panther 

Crocodile, 

Monkey. 

Africa, 

African  Lion,    Camel, 

Hippopot'amus 

,  Antelope, 

Camel'opard  or  Giraffe, 

Zebra, 

Hyena, 

Leopard, 


Orang  Outang,   Ape, 


Monkey. 


19.  It  is  beheved  that  the  Submergence,  at  Different  Pe- 
riods, of  vegetation  which  entered  into  the  coal  formations, 
occurred  before  the  creation  of  birds ;  and  with  vegetation, 
sank  also  vast  collections  of  animal  bodies,  such  as  mollusks, 
insects,  fishes,  and  reptiles,  which  contributed  largely  to  the 
formation  of  the  strata  beneath  the  present  surface  of  the 
earth. 

20.  The  Earth  yields  Troductions  and  Species  of  Aniynals 
peculiar  to  each  region  or  climate.  >, 

21.  The  Largest  Animals  are  in  the  hot  regions ;  they  are 
the  elephant  and  hippopotamus,  whose  covering  is  a  tough 
skin,  almost  entirely  destitute  of  hau- ;  while,  in  the  Arctic 
regions,  where  it  is  too  cold  for  the  horse  and  the  ox,  hve  the 
reindeer  and  Polar  bear,  thickly  covered  with  hair,  to  protect 
them  from  the  severe  cold. 

22.  The  Xear  Approach  of  America  to  Asia,  at  Behring's 
Strait,  has  given  to  the  Arctic  regions  of  both  continents  the 
same  species  of  animals. 

23.  The  Reindeer  and  Volar  Bear  abound  in  the  Arctic 
regions  of  North  America,  Europe,  and  Asia. 

24.  Animals  are  adapted  to  the  zones  and  districts  which 
they  inliabit ;  then-  wants  and  uses  are  wonderfully  fitted  to 
the  circumstances  in  which  they  are  placed. 

25.  In  the  Temperate  and  If  arm  Zones  is  found  the  horse, 
which  is  the  most  useful  of  aU  animals. 


\ 


44 


3IOXTEITII'S  PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


Sedion   XX. 


Q. 


Laplanders  on  their  Sleds  drawn  by  Reindeers. 

26.  In  the  Frozen  Regions  of  the  North,  are  found  tlie 
reindeer  and  the  seal. 

27.  The  Reindeer  constitutes  almost  the  entire  wealth  of 
the  Laplander,  furnishing  him  with  flesh  and  milk  for  food, 
and  drawing  his  sledge  over  vast  fields  of  snow. 

28.  These  Aninmls  obtain  their  Food  from  mosses  and  low 
plants,  for  which  they  root  through  the  snow,  hke  swine  ia  a 
pasture. 

29.  The  Esquimaux  derive  their  Support  from  the  seal,  and 
esert  their  greatest  energies  in  the  capture  of  this  aquatic 
mammal. 

30.  The  Flesh  and  Fat  of  the  Seal  are  used  for  food ;  its 
oil,  for  light  and  fuel ;  the  skins  are  made  into  clothing,  leather, 
boats,  and  tents,  and  form  an  important  article  in  the  fur  trade. 

31.  Seals  are  found  in  large  numbers  on  fields  of  floating 
ice  near  the  coast  of  Greenland. 

32.  The  Camel  was  made  for  the  desert,  where  the  burning 
climate  and  the  absence  of  water  render  all  other  animals 
useless  to  man. 

33.  Providenee  has  given  to  the  Camel  a  kind  of  reservoir 
or  system  of  cells  in  which  to  carry  a  supply  of  water  sufiicient 
for  a  long  journey ;  it  is  also  furnished  with  shai-p  teeth  to  cut 
the  few  tough  shrubs  of  those  barren  tracts  ;  and,  that  it  may  not 
be  sufl'ocated  by  the  driving  sand  and  dust,  its  nostrils  are  so 
formed  as  to  allow  respiration  without  admitting  sand.  Its 
feet  ai'e  provided  with  a  kind  of  pad  or  cushion  which  prevents 
their  sinking  into  the  soft  and  yielding  sand. 

34.  Some  Animals  inliabit  the  dry  land,  some  the  water, 
some  fly  in  the  air,  and  others  have  the  power  of  living  either 
on  laud  or  in  water.     These  last  are  called  amphibious. 

35.  A  Bird  ivas  not  formed  to  live  in  Water,  Hke  a  fish, 
hence  it  is  not  covered  with  scales  ;  a  fish  caimot  Uve  in  the 
air  and  find  its  food  among  the  trees  ;  therefore,  it  is  not  pro- 
vided with  feathers  and  wings ;  the  elephant,  the  horse,  and 
the  ox  are  imlike  both  the  bird  and  the  fish  ;  but  according 
to  their  several  requirements  and  uses,  they  have  received 
their  forms,  powers,  and  places. 

36.  Animals,  like  Plants,  abound  most  in  the  hot  zone,  and 
least  in  the  fi-igid. 

37.  The  Surpassing  Abundance,  in  South  America,  of  vege- 
tation and  of  the  lower  species  of  animals,  such  as  insects  and 
reptiles,  is  attributable  to  the  excessive  heat  and  moisture  of 
its  tropical  regions. 


^ANKIND;    THE  ;ftACES. 

1.  "  Thus  the  heavens  and  the  earth  were  finished,  and  all 
]  the  host  of  them.     And  the  Lord  God  formed  man  of  the  dust 

of  the  ground,  and  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath  of 
life ;  and  man  became  a  U^dng  soul." 

2.  JF'or  tvhat  Purpose  was  man  created  ?  (See  pnge  5.)  Was  man  created 
before,  or  after,  animals  ?  Why  ?  Were  gcass,  plants,  and  trees  made  before, 
or  after,  tlie  creation  of  animals  t    Why  ? 

3.  Man  is  distinguished  from   all  other  Animals,   not  by 

his  form  only,  but  by  his  powers  of  reason  and  speech.  He 
acknowledges  the  infinite  goodness,  wisdom,  and  power  of  the 
Creator,  and  seeks  to  advance  continually  in  wisdom  and  hap- 
piness. 

4.  Man's  Constitution  is  such  that  he  is  capable  of  living 
in  any  latitude,  from  the  hot  to  the  frozen  zone ;  or  at  any 
elevation  between  the  level  pf  the  sea  and  the  region  of  per- 
petual snow  on  the  sides  of  moimtains. 

5.  However  Extreme  may  be  the  Coldness  of  the  climate 
which  man  enters,  his  dominion  over  the  animal,  vegetable, 
and  mineral  kingdoms  enables  him  to  procure  fi-om  them 
clothing  and  fuel,  which  compensate  for  the  lack  of  solar 
heat. 

6.  irhile  mere  Animals  are  restricted  to  a  Few  Varieties 
of  Food,  man  jjartakes  of  the  fruit  and  vegetables  of  the  soil, 
and  of  the  flesh  of  creatm'es  which  inhabit  the  land,  the  water, 
and  the  air. 

7.  Mankind  is  divided  into  Five  General  Classes,  or  races  : 
the  Caucasian,  or  white  race  ;  the  Mongolian,  or  yellow  race  ; 
the  Ethiopian,  or  black  race  ;  the  Malay,  or  brown  race  ;  and 
the  American  Lidian,  or  red  race. 

8.  The  Races  are  distinguished  from  each  other  by  the 
color  of  the  skin,  kind  of  haii',  and  structure  of  the  body 
and  the  skuU. 

9.  These  Differences  are  produced  chiefly  by  difierences  in 
climate,  food,  and  pursuits. 

10.  The  Influences  of  these  Conditions  upon  the  jjhysical 
and  mental  characteristics  of  man  are  vast  and  unavoidable. 

11.  Change  the  Climate  of  a  Country  either  in  degree  o\ 
temperature  or  of  moisture,  and  a  change  wiU  be  efiected  also 
in  the  character  of  its  vegetation,  in  the  number  and  kinds  ol 
its  animals,  and  in  the  temperament  and  pursuits  of  the  inhab- 
itants. 

12.  The  Condition  o-'  a  Nation  woiild  be  afiected  by  a  ma- 
terial change  in  its  systems  of  rivers,  canals,  and  raih-oads. 

13.  Improi-etl  Means  of  Intercommunication  serve  to  ad- 
vance the  civilization,  education,  and  prosperity  of  the  people, 
and  to  promote  a  spirit  of  national  unity. 

14.  Tlvis  is  obvious  in  the  I'nited  States,  where  constantly 
increasing  lines  of  travel  by  railroads,  steamboats,  and  canals, 
together  with  elaborate  postal  and  telegi-aph  systems,  contrib- 
ute largely  to  the  growing  power  of  this  repubUc. 

15.  The  Dejiressing  Effects  of  the  Absence  of  these  Means 
of  development  are  observed  in  the  condition  of  Africa  and 
the  greater  part  of  Asia. 


MANKIND;    THE   INFLUENCE    OF   CLI3IATE. 


45 


16.  Itnces  and  Xatiotis  arc  adapted  to  the  Climate  of  what- 
ever portion  of  the  earth  they  inhabit. 

17.  The  Hindoo  and  flic  Ethiopian  prefer  theii"  hot  zone, 
with  its  hght,  vegetable  food. 

18.  The  Esqnimaitjc  and  the  Laplanders  cling  with  strong 
attachment  to  their  boundless  fields  of  snow,  obtaining  their 
subsistence  from  the  animals  and  fish  of  the  Arctic  regions. 

19.  The  Grecnlanders  have  their  habitation  between  70' 
and  80'  north  latitude,  wliile  the  Red  Men  of  South  America, 
and  the  Blacks  of  Africa,  Uve  under  the  burning  sun  of  the 
Equatorial  regions. 

20.  The  1Hiit."  Inhabitants  of  Korth  America  and  Europe, 
accustomed  to  a  temperate  climate,  can  live  in  cither  of  these 
extremes,  and  on  almost  every  variety  of  food. 

21.  Europe  Colonized  the  Temperate  Zone  of  North  Amer- 
ica with  wonderfid  success,  but  the  results  of  her  efforts  in 
other  zones  have  been,  comparatively,  failures. 

22.  In  the  Tropical  Part  of  Asia,  is  British  India,  which 
is  celebrated  for  the  richness  of  its  productions, — the  cotton- 
plant,  sugar-cane,  silk,  and  all  varieties  of  fruits,  besides  gold, 
diamonds,  precious  stones,  and  nearly  all  the  metallic  ores ; 
but,  notwithstanding  England's  influence  and  authority  in  that 
section  for  more  than  a  century,  there  is  yet  only  one  white 
inhabitant  for  every  3,000  natives. 

23.  In  the  Tropical  lier/ions,  the  inhabitants  subsist,  to  a 
great  extent,  upon  the  spontaneous  jield  of  the  soil ;  this,  to- 
gether with  the  enervating  influence  of  the  oppressive  heat, 
causes  them  to  lack  energy,  industry,  and  patriotism. 

21.  In  thf  Frozen  Iter/ ions,  the  inhabitants  are  dwarfed 
both  in  physical  stature  and  mental  powers ;  this  is  owing  to 
the  severity  of  the  cUmate,  with  the  absence  of  natural  pro- 
ductions and  of  inducements  to  labor. 

25.  Hardships,  Want,  and  Continual  Cold  in  the  Frigid 
Zone,  and  luxury,  indulgence,  and  continual  heat  in  the  Ton-id, 
retard  the  develoiDment  of  their  inhabitants. 

26.  Botli  of  these  Regions  lack  that  diversity  of  cHmate  and 
of  other  conditions,  which  is  necessary  to  the  promotion  of 
individual  and  national  prosperity. 

27.  In  the  Temperate  Zones  are  enjoyed  the  greatest 
blessings  which  the  earth  affords.  Their  lands  are  neither 
parched  nor  icebound ;  neither  teeming  with  enervating  lux- 
ury nor  stinted  to  shrubs  and  mosses ;  their  jiosition  on  the 
globe,  their  systems  of  mountain  ranges,  ocean  cun-ents,  and 
their  change  of  seasons,  combine  to  promote  among  the  peo- 
ple, that  spirit  of  energy  and  enterprise  essential  to  their  de- 
velopment and  happiness. 

28.  It  is  in  the  Temperate  Zone  that  the  chmate  and  soil 
both  demand  and  reward  the  exercise  of  man's  energies, 
making  vast  plains  to  become  fields  of  smiling  plenty  and 
drawing  from  nagged  moimtains  incalcidable  riches. 

29.  Veffetahle  and  Animal  yature  increases  in  luxuriance 
and  strength  with  distance  from  the  Poles,  but  the  distribution 
of  the  human  races  is  different,  in  this  respect. 

30.  M<tn  has  attained  the  Hit/hist  State  of  Dei'elopment, 
physically,  mentally,  and  morally,  in  the  North  Temperate 
Zone,  or  between  the  parallels  of  30^  and  60"  north  latitude. 

31.  Within  these  Lines,  are  the  United  States  of  America 
and  all  the  leading  nations  of  Europe  and  Asia. 


Characteristics  of  the  Torrid,  North  Temperate,  and  North  Frigid  Zones. 

32.  In  the  Temperate  Zone  of  Asia,  the   human   race   had 
its  birth,  and  here  also  Christianity  was  first  given  to  man. 

33.  The  Temperate  Zone  does  not  Eneourat/e  Idleness,  and^ 

therein,  is  unlike  the  Tropical ;  but  it  fully  rewards  labor, 
industry,  and  skQl,  and  in  that  respect  it  differs  from  the 
Frigid. 


4<i 


MOXTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Si.  The  Caiicd.iian.  or  white  i^ace,  comprise  the  most 
powerful  and  enlightened  natio'ns  of  the  world. 
I  35.  Thef/  inhabit  nearly  aU  that  part  of  North  America 
,  which  lies  south  of  the  jsaraUel  of  50^  north  latitude,  or  that 
part  south  of  the  northern  boundary  of  Canada ;  along  the 
coasts  of  South  America  ;  the  greater  part  of  Europe  ;  west- 
ern and  south-western  Asia ;  northern  and  north-eastern 
Africa. 

36.  The  MonffoHaus,  or  yellow  race,  have  thin,  coarse,  and 
straight  hair,  low  foreheads,  wide  and  small  noses,  and  thick 
lips. 

37.  Thoy  are  more  nmnerotis  than  any  other  race. 

38.  The  ^Tongolinns  i»j/*rt6(7  the  Arctic  regions  of  both  con- 
tinents, and  aU  Asia,  except  its  western  and  south-western 
parts. 

39.  The  Cliinese,  Japanese,  and  Esquimaux  belong  to  the 
veUow-race. 

40.  The  Ethiopians,  or  black  race,  thrive  in  the  heat  and 
dampness  of  the  tropics,  where  the  white  man  soon  dies. 

41.  Theij  Inhabit  nearly  all  that  part  of  Aiiica  which  Ues 
south  of  the  Great  Desert. 

42.  The  Egyptians,  Abijssinians,  and  Berlers — the  inhab- 
itants of  Barbary — are  Africans,  but  not  Negroes.  They 
belong  to  the  Caucasian  race. 

43.  The  M.ifags  are  of  a  reddish  bro^-n  color  ;  their  hair  is 
black,  straight,  coarse,  and  abundant. 

44.  The  Ma/ai/s  are  treacherous,  ferocious,  and  less  .sensible 
to  pain  than  the  other  races. 

4.J.  Th!!/  inhabit  the  Malay  Peniasula,  Sumatra,  Java, 
New  Zealand,  and  many  other  islands  of  the  Indian  and  Pa- 
cific Oceans. 

46.  The  American  Indians,  so  caUed  by  Columbus,  are 
copper-colored,  tall  in  stature,  and  have  straight,  black  hair. 

47.  Before  the  an-ival  in  America  of  the  whites,  the  West- 
ern Continent  was  inhabited  by  the  red  men,  excejDting,  how- 
ever, in  the  Arctic  regions  and  Greenland,  which  are  inhabited 
by  the  Esquimaux. 

48.  The  Esquimaux  are  classed  among  the  Mongolians,  iu 
which  race  many  authorities  include  also  the  Indians  of 
America. 

49.  The  vlMjfTiVrtii  JH<f/rtH.s.  in  disposition,  are  melancholy, 
revengeful,  and  jealous,  and  feel  boilily  2>ain  less  acutely  than 
the  whites. 

50.  The  Red  Men  and  the  Esquimaux  of  America  entered 


that  division  from  Asia,  probably  in  the  dii-ection  of  Behring's 
Strait. 

51.  The  Human  Familij  had  its  Origin  iu'Westem  Asia., 
whence  it  extended  into  all  lands.  From  the  race  that  moved 
westward  and  peopled  the  lands  bordering  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  sprung  nations  celebrated  in  ancient  history  for 
their  progress  iu  civilization  and  learning. 

52.  In  Africa,  were  ancient  Egypt  and  Carthage ;  and  in 
Europe,  were  Greece  and  the  Eoman  Empii-e. 

53.  The  Wave  of  Progress  and  Power  continued  to  roll 
westward  to  the  Temperate  regions  of  the  New  World,  now 
the  United  States  of  America. 

"Westward  the  Course  of  Empire  takes  its  wat." 

54.  Columbus  sailed  Westward,-  and,  by  his  discovery  of 
the  Western  Continent,  two  worlds  became  acquainted  with 
each  other,  for  their  mutual  development  and  advantage.  One 
contributed  its  vast  natural  resources ;  the  other,  its  bless- 
ings of  ci^^lization  and  vigor  of  intellect. 

55.  The  Xew  World  was  near  enough  to  the  0!d  to  receive 
aid  while  in  its  infancy,  and  far  enough  fi-om  it  to  demand  of 
its  new  inhabitants  the  most  active  employment  of  their  energy 
and  skill  toward  the  development  of  its  resources. 

56.  The  Kew  World  has  grown  in  usefulness,  greatness, 
and  influence  with  wonderful  rapidity. 

57.  The  Xorth  Temperate  Zone  of  America  is  vast  in  vegeta- 
ble, mineral,  and  commercial  wealth,  and  contains  a  people 
renowned  for  their  energy,  enterprise,  and  achievements,  both 
in  peace  and  in  war. 

58.  As  each  Successive  Period  in  the  Creation  of  the  Earth 
was  marked  by  improvement,  so  the  American  Nation  is  recog- 
nized as  rising  above  all  others  in  the  sphere  of  usefulness, 
development,  and  influence. 

59.  The  Productive  Plains  of  the  Center  and  South,  the 
manufacturing  region  of  the  north-east,  the  broad  plains  and 
rich  mines  of  the  west,  united  by  easy  lines  of  communication 
and  occupying  positions  perfectly  adapted  to  each  other — 
plainly  show  that  Providence  designed  this  nation  to  be 
One  and  Indivisible. 

Note.— The   teacher  will  here  turn   to  the  "Index  to  Contents  ar- 

RAN'OED   AS    .\   GENERAL    REVIEW   OF    PHYSICAL    GEOQRAPnT."    whicll    may 

bf  found  near  the  end  of  the  book,  and  divide  it  into  lessons  of  convenient 
length  for  the  class. 


n 


48 


MONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AXD  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


FINITIONS. 


1.  GEOGIiAPIIl"  is  a  description  of  the  earth's  yiirface. 
Physical  Geography  describes  the  natural  features — the  land, 
water,  cui'rents,  soil,  chmates,  and  their  effects  upon  the  inhabit- 
ants. Civil,  Political,  or  Descriptive  Geography  treats  of  the  arti- 
ficial divisions — republics,  empires,  kingdoms,  states,  etc. 

j^Aru3}d.L  ^irisiojvs. 

2.  Water  Covers  three-fourths  of  the  earth's  surface  ;  land, 
one-fourth. 

3.  A  Coutinetit  is  the  largest  natural  division  of  the  land. 
There  are  tvro  continents — the  eastern,  composed  of  Eui'ope,  Asia, 
and  Aiiica ;  and  the  vrestem,  composed  of  North  and  South 
America.  The  term  continent  is  freqiiently  applied  to  AustraHa 
and  to  each  of  the  divisions  just  mentioned. 

4.  Ah  Island  or  Js7c  is  a  portion  of  laud  entirely  surrounded 
by  water.  Several  islands  together  are  called  a  group  ;  in  a 
line,  a  chain.  An  islet  is  a  small  island.  A  ledge  of  rocks  at  or 
near  the  surface  of  the  water  is  called  a  reef  or  keys. 

5.  A  Peninsula  is  a  portion  of  land  almost  surrounded  by 
water. 

6.  An  Istlnnas  is  a  narrow  neck  of  land  joining  two  larger 
portions  of  laud. 

7.  A  Cape  or  Headland  ia  a  point  of  land  extending  into  the 
water.     A  high  and  rocky  cape  is  called  a  promontory. 

8.  A  Mountain  is  a  vast  elevation  of  land  ;  a  hill  is  a  small 
elevation.  A  chain  or  range  is  a  long  elevated  ridge,  or  several 
mountains  extending  in  a  hne. 

9.  A  Mountain  System  is  a  number  of  chains  grouped  to- 
gether. 

10.  A  PcaJi  is  a  single  mountain,  whose  top  appears  pointed. 

11.  A  Volcano  is  a  mountain  or  opening  ia  the  earth's  crust 
through  which  issue  lire,  smoke,  ashes,  lava,  steam,  &c.  ;  the 
oisening  is  called  a  crater. 

12.  Mountain  Passes  are  the  lowest  parts  of  a  chain,  where 
travelers  can  cross. 

13.  A  Vallei/  is  the  land  between  hills  or  mountains,  or  at  their 
base.     A  vale  is  a  small  valley. 

14.  A  Plain  or  Lou-land  is  a  level  tract  of  land.  The  grassy, 
treeless  plains  of  North  America  are  called  prairies  or  savannas  ; 
of  South  America,  llanos  (lyahnoce)  and  pampas  ;  of  Russia, 
steppes  (.s;(»p.s).  The  forest  plains  of  the  Amazon  are  called  silvas. 
A  swamp,  marsh,  moor  or  feu  is  a  tract  of  land  usually  or  occa- 
sionally covered  with  water. 

15.  A  Plateau  or  Table  Land  ia  a  plain  at  a  considerable 
elevation  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

16.  A  Desert  is  a  barren  region  of  country  ;  the  fertile  spots 
are  called  oases. 

17.  An  Avalanche  is  a  large  mass  of  snow,  ice,  and  earth, 
sliding-  or  rolling  doi^Ti  a  mountain.  When  the  mass  consists  of 
earth  alone,  it  is  called  a  landsUde. 

18.  A  Glacier  (glaseer)  is  an  immense  mass  of  ice  and  snow 
formed  in  the  region  of  perpetual  snow,  and  moving  slowly  down 
the  mountain  slope  or  valley,  bearing  with  them  gravel,  sand,  and 
masses  of  rock. 

19.  A  Jtiver  Pasin  is  the  portion  of  land  which  is  drained  by 
a  river  and  its  tributaries. 

20.  .1  Water  Shed  is  the  mountain  chain  or  ridge  of  land  which 
separates  one  basin  from  anothei-,  and  from  which  the  rivers  flow. 


21.  A  Delta  is  the  lowland  between  the  several  mouths  of  a 
river.  It  is  composed  of  the  soU.  which  has  been  carried  down  by 
the  stream,  and  deposited  at  its  mouth  (see  j^age  30,  para- 
graph 44). 

22.  A  Coast  or  Shore  is  the  edge  of  land  adjacent  to  the 
water. 

23.  An  Ocean  is  the  largest  natural  division  of  the  water. 

24.  A  Sea  is  the  division  next  in  size  to  an  ocean.  A  sea  con- 
taining many  islands  is  called  an  archipelago  (ai-k).  The  Sargasso 
Sea  is  that  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  between  Africa  and  the 
West  Indies,  which  contains  great  quantities  of  seaweed. 

25.  A  Gulf  or  Buy  is  a  body  of  water  extending  into  the 
land.  Harbors,  havens,  ports,  roads,  and  roadsteads  are  places 
where  ships  may  anchor  safely. 

26.  A  Strait  is  a  passage  connecting  two  larger  bodies  of  water. 
A  channel  is  a  broad  strait. 

27.  A  Sound  is  a  shallow  channel  or  bay. 

28.  A  Lake  is  a  body  of  water  almost  surrounded  by  land. 

29.  A  Mirer  is  a  stream  of  water  flovring  through  the  land  ;  its 
head  or  source  is  its  beginning,  and  its  mouth  is  its  end,  or  where 
it  flows  into  another  body  of  water.  The  right  bank  of  a  river  is 
on  your  right  side  as  you  descend  the  river  ;  its  left  bank  is  on 
the  left  side.  Up  a  river  is  toward  its  source  ;  doicn  a  river  to- 
ward its  mouth. 

30.  An  Estuary,  Firth  or  Frith  is  a  narrow  and  deep  inlet 
of  the  sea,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river. 

31.  A  Canon  (pronounced  and  also  spelled  Canyon)  is  a  gorge 
or  ravine  between  high  and  steep  banks,  worn  by  a  stream. 

32.  A  Confluence  is  the  junction  of  two  or  more  rivers. 

33.  A  Cataract  is  a  large  body  of  water  faUing  over  a  preci- 
pice ;  a  cascade  or  waterfall  is  smaller  than  a  cataract. 

34.  A  Rapid  is  the  descent  of  a  stream  over  an  inchned  part  of 
its  bed. 

35.  A  Loch  in  Scotland,  or  a  lough  in  Ireland,  is  a  lake  or 
bay. 

CiriZ   O^  TOZITICAZ  !DiriSIOA''S. 

36.  A  Republic  is  a  country  whose  laws  are  made  and  executed 
by  men  elected,  from  time  to  time,  by  the  people.  We  live  in  a 
Eepubhc — the  United  States.  The  legislative  or  law-making  body 
is  Congress,  which  is  composed  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Eepre- 
sentatives  ;  the  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  President. 

37.  An  Empire  is  a  country  governed  by  an  emperor,  or  an 
extensive  region  comjirising  several  countries,  imder  one  ruler. 

38.  A  Kingdom  is  a  countiy  governed  by  a  king. 

39.  A  Monarchy  is  a  government  in  which  the  supreme  power 
belongs  to  one  person,  called  a  monarch.  Emperors  and  kings 
are  monarchs,  and  tlieir  governments  monarchies. 

40.  A  Limited  or  Constitutional  Monarchy  is  a,  go-vemmeut 
in  which  the  power  of  the  ruler  is  limited  by  laws. 

41.  An  Absolute  Monarchy  or  Despotism  is  a  government 
in  which  the  power  of  the  ruler  is  unhmited. 

42.  The  Divisions  of  a  Republic  are  usually  called  States. 

43.  Tlie  Government  of  a  State  resembles  that  of  a  Eepubhc  ; 
its  laws  being  made  by  the  legislatui'e,  and  executed  by  the 
Governor. 

44.  A  Territory  of  the  United  States  is  a  portion  of  the 
countiy  not  organized  as  a  State  ;  its  governor  and  legislature  are 
appointed  by  the  President  and  Senate  of  the  United  States. 

45.  T/ie  Divisions  of  Countries  are  called  States,  Provinces, 
Departments,  Counties  or  Shires. 


CIBCLES,  ZO^ES,  LATITUDE,  ETC. 


4U 


1.  An  J/if/Zt' is  iLe  o^jcning  between  two  lines  that  meet.  There 
are  three  kinds :  right,  acute,  and  obtufc. 

2.  A  llifjht  Atiylc  is  formed  by  one  hno  meeting  another  per- 
pendicularly. 

3.  An,  Arnfi-  Anr/lcis  leas  than  a  right  angle. 

4.  An  Obtuse  Anr/le  is  greater  than  a  right  angle. 

3.  T'<iraUct  Lines  are  those  which  extend  in  the  same  direction 
without  approaching  each  other. 

G.  A  IlorizonUil  Tjine  is  one  that  is  parallel  with  the  horizon, 
or  with  the  surface  of  water  at  rest. 

7.  A  Triuntjle  is  a  figure  which  has  three  sides  and  three 
angles. 

8.  A  Circle  is  a  figvxro  enclosed  by  a  curve  line,  every  part  of 
which  is  equally  distant  from  the  centre  ;  the  cui-ve  line  is  called 
the  circumference,  or  ring,  and  also  circle. 

9.  The  Diitmeter  of  a  circle  is  a  line  drawn  through  the  centre 
fi-om  one  side  to  the  other. 

10.  The  li<i(liiis  is  a  line  drawn  from  the  centre  to  the  circum- 
ference ;  two  radii  equal  the  diameter. 

11.  An.  Arc  is  any  portion  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle. 

12.  A  Chord  is  a  straight  line  di-awn  from  one  end  of  an  arc  to 
the  other. 

Vi.  A  Quatlrant  is  a  quarter  of  a  circle  ;  a  semi-circle  is  half  a 
circle. 

14.  .1  Circle  is,  or  is  supposed  to  be,  divided  into  360  equal 
parts  ;  these  parts  are  called  degrees. 

15.  ,1  Degree  is  a  three  hundred  and  sixtieth  part  of  a  circle. 
The  length  of  a  degi'ee  varies  according  to  the  size  of  the  cii'cle. 

to.  A  Deijree  of  the  Lrirffcsf  Circle  which  can  be  drawn 
around  the  earth,  is  about  G9|  miles  in  length. 

17.  A  Di'i/rce,  marked  ("),  *.s  Divided  into  GO  equal  parts, 
called  minutes  ('),  and  each  minute  into  GO  equal  parts,  called 
seconds  (,"). 

18.  A  Semi-Circle  Contains  180°,  and  a  quadrant  !)0". 

19.  .1  Great  Circle  divides  the  earth  into  two  equal  parts. 
That  which  divides  the  earth  into  northern  and  southern  henii- 
sjiheros  is  called  the  equator. 

20.  -t  Small  Circle  divides  the  earth  into  two  unequal  parts. 
All  circles  drawn  parallel  with  the  equator  are  smaU  circles,  called 
parallels  of  latitude. 


21.  The  most  inijtorfant  Small  Circles  are  the  Arctic  and 
Antarctic  circks,  the  Tropic  of  Cancer,  and  the  Tropic  of  Capri- 
corn.    The  Arctic  and  Antarctic  Circles  are  called  Polar  Circles. 

22.  A  aiohc  or  Sphere  is  a  round  body,  whose  surface,  in  every 
part,  is  equally  distant  from  the  ceiftre. 

23.  The  A.ris  of  the  earth  is  the  line  or  diameter  on  which  it 
revolves.  The  two  points  where  the  axis  meets  the  surface  are 
called  the  poles  ;  that  in  the  centre  of  the  northern  hemisphere  is 
called  the  North  Pole  ;  that  hi  the  centre  of  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere, the  South  Pole. 

24.  Semi-Circles  drawn  on  the  surface  from  the  North  to  the 
South  Pole  are  called  Meridians. 

25.  The  Distance  of  any  place  fi-om  the  equator  is  its  Latitude. 

26.  The  Latitude  of  all  places  on  the  equator  is  0°,  and  of 
each  pole  90°. 

27.  Distance  East  or  T».sY  of  an  established  meridian  is  called 
Longitude  ;  (he  degi-ees  of  which  are  marked  on  the  equator  or  on 
the  upper  and  lower  sides  of  a  map.  Longitude  is  usuaDy  reck- 
oned fi-om  the  Meridian  of  Greenwich,  near  London,  and  ft-om  the 
Meridian  of  Washington. 

28.  The  Greatest  Loufjitude  a  place  can  have  is  180°. 

29.  Zones  are  five  regions  or  belts  into  which  the  earth's  sur- 
face is  divided  by  the  two  Tropics  and  the  two  Polar  Cii-cles. 
Name  thnn. 

30.  The  Hottest  is  the  Torrid  Zone,  and  the  coldest  are  the 
Frigid  Zones. 

31.  To  every  place  Within  the  Torrid  Zone  the  sun  is  vertical 
at  certain  times  duiing  the  year. 

32.  The  Tropics  Mark  the  limit  beyond  which  no  place  can 
have  a  vertical  sun.     They  are  23i°  fi'om  the  equator. 

33.  Tlie  I'olar  Circles  mark  the  limit  beyond  which  the  day 
or  the  night  may  be  min-c  than  24  hom-s  long.  They  are  23.!°  from 
the  Poles. 

34.  The  Sun.  is  Visible  at  one  pole,  and  invisible  at  the  other 
pole,  during  six  months  of  the  yeai\ 

35.  Days  and  \iyhts  are  equal — 12  hours  each — throughout 
the  earth  on  the  2:!d  days  of  March  and  September ;  they  are 
always  equal  to  plates  on  the  equator. 

36.  In  what  Zones  is  North  America  ?  South  America  ?  Eu- 
rope?   Asia?     Africa?     Australia? 

(Fur  Aatronmnii-cd  Oeography,  see  piigc  108.) 


3IOXIEITirS  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


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PRODUCTS,  ^''^^vW 


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NORTH  AMERICA     -^ 


Scalp  of  Miles 


SOUTH 
Si  M  E    R    I    C  A 


OT  Loni^itude     West      from      Green widi 


RxustU  Jr  Siruflitri,l<.'.  F.> 


Monteith's  P. 


MOXTEITWS   PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


33 


^CMMSA 


P^CIEIC.      GREAT  BASIN. 

SECTION  OF   NORTH    AMRRICA   FROM    EAST   Til    \\r.-T. 

EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP 


In  what  zones  is  NORTH   AMERICA?     In  which  is  the  greater  part  ? 
What  country  wholly  witliin  the  Temperate  Zone  ?     Within  the  Torrid 
Zone? 

Name  all  the  countries  of  North  America,  commencing  at  the  most 
northern. 

What  three  oceans  wash  the  coasts  of  North  America  ?  Which  is  the 
coklest  ? 

On  which  side  are  the  greatest  inlets  from  the  ocean  ?     IC;unc  them. 

From  what  ocean  does  Hudson  Bay  receive  water?  Is  the  water 
warm,  or  cokl  .'     (See  pa^^e  37,  paragraph  18.) 

Whence  does  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  receive  its  water?     Is  it  warr.i,  or  cold? 

How  does  each  affect  the  temperature  of  the  winds  blowing  over  them? 

Wliat  and  where  are  the  mountain  systems  of  North  America  ? 

Between  what  chains  is  the  Great  Basin  or  Plateau  of  the  United  States  ? 

Into  what  do  the  rivers  flow  which  rise  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains? 

Into  what  do  those  flow  whicli  rise  on  the  east  side  ? 

Into  what  do  the  rivers  flow  which  rise  on  the  east  side  of  the  Alleghanies  ? 

How  far  north  does  the  basin  r.f  the  Mississippi  extend  ? 

What  two  general  slopes  are  between  the  Rocky  and  tlie  Alleghany 
Mountains  ? 

Mention  the  rivers  of  the  Mississippi  Basin, — of  Hudson  Bay  Basin. 

Wliat  two  large  rivers  in  the  north-west  ?     In  the  west  2 

What  waters  around  Newfoundland  ?  Greenland?  Cuba?  Lower  Cali- 
fornia ? 

What  land  around  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence?  Gulf  of  Mexico?  Carib- 
be'an  Sea  ? 

In  wliat  cape  does  Greenland  teniiinate  ?  Nova  Scotia  ?  Florida  ? 
Lower  California  ? 

In  what  direction  do  these  cajjes  j)rojcct  ? 

Name  all  the  capes  on  the  Atlantic  Coast  ?     On  the  Pacific  Coast  ? 

What  islands  are  washed  by  the  Atlantic  ?     Pacific  ?     Caribbean  Sea  ? 

In  the  northern  part  of  North  America,  what  islands  ?    Straits  ?    Sounds  ? 

What  provinces  in  the  south-easteni  ]}art  of  British  America  ? 

What  lakes  between  the  United  States  and  Canada  ?    What  is  their  outlet  ? 

Into  what  does  the  St.  Lawrence  flow  ? 

What  lakes  are  connected  witli  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?     With  Hudson  Bay  3 

What  two  high  mountains  north-west  of  British  America  ? 

What  two  in  the  soutli-western  part  ? 

*  Canada  East  is  now  the  Province  of  Quebec;  Canada  West,  Ontario. 

ROUTES   OF  TRAVEL. 

In  what  directions  and  on  what  watery  would  you  sail  from  Quebec  to 
New  York  ?  From  Boston  to  Iceland  ?  Prom  Washington  to  Dr.  Kane's 
Open  Polar  Sea?  What  capes  a"id  islands  would  you  pass  in  sailing  from 
New  York  to  New  Orleans  ?     Ne.v  York  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  ? 

Sailing  from  the  Isthmus  to  San  Francisco,  what  direction  would  you 
take  ?     On  what  water  would  you  sail  ?     Wliat  capes  would  you  pass  ? 

Refer  to  the  scale  of  miles,  and  state  the  distance,  in  a  straight  line,  from 
New  York  to  Cuba.  From  Florida  to  Cuba.  New  Orleans  to  New  York. 
New  Orleans  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.     Washington  to  Sim  Francisco. 

What  countries  and  parts  of  countries  lie  between  the  parallels  of  40° 
and  50°  north  latitude  ?  What  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia  lie  between 
those  parallels  ?  (See  margin  of  map.)  What  parts  of  America,  Europe, 
and  Asia  lie  between  the  parallels  of  50°  and  60°  ?  What  parts  of  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere  are  directly  east  of  the  United  States?  West  i  What 
European  Country  is  directly  east  of  Washington  ?  Of  Nova  Scotia  and 
Newfoundland?  Of  the  southern  part  of  Labrador?  Of  the  northern 
part  of  Labrador  ?  What  parts  of  North  America  lie  between  the  same 
parallels  as  Sahara ?     China?     Japan?     Sil)eria  ? 


MOUNTAINS. 

Ultrrt-  arr  the;/'.'      In   trhitt  ijirt-rtlons  tin  the  rail{frs   extend? 


Mt.  St.  Eli  as?  it* 
Mt.  BRO^VN '?  iG 
Mt.  Fairweather  ?  is 
Sierra  Madre? 

i^m-cr'raU  iiutk'Jruy.) 


Alleghany? 
Mt.  Hooker?  v, 
Mt.  Whitney? 
Sierra  Nevada? 

{se-ev't'ii  nay-vah'dah) 

RIVERS. 

niiere  tlij  .'het/  rise?      JTJint  eonrses  f/r>  the;/  take?     Into  what  waters  do 

the  If  flow '.' 


Fremont's  Peak? 

EOCKY  ? 

Hecla? 
Cascade  ? 
Coast  Kange? 


Missouri?  sit 
Mississippi  ?  .so 
Rio  Grande?  is 
Athabasca?  is 


Mackenzie  ?  Columbia  ?  Platte  ? 

Colorado  ?  Brazos  ?  Lewis  ? 

St.  Lawrence?  Nelson?  Ohio? 

Churchill  ?  Severn  ?  Red  ? 


GULFS,  BAYS,  SOUNDS,  AND  CHANNELS. 

Where  tire  they  ?      Into  n'htit  waters  ito  theij  open  ? 


G.  OF  St.  Lawrence  ?  Hudson  B.  ? 

G.  op  California  ?  Baffin  B.  ? 

B.  OF  Honduras  ?  James  B.  ? 

Mosquito  Gulf?  Ungava  B.  ? 


C!han.  of  Yucatan? 
Fox  Chan.? 
Lancaster  Sd.  ? 
Norton  Sd.  ? 


B.  OF  Campeachy? 


Feobisher's  B.  ?    G.  of  Mexico  ? 


STRAITS. 

What  lands  are  separated,  and  what  waters  are  conneeted  Ity  them? 


Hudson  ? 
Behfjng  ? 

I  (heti'ring.. ) 


Windward?  Bellisle?  Davis  ? 

Wellington  ?       Florida  ?  Mona  ? 

Melville  ?  Barrow  ?  Banks  ? 


LAKES. 

Where  are  theij  ?      What  are  their  outlets  ? 

Superior?  Ontario?  Great  Slave?      Huron? 

Great  Salt  ?      .     Winnipeg  ?        Great  Bear  ?       Erie  ? 
Athabasca?  Michigan?        Little  Slave?    Itasca? 

ISLANDS. 

Where  arr  they?     Jiij  what  waters  are  they  surrounded? 


Newfoundland  ?        Greenland  ? 
Vancouver's?  Parry? 

Southampton?  Jamaica? 

Queen  Charlotte's  ?  Bank's  Land. 
Cape  Breton?  Porto  Rico? 


W^est  Indies?  Cuba  ? 
Bahamas  ?       Iceland  ? 


{In-Won.) 


{jior'to  ret'ko.) 


Ber.mudas  ? 
Melville  ? 
Anticosti  ? 

{im-te-kos'tee.) 


Disco? 
Sitka? 
Hayti? 

(hat/'ue.) 


CAPES. 

Where  are  they?     Into  what  wiHirs  do  they  prelect? 

Hatteras?  Farewell?  Flattery?  May? 

Mendocino?  St.  Lucas?  Sable?  Cod? 

y„„n-d„..et',w.)  BLANCO  ?  RaCE  ?  ICY  ? 


•  Numbers  in  lints  of  Mountains  show  height  In  tkouaanda  of  feet.    Mt.  St.  Ellas,  UOOO  feet 
hlcb. 
t  Those  in  lists  of  Elvers  show  length  in  liundrede  ofmiten.    Missouri,  SlOO  miles  long. 


/C 


54 


MOXTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


i 


Descriptive    Ieography. 

1.  JN'OBTiT  J. U£;i»/CJ  is  somewhat  triiuigular  in  shape.  Its 
■widest  part  is  from  Newfoundland  to  Behriiig  Strait ;  its  nar- 
rowest, where  Central  America  joins  the  Isthmus  ol  Panama. 

2.  The  Meridian  of  07  west  from  Greenwich  (or  20^  fr-om 
Washington)  passes  through  the  middle  of  North  America,  and 
near  the  western  coasts  of  Hudson    Bay   and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

3.  East  of  that  Meridian  are  the  great  gulfs,  bays,  lakes,  and 
lowlands  ;  while  west  of  it,  are  the  great  plateaus  and  mountain 
chains. 

4.  The  Plateau  or  High  lier/ion  extends  over  the  western 
parts  of  British  America  and  the  United  States  and  nearly  the 
whole  of  Mexico  and  Central  America.  It  is  widest  in  the  United 
States,  under  the  40th  parallel  of  latitude. 

5.  From  that  Meridian  the  surface  of  the  United  States  rises 
gi-aduallj'  to  the  Rocky  IMountains,  which  are  from  10,000  to  18,000 
feet  high. 

6.  Between  the  Roeky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada 
the  surface  is  from  4,000  to  G,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
and  is  mostly  dry  and  barren. 

7.  The  Aj>j>alaehian  Chain  near  the  Atlantic,  and  the  Coast 
Range  near  the  Pacific,  are  about  one-foiu'th  the  height  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  or  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

8.  The  Hiffhest  I'eahs  in  Xorth  America  are:  over  18,000 
feet  high,  Mt.  Popocatepetl,  in  iMexico,  and  Mt.  St.  EUas,  in 
Alaska  ;  over  15,000  feet,  Mounts  Brown,  ^Miitney,  and  Fair- 
weather  ;  over  14,000  feet.  Pike's  Peak,  Tilt.  Shasta,  and  Mt.  Tj-ndall. 

9.  The  Gitlfs,  liaijs,  and  Inlets  from  the  Atlantic  and  Ai'ctic 
Oceans  help  to  form  numerous  peninsulas  and  islands.  ( Which 
arf  pari!;/  funwd  by  thi'  Gulf  of  Mexico?  By  Hudson  Bay?  By 
Baffin  Bay  ?      By  the  Gulf  of  Si.  Lawrence  ?) 

10.  The  Great  Watershed  of  North  America  is  the  Rocky 
Mountain  chain,  on  the  eastern  side  of  which  are  the  sources  of 
nearly  all  the  1  u-ge  rivers  flowing  into  t'.ie  Atlantic.  [Name  them.) 
On  its  western  side  are  the  sources  of  those  flowing  into  the 
Pacific.  {Name  thnn.)  The  Mackev.zii  iiver  receives  its  vraters 
fe'om  both  sides  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

11.  Xorth  America  Lies  xa  three  zones  and  possesses  every 
variety  of  climate,  from  the  extreme  cold  of  the  Frigid  to  the  ex- 
cessive heat  of  the  Torrid.  The  portion  best  adapted  to  the  hap- 
piness and  progress  of  the  inhabitants  is  the  intermediate  or  tem- 
perate zone,  which  includes  the  United  States. 

12.  The  Coldest  Parts  of  North  America  are  Greenland  and 
the  north-eastern  part  of  Bi-itish  America.  {For  the  climates  on  the 
siffes  of  high  mountains  in  liot  countries,  see  j)-  38,  jMragraph  52.) 

13.  The  Climate  of  the  Pacific  Coast  of  the  United  States, 
British  America,  and  Alaska  is  nmch  milder  than  that  of  the  At- 
lantic coast,  in  the  same  latitudes  ;  becaiLse  one  is  waslied  by 
the  warm  waters  of  the  Japan  current,  the  other  by  the  cold  cur- 
rents from  the  Ai-ctic  Oce-m  (see  p.  24,  paragraphs  20  and  23). 

14.  Easta-ard  from  the  Mackenzie  Hirer  Valley  to  Baffin 
Bay  is  a  vast,  frozen,  treeless  region,  while  westward  is  a  region  of 
forests  extending  to  the  coast,  where  the  cUmate  is  no  more  ex- 
cessive than  that  of  Maine  or  New  Brunswick,  hundreds  of  miles 
further  south  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

15.  BRITISH  AMERICA  is  sei.ajated  from  the  United 
States  by  the  49th  parallel  of  latitude,  the  Great  Lakes,  the  St. 
Lawrence  River,  and  the  north-eastern  portion  of  the  Appalachian 
Chain. 


16.  Its  General  i7o/>e  is  toward  the  north,  the  watershed  on 
its  .southerly  side  extending  generally  along  the  northern  boiuidary 
of  Canada,  and  the  north-western  boundary  of  the  United 
States. 

17.  All  that  2>ortion  which  extends  from  the  Mackenzie 
Hirer  Valley  eastward  to  Baffin  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  is  a  cold, 
barren  region,  covered  nearly  all  the  year  with  ice  and  snow,  and 
is  useful  only  as  a  hunting-ground.  For  a  few  weeks  in  summer, 
the  snow  and  the  top  of  the  gi-ound  thaw,  when  mosses  and  other 
low  plants  ajipear  ;  ujion  these  the  reindeer  and  some  other  ani- 
mals feed. 

18.  The  Fur-Beariny  Animals  are  the  beaver,  marten,  minlc, 
bear,  fox,  wolf,  and  muskrat. 

19.  Tlie  Southern  and  Western  Portions  of  British  America 
contain  extensive  forests  and  vast  tracts  of  prairie  land  weU 
adapted  to  grazing  and  agi-icultiu'e.  On  the  pastures  are  herds  of 
buifaloes,  elks,  and  deer. 

20.  Hudson  Bay  Territory  is  north  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  and  reaches  from  Alaska  to  Baffin  Bay  and  Labrador  ; 
Rupert's  Land,  or  New  Britain,  is  all  that  portion  which  Ues  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  now  aU  under  the  control  of  the 
Dominion  of  Canada. 

21.  BRITISH  COLUMBIA,  lying  north  of  Washington 
Territory,  is  a  mountainous  region,  cold  in  winter  and  moist  in 
summer. 

22.  Its  Importance  arose  from  the  discovery  of  gold  along 
Frazer  River. 

23.  Its  Export  of  lumber  and  timber  is  large  and  increasing. 

24.  VAXCOUVER'S  ISLAND,  which  also  belongs  to  Great 
Britain,  contains  fertile  valleys,  fine  timber,  and  rich  mines  of  coal, 
besides  copper  and  other  ores. 

25.  The  Climate  is  much  milder  than  in  the  same  latitudes  on 
the  Atlantic  coast.  Vancouver's  Island  and  British  Columbia  are 
under  one  governor  (see  page  37,  paragraph  33). 

26.  The  Cnjyital  is  New  Westminster,  in  British  Columbia,  and 
the  largest  towu  is  Victoria,  in  Vancouver's  Island. 

27.  THE  PROVINCE  OF  MANITOBA  is  south  of  Lake 
Winnipeg,  which  receives  the  waters  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 

28.  The  Settlers  are  French,  English,  Scotch,  and  Americans. 
The  French  have  Indian  blood  in  their  veins,  and  live  mostly  by 
hunting  ;  the  others,  on  the  produce  of  their  farms  and  jDas- 
tures. 

29.  LABRADOR  is  cold,  barren,  and  desolate  along  the  coast, 
but  well  wooded  in  the  interior. 

30.  The  Inhabitants  are  almost  exclusively  Esquimaux  ;  but, 
on  the  eastern  shore,  are  settlements  of  seal-catchers,  fur-trader.s, 
and  Moravian  missionaries.  The  eastern  half  of  the  peuinsula  is 
under  the  control  of  Newfoundland  ;  the  western,  with  Hudson 
Bay  Territory  and  the  Province  of  Manitoba,  has  been  transfeixed 
to  the  government  of  Canada. 

31.  ALASKA,  now  a  Territory  of  the  United  States,  is  more 
than  twice  the  size  of  France,  but  not  more  than  one-tenth  is  hab- 
itable, on  account  of  the  extreme  coldness  of  its  chmate. 

32.  Alony  the  Southern  Coasts  the  climate  is  tempered  by 
the  winds  which  lilow  over  the  warm  waters  of  the  Pacific. 
These  winds  are  laden  with  moisture  that  suppb'^'s  the  rains  and 
fogs  for  which  that  part  of  the  Ten-itory  is  celebrated. 


ALASKA,   GREENLAND,  AND  ICELAND. 


Arctic  Regions.— A  Shio  Caught  in  tiie  Ice. 


33.  Excepting  along  its  Western  and  Xnrthern  Coasts,  the 
Territonj  is  Covered,  in  some  places  lieavily,  with  forests  valu- 
able for  timber.  Tbe  ti'ees  are  chiefly  evergi'eeus — spruce,  fir, 
cedar,  and  hemlock.  Its  importance  lies  in  its  furs,  fisheries,  and 
forests. 

34.  Seals,  Whales,  and  Walruses  are  plentiful  in  the  waters 
west  of  Alaska.  The  fur  seals  on  the  islands  of  St.  Paul  and  St. 
George  are  very  tiumerous. 

35.  Its  Prineipid  Hirer  is  tbe  Yukon,  -.vbich  "is  said  to  rank 
next  to  the  Mississippi  in  size. 

36.  The  Inhabitants  are  chiefly  Esquimaux  and  Indians,  who 
are  engaged  in  fishing  and  hunting. 

37.  Its  Capital  is  Sitka,  situated  on  one  of  tbe  isl  jds  which 
line  its  coast. 

38.  CiREENLAXD,  a  vast  i.slaud,  or  group  of  islands  united 
by  fields  of  ice,  is  rugged,  mountainous,  barren,  and  almost  wholly 
covered  with  ice  and  snow. 

30.  On  the  Xorth-awsf  Coast 
glaciers  extend  down  into  tbe  sea, 
and  from  them  fragments  break 
oflf  and  float  out  as  icebergs. 

40.  1'egetation,  in,  some 
parts,  appears  in  summer  ; 
bushes  of  birch,  willow,  and 
mountain  ash  are  found,  and  a 
few  vegetables  are  raised  in  the 
south. 

41.  The  Inhabitants,  about 
8,000  in  number,  are  mostly  Es- 
quimaux, to  whom  the  seal  fm- 
uishes  food,  fuel,  and  clothing. 

42.  The     Set  tie  mints    of    the 
Danes,  who  comjjose  about  one- 
eighth  of  the  j)opulation,  are  on       _ 
the  west  coast.  t^ 

43.  The  Principal  Settlements 

are  Julianshaab  and  New  Hern-        _^     

hut,  which  are  south  of  the  Arctic  ~"^"<5I  ^ 

circle,   and    Christianshaab    and  z^n  Esquimau. 


Uper'navik,  north  of  it  ;  the  latter  being  the  most  northerly 
settlement  of  civilized  man. 

44.  The  Distingaished  American  Explorers  of  the  Arctic 
regions  are  Kane,  Hall,  and  Hayes.  The  most  northern  point 
reached  is  a  little  beyond  the  latitude  of  82  degrees. 

4.5.  fjrcenland  and  Iceland  belong  to  Denmark,  and  are  called 
Danish  America. 

4G.  The  Esquimaux,  except  those  of  Alaska,  are  short — not 
over  five  feet  in  height — owing,  probably,  to  the  rigor  of  the  cli- 
mate and  the  nature  of  their  food. 

47.  The  Color  of  their  Faces  is  brown  ;  the  result,  chiefly,  of 
their  uncleanliness  and  their  smoky  huts  (see  page  46).  Their 
bodies  are  of  a  much  lighter  color  than  their  faces. 

48.  The  Huts  of  the  Esquimaux  are  partly  under  ground,  and 
are  constructed  either  of  stone  or  of  ice  and  snow. 

49.  ICELAXD  is  larger  than  the  Slate  of  Vii-ginia. 

50.  Its  Surface  is  very  rough,  containing  volcanoes,  fissiu'es, 
lava  fields,  and  innumerable  boihng  springs.  Among  the  latter  is 
the  Great  Geyser,  which  is  among  the  wonders  of  the  world  (see 
page  27). 

51.  Its  Highest  Mountains  are  about  0,000  feet  high  ;  Mt 
Heela,  its  celebrated  volcano,  is  about  5,000  feet  above  the  sea 
level. 

52.  It  is  Coldest  on  the  northern  and  north-eastern  coasts, 
where  snow  falls  even  in  summer  ;  but  on  the  southern  and  west- 
ern coasts  the  air  is  tempered  by  the  Gulf  Stream.  Here  grasses 
grow  abundantly  and  fm-nish  food  for  large  numbers  of  horses, 
cattle,  and  sheep. 

53.  The  frelanders  arc  of  Norwegian  descent,  and  number 
about  64,000.  For  food,  occupation,  and  exports,  they  depend 
mainly  upon  their  fisheries  and  live  stock. 

54.  Jferds  of  Iteindeer,  imported  originally  from  Norway,  run 
wild  over  the  uninhabited  parts  of  tbe  island. 

55.  The  Capital  and  principal  settletnent  is  Reikiavik  (rt'ke-a- 
vik),  which  is  on  its  south-western  coast. 

56.  7)rnw  mi  out/ hie  n/'  A'orf/i  .-litirricfi  :  f/nii  )j/(/rA\  hi  t/ie 
Jh/loh'iiif/  order— f/ic  .  )/oiiii/rii ii.i — 'Jiirvrs  and  jCc/Xw — Sr/j'S 
and  Capes — Couii/.ries. 


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3rOXIEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Descriptive  Geography. 

1.  Tfie  British  Provinces  of  Quebec  or  Lower  Canada,  and 
Ontario  or  Upper  Canada,  form  part  of  the  St.  Lawrence  basin, 
which  is  di-aiued  bj'  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence 
River. 

2.  The  Northern  Watershed  is  along  the  northern  boundary, 
and  the  principal  slope  is  southeastward. 

3.  The  Climate  is  excessive — colder  in  winter  and  hotter  in 
summer  than  in  the  same  latitudes  in  Europe.  This  is  particu- 
larly so  in  the  eastern  province,  where  the  winter  lasts  sis  or 
seven  months  of  the  year. 

4.  The  Soil  is  generally  good  ;  grain,  vegetables,  fniits,  and 
melons  are  raised. 

5.  Forests  cover  the  greater  jiart  of  the  surface,  and  contain 
trees  of  every  variety  ;  lumbering  and  shipbuilding  are  extensively 
carried  on. 

6.  The  Principal  Exports  are  wheat  and  timber,  pot  and  pearl 
ashes. 

7.  Iron  is  abundant,  and  the  region  around  Lake  Superior  and 
Lake  Huron  is  famous  for  copper. 

8.  The  Wild  Animals  include  the  elk,  wolf,  bear,  -n-ild  cat,  etc. 

9.  The  First  Inhabitants  of  Canada  were  Lidiaus.  Its  dis- 
covery by  Eui'opeans  was  in  1535,  by  the  French,  under  Jacques 
Cartier,  who  found  Hochelaga,  an  Indian  town,  among  rich  corn- 
fields (where  Montreal  now  stands).  "The  Indians  were  friendly, 
until  the  French  carried  off  one  of  then-  kings.  For  many  years 
the  settlers  suffered  much  from  the  climate  and  the  natives. 

10.  These  Provinces  remained  in  possession  of  the  French 
more  than  two  ceutui-ies,  or  until  their  cession  to  Great  Britain  in 
17G3,  which  followed  the  capture  of  Quebec  by  General  Wolfe. 

11.  The  Inhabitants  of  -Quebec  are  mostly  of  French  origin  ; 
of  Ontario,  British.  The  French  language  is  spoken  ia  the  former, 
and  English  in  the  latter. 

12.  The  Dominion  of  Canada  Comprises  all  the  British  Prov- 
inces of  North  America,  except  Newfoundland.  They  have  a  paa-- 
liament  and  a  governor-general. 

13.  Each,  of  those  Provinces  has  its  lieutenant-governor  and 
legislative  body,  Init  all  are  subject  to  Great  Britain. 

14.  The  Capital  ia  Ottawa,  on  the  Ottawa  Eiver  ;  the  metropo- 
lis is  Montreal,  on  Montreal  Island  ;  and  the  most  stron;_;ly  fortified 
city  in  America  is  Quebec ;  both  are  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence 
River,  and  are  in  more  southern  latitudes  than  the  Eiu'opean  cities 
of  London,  Paris,  or  Vienna. 

15.  The  othir  Important  Cities  arc  Toronto,  Hamilton,  and 
Kingston,  which  are  situated  on  Lake  Ontario.  Toronto  is  in 
nearly  the  same  latitude  as  Portland,  Idaho,  and  Eugene  City 
(  United  States),  Nice  and  Florence  (Europe). 

16.  the  Xatnral  Objects  of  Interest  are  the  Falls  of  Niagara 
and  of  Montmorency,  the  Thousand  Isles,  the  Rapids  in  the  St. 
Lawi'ence,  and  the  high,  perpendicular  cliffs  of  the  Sagueuay 
[Sag-eh-nay')  River. 

17.  NEW  liRUXSWICK:  Its  highlands  are  in  the  north 
and  north-west ;  its  principal  river  is  the  St.  John's,  on  which,  at 
the  head  of  steam  navigation,  is  Frederickton,  the  capital  of  the 
province. 

18.  Its  dense  Forests,  which  cover  the  greater  part  of  its  sur- 
face, and  its  numerous  inlets  from  the  Bay  of  Fuudy  and  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  furnish  the  principal  exports — lumber,  fish,  and 
fish-oiL 


19.  The  Metropolis  is  St.  John,  noted  for  its  fine  harbor,  ship- 
building, lumber  trade  and  fisheries.  The  other  important  toAvns 
ai"e  St.  Andrew's  and  Livei-pool. 

20.  The  Bay  of  Fundi/  is  remarkable  for  its  extraordinary 
tides,  which  rise  suddenly, — in  some  places,  to  the  height  of  over 
60  feet. 

21.  Keiv  Brunstrielc  and  Nova  Scotia,  originally  a  French 
colony,  tinder  the  name  of  Acadia,  or  New  France,  was  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  in  1713. 

22.  NOTA  SCOTIA  is  a  peninsula,  which,  with  Cape  Breton 
Island,  east  of  it,  forms  one  of  the  British  Provinces. 

23.  Its  Forests-  are  extensive,  rivers  short,  and  climate  excessive, 
with  heavy  fogs  along  the  Atlantic  coast  (see  p.  25,  par.  23 — 26). 

24.  The  Tallej/s  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bniuswick  are  fertile, 
and  yield  good  crops  of  grain,  potatoes,  turnips,  &c. 

25.  Its  E.rjtorts  are  the  same  as  those  of  New  Brunswick,  with 
coal  and  grindstones,  fish  and  fish  oil. 

26.  Considerable  Attention  is  jtaid  to  commerce  and  ship- 
building. 

27.  Halifax,  the  capital  and  metropolis,  has  one  of  the  finest 
harbors  in  the  world. 

28.  Antonff  the  other  Important  Towns  are  Yarmouth,  Wind- 
sor, Pictou',  and  Sydney. 

23.  PBINCE  EDWARD'S  ISLAND,  situated  in  the  south- 
cm  part  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  is  noted  for  its  indented 
coast,  fine  farms  and  pastures,  and  its  healthful  climate. 

30.  Its  Capital  is  Charlottetown. 

31.  NEWFOUNDLAND,  an  island  larger  than  either  Scot- 
land or  Ireland,  is  a  dreary  region,  composed  of  barrens,  marshes, 
and  lakes.  It  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  France  (see  page  36, 
paragraph  10). 

32.  It  is  Noted  for  long  winters  and  dense  sea  fogs. 

33.  Its  Waters  swarm  with  fish  ;  chiefly  cod,  salmon,  herrings, 
and  mackerel.  Seals  are  niunerous.  Its  cod-fisheries  on  the  banks, 
south  and  south-east  of  the  island,  are  world  renowned.  Nearly 
all  the  iohabitants  are  engaged  either  in  catching  or  curing  fish. 

34.  Its  Exports  are  dried  fish,  fish-oil,  seal-skins,  and  soal-oil. 

35.  Its  only  Town  is  St.  John,  the  capital,  which,  with  most  of 
the  villages,  is  situated  on  the  south-east  coast. 

36.  The  Population  of  New  Brunsvrick,  Nova  Scotia,  New- 
foimdland,  and  Prince  Edward's  Island  consists  chiefly  of  emi- 
gi-ants  fi-om  the  British  Isles,  or  their  descendants. 

37.  Newfoundland  Formic  a  distinct  colony,  imder  a  governor 
appoin'.ed  Ijy  the  Bi'itish  Crown,  with  a  local  legislature. 

38.  It  was  Discovered  iu  1497  by  John  Cabot  and  his  son  Se- 
bastian, who  sailed  from  England.  The  natives  wore  wild  and 
unfriendly,  clothed  with  the  skins  of  animals,  and  painted  with 
reddish  clay. 

Xewfovmdland  is  said  to  have  been  firrt  discovered  in  tlie  lltli  century,  by 
tlie  early  colonists  of  Iceland  and  Greenland.  Iceland  \va.s  settled  in  the  9th 
century,  by  Norwegians. 

jijtiTisn  PRoriycEs. 


NAMES. 

P0FUI.ATIO». 

NAMES. 

POPUI.ATIOK. 

2,136.30S     ' 

1,422,546     ■ 

38T,800 

390,449 

Newfoundland 

Prince  Edward's  Island. 

British  Columbia 

Manitoba 

150,000 

Oiiobec.        

95,000 

50,000 

New  Brunswick 

12,397 

COMPARATIVE  TIME  OF  DAY. 


St.Paul  I  .. 
Walrus  la   Q 
St. George  Is. 


ALEUTIAN  ^W<^^o 


EXERCISES   ON   THE   MAP. 


Bound  the  UNITED  STATES.     What  is  the  capital  of  the  Republic  ? 

What  is  the  <,'encial  dueetion  of  the  Atlantic  Coa.st  ? 

Wh.at  is  the  direction  of  the  const  of  Maine  ?  Massachusetts  ?  Of  that  from 
Long  Island  to  Cape  f'iiarlcs  ?  Cape  Charles  to  Cajie  Ilat+eras  ?  Cai)e  Flat- 
teras  to  the  northern  lionndary  of  Florida  ?     Of  the  eastern  coast  of  Florida  ? 

Wliat  is  the  direction  of  the  Pacific  coast  from  Cape  Flattery  to  Cape  Men- 
docino ?     Cape  Mendocino  to  Lower  California  ? 

What  p.rt  of  the  northern  boundary  is  furthest  north  ?  On  what  parallel  of 
latitude  is  ti-.at  part !  What  European  city  near  that  parallel  ?    (Soc  Marpin  nf  M.-,;.  i 

Name  the  lau.es  and  rivers  on  the  northern  bounilary  ? 


Wliere  is  the  most  southem  part  of  the  northern  boundary  ? 

From  what  States  and  Territories  can  you  enter  British  America  witho- 
crossinff  a  lake  or  a  river  ? 

Wliat  State  is  in  the  central  part  of  the  Union  1 

Which  is  the  most  north-easteni  State  ?  Wliat  States  and  Terntories  extei 
further  north  than  Maine  ?    Than  the  most  southern  point  of  Canada  ? 

What  States  are  entirely  separated  from  British  America  by  lakes  and  river  iarv 

■Wliat  State  partly  sejiarated  from  it  by  lakes  and  rivers  ? 

Mention  the  lakes  and  rivers  between  New  York  and  British  America.         jIb 

What  States  and  parts  of  States  form  peninsulas  '  I  fif  ,|^ 

What  fourteen  States  are  washed  by  the  waters  of  th.'  Atlantic  ?  Iltifi,) 

"Wliat  five  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  AVhat  States  and  Territories  by  the  Paciflliiij||j|| 


IS  tit 


Ul 


it 


at  Statos  on  the  east  bank  of  the  !^^isslssip]1i  ?     On  the  wist  liank  ? 

at  States  on  the  north  liank  of  the  Ohio  ?     (!)n  the  south  Rank  ? 

at  States  border  on  the  Alissouri  River  ?    What  States  and  Territories  1  lor- 

1  Mexico  ? 

at  States  are  greatest  in  extent  from  north  to  south  ?     From  oast  to  west  ? 

at  is  the  greatest  latitude  of  tlie  nortliem  tmundary  ?     Of  the  southern 
(i^lary  ? 

•ouijli  how  many  decrreoR  of  latitude  docs  this  oountrv  extend  ? 

at  is  the  lontjitude  of  its  most  eastern  boundary,  reckoninsi  from  Washin-- 
Of  its  most  western  ?     Of  its  most  eastern  boundary,  reckoning  from 

wieh  ?     Of  its  most  western  ? 
fitjoufih  how  many  degrees  of  longitude  does  this  country  extend  ? 


What  cities  in  Europe  are  in  more  northern  latitudes  than  (Jueliee?  Than 
Montreal  ?     Than  Massachusetts  ? 

What  i)arallel  of  latitude  iiasses  over  Philadel[)hia  ?  What  Capitals  in  the 
United  States  on  or  near  that  parallel  'i  What  Capitals  in  the  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere on  or  near  it  i 

What  cities,  of  both  hemispheres,  are  situated  in  the  sa^ne  or  nearly  the  same 
latitude  as  New  York  ;    San  Francisco  ?    Nashville.'    Savannah?    New  Orleans? 

Name  the  ])laees  in  the  United  States  which  have  the  same  latitude  as  Paris? 
Florence  ?     Madrid  ]     Pekin  i     Lisbon  ?     Gibraltar  i     Morocco  ? 

Name  the  cities,  of  both  hemi>plieres,  which  are  situated  between  the  paral- 
lels of  28°  and  33°  north  latitude  ?  Between  32°  and  36°  ?  Between  acs  and 
40°  (     Between  40°  and  44°  ?     Between  44°  and  48°  ? 


71        Lonf;itucle  West  70  from  (Jropiiirtch         60 


68 


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] 


lliusell  i  Slnitliora.N.Y, 


For  the  names  of  those  cities  and  towns  represented  on  the  maps  by  numbers,  see  Appendix. 


Monteiih's  P. 


MOXTEITH'S   PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


61 


EXERCISES   ON   THE   MAP. 

Name  the  Eastern  States,  commencing  with  the  largest. 

Which  have  sea  coast  ?     AYhich  border  on  tlie  British  Provinces  ! 

Mention  the  bays  on  the  coast,  commencing  with  the  eastern  part. 

Wiat  capes  on  the  coast  of  JIaine  ?     Of  Massachusetts  ? 

What  four  boundary  rivers  have  the  Eastern  States  ?     What  boundary 

<e? 

Wliich  is  the  most  mountainous  of  the  eastern  States  ?     Name  the  moun- 

ns. 

Bound  MAINE.    What  is  its  cajjital  ?    What  single  mountains  in  Maine  ? 

[nto  what  do  the  rivers  in  the  northern  part  of  Maine  flow  ? 

Into  what  do  most  of  the  rivers  in  the  State  flow  ? 

What  two  general  slopes  has  Maine  ? 

What  lakes  in  the  region  of  the  watershed  ? 

[n  what  part  of  JIaine  are  its  largest  cities  and  towns  ?* 

Which  are  situated  on  the  sea  coast  ?     On  rivers  ? 

Bound  NEW  HAMPSHIRE.     What  is  its  capital?     What  mountains  in 

!  State  ? 

Wliich  is  the  highest  peak  of  the  Wliite  ^Mountains  ? 

WTiat  is  the  largest  river  in  New  Hampshire  ?     Largest  lake  ? 

What  lake  in  the  north  ?     On  the  north-eastern  boundary  ? 

[n  what,part  of  the  State  are  its  largest  cities  and  towns  ? 

What  three  on  the  Jlerrimac  ?     In  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  State  ? 

What  two  towns  in  the  south-west  ?     What  town  on  the  Connecticut 

3t  of  tlie  White  >Iountains  ? 

Jound  VERMONT.    AVhat  is  its  capital  ? 

What  mountains  constitute  the  watershed  of  Vermont  ? 

n  what  directions  does  the  land  slope  ? 

Where  is  the  land  more  elevated,  at  the  center  or  sides  ? 

nto  what  do  the  rivers  of  Vermont  flow  ? 

^avae  the  principal  cities  and  towns  in  the  State. 

Jound  MASSACHUSETTS.     Wliat  is  its  capital  ? 

Vhat  mountains  extend  through  the  State  ?     What  large  river  flows 

ough  the  western  part  ?     The  north-eastern  part  ? 

iVliat  river  from  Massachusetts  flows  into  Rhotle  Island  ?     What  two 

D  Connecticut  ? 

pVhat  two  islands  south-east  of  the  State  ? 

■\Tiat  cities  in  Massachusetts  on  the  Merrimac  ? 

.That  cities  in  the  south-east '     In  the  west  ? 
?     On  the  Blackstone  River  ? 

^Vliat  single  mountiiin.<  in  Massachusetts  ? 

}ound  CONNECTICUT.     What  is  its  capital  ? 

AHiat  rivers  flow  through  the  State  ?     Into  what  do  they  flow  ? 

n  wliat  state  is  the  source  of  the  Connecticut  River  ?    Of  the  Ilousatonic  ? 

n  what  ilirection  docs  the  surface  of  Connecticut  slope  ? 

Vliat  city  in  the  north  ?     East  ?     What  two  in  the  southern  part  ? 

Jound  RHODE  ISLAND.     What  are  its  capitals  ? 

Vljat  large  bay  in  the  State  ?     What  river  flows  into  it  ? 

n  what  State  is  the  source  of  the  Blackstone  River? 

lention  the  principal  cities  in  Rhode  Island. 

)n  what  island  is  New|)ort  situated  ?     Ans.  Rhode  I. 

)raw  a  map  of  the  Eastern  States.     {See  Aj'pcndix.) 

ROUTES  OF  TRAVEL. 

>n  what  waters  and  near  what  islands  would  you  sail  from  Portland  to 
V  Havcu  ?     In  what  directions,  and  on  what  waters,  from  Ilartford  to 
v  York  I     New  York  to  Fall  River  ? 
^t  what  cities  do  several  railroads  meet  ? 

iVhat  directions  would  you  take  and  what  cities  would  you  pass  in 
reling  by  railroad  from  Boston  to  Hartford  ?  Boston  to  Alliany  ?  Bos- 
to  Portland  ?  Portland  to  Montreal  ?  Montreal  to  Rutland  ?  Rutland 
Boston  ! 

lefcr  to  the  Scale  of  Miles  and  state  the  distance  in  a  straight  line 
n  Boston  to  New  York,— Boston  to  Albany,— Boston  to  Portland, — 
tland  to  Mt.  Washington,— ilt.  Washington  to  Montreal.  (For  exer- 
s  on  the  margins  of  the  map,  see  p.  102.) 


What  cities  in  the  east  ? 
What  on  the  Connecti- 


the 


If  the   State  in   which   you   reside   be   represented  on  this  map, 

following  will  be  additional  exercises  : 

Give  the  direction  from,  you  to  Boston, — Albany,— New  York, — Newport, — 
New  Haven, — Burlington, — Augusta, — Mt.  Washington.     Point  toward  each. 

Mention  all  the  cities  and  towns  in  the  northern  part  of  your  State, — in 
the  eastern, — southern, — western, — central  part. 

How  many  miles  from  you  to  the  capital  of  your  State  ?  To  its  largest 
city  ?    (See  population  of  Cities  in  Rcvieic.) 

What  is  the  population  of  each  of  the  largest  cities  in  your  State  1 

Name  all  the  cities  and  towns  on  the  map  within  fifty  miles  of  your  resi- 
dence. Name  those  in  both  hemispheres  that  are  in  the  same  latitude  as  the 
city  in  or  near  which  you  reside.     {See  Map  of  U.  S.) 

Draw  a  map  of  your  State. 


£1  E  V  I  E  AV . 

CITIES  AND   TOWNS. 


niiere  are  they  ?      On  or  near  wfiat  waters  ? 


BOSTON,    !50» 
PROVIDENCE.    69 
NEW  HAVEN,     61 
LOWELL,    Jl 
HARTFORD,    -' 
PORTLAND,    ■''' 
CAMBRIDGE,    « 
LYNN,    !S 
TAUNTON,     15 
NEW  BEDFORD, 
WORCESTER,     •! 
(tvoos'ter) 


SALEM,    ■'* 
MANCHESTER,    26 
LAWRENCE,    ;9 
BANGOR,     H 
SPRINGFIELD,    i'l 
NORWICH,     n 
FALL  RIVER,    57 
NEWBURYPORT,    U 
BRIDGEPORT,    19 
GLOUCESTER,    15 

CALAIS, 
(kal'is.) 


CONCORD,   12 
NEWPORT,    13 
NEW   LONDON, 
NASHUA,    10 
PORTSMOUTH, 9 
DOVER,   9 
RUTLAND, 
BATH,   8 
BURLINGTON, 
WATERBURY, 
HAVERHILL, 


MONTPELIER, 

PITTSFIELD, 

AUGUSTA, 

BELFAST. 

LUBEC, 

MIDDLEBURY, 

GARDINER, 

ST,   ALBANS, 

EASTPORT, 
BENNINGTON, 
MIDDLETOWN. 
WINCHESTER. 


MOUNTAINS. 

Where  are  they  ?      In  what  directions  do  the  ranges  eoetend  ? 


Mt.  Washington?  ci* 
White  Mts.  ?  o* 
Gkeen  Mts.  ?  4 


Wlterc  tlo  they  rise'* 

Penobscot  ?  4 
Kennebec  ?  2 
Andboscoggin  ?  2 
Merrimac  ? 
Connecticut  ?  5 


Mt.  Saddleback  ?  4  Mt.  Katahdin  ?  h 

Mt.  Everett  '?  24  Saddle  Mt.  '? 

Mt.  Wachu'sett?  2  Camel's  Hump?  4 

RIVERS. 


Jirtween  witftt  and  throttgh  what  States  do  they  /low  y 
Into  what  watctfi  do  they  /fow  Y 


Aboostook  ? 

woolastook  ? 
La  Moille? 
St.  J(jhn  ? 
Housatonic  ? 


St.  Francis? 
Otter  Creek? 
Salmon  Falls? 
Blackstone  ? 
St.  Croix? 

{mnt  kroi/'.) 


Sorel'? 
Onton  ? 
Saco? 

{'iiiw'ko.) 

Thames? 

{teniz) 


LAKES. 


ntiere  are  they  situated  ?        What  are  their  outlets  ? 


Moosehead  ? 
Winnipiseogee  ? 

i^win-e-pe-Sino'ke.) 


Memphrema'gog  ?  Umba'gog  ? 

Champlain  ?  Chesun'cook  ? 

Connecticut?  Schoodio? 

BAYS. 

Tfltcre  arc  they  ?      Into  ivftat  trntrrs  do  thry  open  Y 

Narragansett ?    Frenchivlvn's ?  Buzz.ird's?   Cape  Cod? 

Penobscot?  Long  Island  Sd.  ?    Casco?  Fundy? 

*  Railroftds  arc  shown  by  dotted  lines.  Tho  pupils  may  include  in  their  answers  to  all  such 
questions  tho  nainos  only  of  those  Cities  and  Towns  which  appear  on  tho  maps  in  black 
letters. 

Tho  numbers  in  (^itics  and  Towns,  show  the  population,  \i\  thousands^  according  to  tho  census 
of  1370:  Boston,  250,521). 

Nuni  tiers  in  li.-^ts  <»f  Mountains  sli()W  heights,  in  tkoitmincU  of  feet :  White  Mts.,  5500  feet ;  those 
in  list  of  Kivers,  lengths  in  kumlre^h  ofimles :  Counecticut  R.,  500  miles. 


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PRINCIPAL  PRODUCTS 

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40 


llouteith's  P. 


MONTEITHH  PHYSICAL  AXD  POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


63 


EXERCISES   ON   THE   MAP. 

Bound  NEW  YORK.     What  part  borders  on  the  Atlantic  ocean  ? 

What  three  mountain  ranges  in  New  York  ? 

In  what  direction  does  the  laud  west  of  the  Adirondacks  slope  ? 

Name  the  rivers  on  that  slojje.     Into  what  do  they  empty  ? 

What  large  river  has  its  source  on  the  east  side  of  the  Atlirondacks  ? 

What  river  flows  through  the  western  part  of  tlic  State  ?     The  eastern  ? 
,     'WTiat  large  tributary  lias  the  Hudson  ? 
',     What  tributary  of  the  Susquehanna  is  in  New  York  ? 
^'    What  lakes  in  the  center  of  the  State  ?     By  what  are  they  drained  ? 
i     Is  tlie  level  of  Lake  Ofltano  higher  or  lower  than  that  uf  these  lakes  ? 
I     What  two  islands  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  State  ? 

What  water  north  of  Long  Island  ?     South  ? 

What  large  city  in  Long  Island  ? 

Name  the  cities  and  towns  on  the  Hudson,  commencing  at  its  moutlu 

What  towns  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  ? 

What  cities  on  the  Central  Railroad,  between  Albany  and  the  Niagara 
River  ?     What  city  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Lake  Erie  ? 

What  river  and  canal  cross  each  other  at  Rochester  ? 

What  Canadian  town  opposite  Ogdensburg  ?     What  city  at  the  mouth 

of  the  Oswego  River  ?      [Canada  l^ast  is  now  called  Quebec:  Canada  West,  Onlario.J 

Bound  PENNSYLVANIA.     Name  its  mountains  and  large  rivers. 

In  what  direction  do  its  mountain  chains  extend  I 

What  two  large  tributaries  of  the  Susquehanna  in  Pennsylvania  ? 

On  which  side  are  its  large  tributaries  3 

By  what  rivers  is  the  land  east  of  the  Susquehanna  drained  ? 

What  cities  and  towns  between  the  Susquehanna  and  Delaware  Rivers. 

Wliat  city  on  the  Delaware  ojiposite  Philadelpliia  ? 

What  city  in  tlie  south-west  ?  What  three  rivers  fonn  a  junction  at 
Pittsburg?     AVhat  city  in  Penusylvauia  on  Lake  Erie  ? 

Has  Pennsylvania  any  sea  coast  ?  What  rivers  and  bays  form  outlets  to 
the  ocean  ?     Where  are  the  great  coal  regions  ?     Where  is  the  oil  region  ? 

Bound  NEW  JERSEY.     What  part  is  mountainous  ? 

What  large  cities  in  the  north-east  ?     In  the  west  ?     Island  cast  ? 

What  cape  in  the  south  ?     What  on  the  eastern  coast  ? 

Bound  DELAWARE.     What  city  in  its  nortliern  part  ? 

With  wlial  city  in  Pennsylvania  is  it  mtimately  connected? 

What  two  lines  of  communication  between  them  ? 

What  city  near  the  center  of  the  state  ? 

What  cape  on  its  coast  ?     What  cape  opposite  Cape  Henlopen  ? 

Bound  MARYLAND.  'What  bay  almost  divides  the  State  into  two 
separate  parts  ?     On  which  side  of  the  bay  is  the  greater  jjortion  ? 

Where  are  the  mountainous  districts  of  Maryland  ? 

What  two  cities  on  the  western  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay  ? 

What  tract  of  land  on  the  Potomac  belongs  exclusively  to  the  General 
Government  ? 

Bound  the  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  What  important  city  does  it 
contain  ? 

Bound  VIRGINIA.     Wliat  mountains  extend  through  the  State  ? 

What  mountains  on  the  south-western  boundary  ? 

Wliat  rivers  east  of  the  Alleghany  Jlountains  ? 

Bound  WEST  VIRGINIA.     AVhat  is  its  capital  ? 

By  what  rivers  is  the  land  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  drained  ? 

Name  the  principal  cities  in  Virginia.     In  West  Virginia. 

Where  is  the  oil  region  ?  Where  are  the  salt  works  ?  The  warm  and  tho 
Sulphur  Springs  ? 


ROUTES    OF    TRAVEL. 

What  directions  would  you  take,  and  what  cities  would  you  pass,  in 
traveling  by  railroad  from  New  York  to  Rome  ?  From  Rome  to  Niagara 
Falls  ?     From  Rochester  to  Cleveland  ?     From  New  York  to  Dunkirk  ? 

What  cities  do  you  pass,  and  what  rivers  do  you  cross,  in  traveling  by 
railroad  from  New  York  to  Washington  ? 

From  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg  ?     From  Pittsliurg  to  Niagara  Falls  ? 

From  Wheeling  to  Baltimore  ?     From  Dover  to  Trenton  ? 


AVhat  cities  and  capes  would  you  jiass  in  sailing  from  Albany  to  Phil- 
adelphia ?     From  Pliiladelphia  to  Baltimore  2 

AVhat  two  railroad  routes  from  Jersey  City  to  Elmira  3  Richmond  to 
Lynchburg  3     Ogdensburg  to  New  York  3 

AVhat  is  the  shortest  route  from  New  York  to  Richmond  3  From 
New  York  to  Montreal  3     From  Harrisburg  to  Norfolk  3 

AVTiat  canal  affords  means  of  navigation  between  Lakes  Erie  and 
Ontario  ?    Ans.  Wetland  Canal. 

Refer  to  the  Scale  of  Jliles,  and  give  the  distance,  in  a  straight  line, 
from  Philadelijhia  to  Harrisburg.  From  New  York  to  AVashington. 
AVashington  to  Richmond.  Baltimore  to  AVheoling.  New  York  to  Mont- 
real.   (For  exercises  on  the  margins  of  the  map,  see  page  103.) 

If  the    State    in  which    you    reside    be  represented  on  this   map,   the 

following  will  be  additional  exercises  : 

Give  the  direction  from  you  of  AVashington, — Philadelphia, — New  York, — 
Albany, — Montreal, — Niagara  Falls, — Richmond.     Point  toward  each. 

Mention  all  the  cities  and  towns  in  the  northern  part  of  yoiu:  State.  In  the 
eastern, — southern, — western, — central  part. 

How  many  miles  from  you  to  the  capital  of  your  State  ? 

Name  all  the  places  on  the  map  within  fifty  miles  of  the  city  or  town  in  or 
near  which  you  reside.  Name  the  cities  of  both  hemispheres  that  are  in  tho 
same  latitude  as  that  in  or  near  which  you  reside.     (See  Map  of  U.  S.) 

Draw  a  map  of  your  State. 

AA'hat  is  the  population  of  tho  largest  cities  in  your  State  ? 


R  E  V  I  E  ^V^. 

CITIES    AND    TO'WNS. 


Where  sittntti'd'/     Oti  ttr  urar  tflt<tt  tvaters '* 


NEW  YORK,    942- 
PHILADELPHIA, 
BROOKLYN,      96 
BALTIMORE,    Ml 
BUFFALO,    118 
NEWARK,    lOB 
ALBANY,    '0 
WASHINGTON,    1« 
PITTSBURG.    SS 
ROCHESTER,    62 
TROY,   i6 


RICHMOND,     Si 
JERSEY  CITY,    8i 
ALLEGHENY,    M 
SYRACUSE,    -13 
READING,    -M 
UTICA,     :» 
WILMINGTON,    =1 
PATERSON,     ::4 
PETERSBURG,     19 
LANCASTER,    i« 
TRENTON,    23 


OSWEtlO.    SI 

KINGSTON. 

NEWBURG, 

NORFOLK, 

POUGHKEEPSIE, 

CAMDEN, 

WHEELING, 

HARRISBURG, 

POTTSVILLE, 

ERIE, 

SCRANTON. 


ELMIRA, 
WATERTOWN, 
OGDENSBURG, 
LYNCHBURG, 

PLATTSBURC, 

ROME, 

DOVER, 

PARKERSBURG, 

DUNKIRK, 

CHARLESTON. 


MOUNTAINS. 

Wliere  ore  they?    In  what  lUreetions  do  they  extend? 

Alleghany?     Cumberland?    Latjeel  Ridge?      Catskill? 
Adirondack  ?    Blue  Eidge  ?    Chestnut  Eidge  ?    Highlands  ? 

RIVERS. 

Where  do  they  rise  ?     Jiefwcen  whatt  or  through  ipJiat  Slates  do  they  floie  ? 
Into  tehat  witters  do  they  flow  ? 

Susquehanna?  5t  Shenandoah?  Pamunky?  Oswego? 

St.  Lawrence  ?  tj  Delaware  ?  3  Big  Sandy  ?  Ohio  ?  0 

Monongahela  ?  3  Alleghany  ?  3  Hudson  ?  3  York  ? 

Rappahannock    u  Genesee?  u  Potomac? 5  Mohawk?  1* 

Great  Kanawha?  3  Juniata?  Niagara?  Eacket? 

LAKES. 

where  are  they?     What  are  their  outlets? 

Champlain?  vm        George?  86       Cayuga?  8.1        Erie?  260 
Ontario?  w  Oneida?  20        Owasco?  12        Huron ?2eo 

SkENEATELES  ?    U  SiMCOE  ?  2T 

*  The  population  in  t/touaands,  accordina:  to  Census  of  1S70. 

t  Numbers  in  list  of  rivers  show  lenglli  in  hnmlreili.  o/miUit.    OLio  Uiver— 900  miles  long. 

X  Thoso  in  list  of  Iftkes  show  whole  length.     Lake  Champlain— 130  miles  long. 


For  the  names  of  those  cities  and  towns  represented  on  tlie  maps  by  nombere,  see  Appendix. 


Monteith's  P. 


MOHTEITM'S  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


65 


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EXERCISES    ON    THE    MAP. 

^^'llat  State  has  the  greatest  extent  of  lake  coast  ? 
What  States  border  on  Lake  Superior?   Lake  Michigan?    Lake  Erie? 
What  bay  opens  into  Lake  Michigan?    What  two  into  Lake  Huron? 
Which  of  these  lakes  is  the  most  elevated  ?     What  river  receives  their 
surplus  water?    (See  illustration,  page  31.) 

Through  what  strait  does  water  flow  from  Lake  Michigan  ?  Through  what 
river  from  Lake  Huron  ?     From  Lake  St.  tlair? 

By  what  three  rivers  are  these  States  mostly  drained  ? 

What  land  is  drained  by  the  great  lake.s  ? 

In  what  Western  States  are  railroads  most  numerous  ? 

What  three  States  on  this  map  are  on  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi  ? 
WTiat  three  on  the  east  side,  or  left  bank  ?  What  three  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Ohio  ? 

Name  the  boundary  rivers  of  these  States. 

Bound  OHIO.     What  is  its  capital  ? 

In  what  two  general  directions  does  the  land  of  Ohio  slope  ? 

What  rivers  on  its  northern  slope  ?     Southern  ? 

What  two  cities  in  Ohio,  on  Lake  Erie  ? 

If  you  cross  Lake  Erie  from  these  cities,  what  land  would  you  reach  ? 

What  city  near  the  western  extremity  of  the  lake  ? 

Mention  the  largest  river  shown  on  this  map. 

What  cities  in  Kentucky  opposite  Cincinnati  ? 

What  cities  south-west  of  the  capital  of  Ohio  ? 

What  city  on  the  Maumee  ?    On  the  Muskingum  ? 

Bound  INDIANA.     What  is  its  capital  ?    What  rivers  in  Indiana ? 

Wliat  corner  of  the  State  is  washed  by  Lake  Michigan  7 

Wliat  large  city  in  the  south-west  ? 

What  large  cities  on  the  Wabash  River  ?     Ohio  River  ? 

What  city  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Indiana  ? 

What  two  cities  in  Ohio  are  nearest  Indianapolis  ? 

What  two  in  Kentucky  nearest  Indianapolis  ? 

What  large  city  in  Indiana  nearest  Louisville  ? 

Bound  ILLINOIS,  What  is  its  capital?  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi ?     Into  the  Wabash  ? 

What  city  in  Illinois  on  Lake  Michigan  ?  What  other  large  cities  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State  ? 

What  cities  on  the  Wabash  River  ?     What  city  south-east  of  Peoria  ? 

Wliat  city  at  the  mouth  of  Rock  River  ? 

Wliat  city  in  Iowa  opposite  Rock  Island  ? 

What  city  on  the  Mississippi  we.'it  of  Springfield  ?     Southwest  ? 

What  large  city  in  Missouri  near  Alton  ? 

In  what  parts  of  Illinois,  W^isconsin,  and  Iowa  are  celebrated  lead  mines  ? 

Bound  MICHIGAN.     What  is  its  capital  ? 

What  mines  near  Lake  Superior?    Name  the  rivers  of  Michigan. 

Into  how  many  parts  is  Michigan  divided  ?     Which  is  the  larger  part? 

What  large  city  in  the  south-east  ?     What  city  in  Ohio  nearest  Detroit  ? 

W'hat  city  on  the  Kalamazoo  River ?  What  two  on  the  (J rand?  On  the 
Saginaw  River? 

Bound  WISCONSIN.     Wliat  is  its  capital  ?     Name  its  principal  cities. 

What  cities  on  Lake  Michigan  ?    On  Lake  Winnebago  ? 

What  arc  its  rivers  ?     What  lake  in  the  eastern  part,  of  the  State  ? 

Bound  MINNESOTA.     What  is  its  capital  ?    Name  its  principal  cities. 

On  what  river  are  they  1    What  river  has  its  source  in  Itasca  Lake  ? 

Name  the  lakes  in  Minnesota. 

WHiat  rivers  in  Minnesota  flow  into  the  Mississippi  ?  What  boundary  river 
north  V     North-west  ? 

Bound  IOWA.  What  is  its  capital?  Name  its  principal  cities  and 
town.«i. 

In  what  direction  does  the  land  slope  ?  Name  the  rivers  of  Iowa.  Into 
what  do  they  flow  ?     What  city  in  the  lead  district  ? 

Bound  MISSOURI.     What  is  its  capita]  ?     Name  its  principal  cities. 

Wliat  rivers  in  Missouri?     Mountains?     Mines? 

Biniiid  KENTUCKY.     What  is  its  capital  ?     Name  its  principal  cities. 

By  what  rivers  is  Kentucky  drained  ?    Into  what  do  they  flow  ? 

In  what  mountains  do  many  of  its  rivers  rise  ? 

For  "  Review  "  and  "  Rodtes  of  Travel  "  see  Appendix. 


Xongitudc  West  from  Washington    7 


MOXTEITWH  PHYSICAL  AX  I)  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


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70 


MONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


||escriptive  .Geography. 

1.  THE  VSITED  STATES:  Tliis  Republic  comprises  38 
States  and  10  Territories,  besides  the  District  of  Columbia,  in 
which  Washington,  (he  capital,  is  situated. 

2.  Ita  Ejtteiit  from  east  to  west  is  about  2,800  miles,  and  from 
north  to  south,  about  1,600  miles.  Its  area  is  over  3,000,000 
square  miles,  not  including  Alaska,  which  covers  over  400,000 
square  miles. 

3.  The  Largext  State  is  Tcxns,  which  is  about  half  the  size  of 
Alaska,  the  largest  Territory. 

4.  Th)'  Greater  rarfioii  of  the  United  States  is  generally  level 
or  undulating.  The  high  region  comprises  the  western  third  of 
its  area. 

5.  The  Great  Mountain  Chains  are  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  Cascade  Range. 

6.  The  Uiyhest  Peaks  are  over  15,000  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

7.  The  MoHiitains  in  the  Eastern  part  are  the  Alleghany  or 
Appalacliian  System,  which  extends  from  Northei'u  Alabama  and 
Georgia  to  Northern  Maine.  They  comprise  the  Cumberland, 
Blue  Ridge,  Catskill,  and  Green  Mountains.  Then-  height  is  about 
one-fourth  that  of  the  Rocky  Mouutrans. 

8.  The  lioehij  and  AUeyliamj  Moirnfains  Divide  the  United 
States  into  three  great  physical  regions — the  Pacific  Slope,  be- 
tween th^!  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  ;  the  Atlantic 
Slope,  between  the  Alleghany  Mountain:;  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ; 
and  the  Basin  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

9.  liesides  these  are  the  Galf  Slope,  the  St.  Lawrence  Basin 
(including  thj  Great  Lakes),  and  that  part  of  the  Red  River  Ba^iu 
which  is  in  Minnesota  and  Dakota. 

10.  West  of  the  Sierra  Xerada  and  the  Cascade  Range  are 
fertile  valleys  in  California,  Oregon,  and  Washington  Territory. 

11.  A  larfje  portion  of  the  Jliyh  liei/ion  is  dry  and  baiTen, 
particularly  the  Great  Basin  in  Nevada  and  Utah  ;  but  its  river 
valleys  are  fertile  and  productive. 

12.  The  Paei/ie  Slope  is  rich,  prineijially  in  its  mineral  pro- 
ducts ;  the  Mississippi  Basin  and  Guh  Slope,  in  then-  agricultural 
products  ;  and  the  Atlantic  Slope,  in  its  manufactures,  commerce, 
agi'icultural  and  )5astoral  jiroducts. 

13.  The  Mountains,  yenera/ly,  are  covered  with  valuable  tim- 
ber, and  nearly  every  State  and  Territory  has  its  productive  farms, 
pastui'es,  and  manufactories. 

14.  This  Country  Possesses  nearly  every  variety  of  chmate, 
soil,  and  productions.  This  is  due  to  its  gi-eat  extent,  its  position 
on  the  globe,  and  the  difference  in  elevation  of  the  various  parts 
of  its  surface. 

15.  The  Climate  varies  according  to  the  latitude,  elevation, 
and  the  influences  of  the  ocean  and  the  mountain  ranges. 

16.  In  the  Xorth-east  the  \\'inters  are  long  and  severe  ;  the 
summers,  hot  and  short. 

17.  In  the  South  the  siimmers  are  hot  and  the  winters  mild. 

18.  Along  the  Pacific  Coast  it  is  not  so  cold  in  winter,  nor  so 
hot  in  summer,  as  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  in  corresponding  latitudes 
(see  page  37,  jaaragraphs  21,  22,  23,  24,  25,  and  38). 

19.  In  Minnesota  and  Westn-ard  to  the  Rocky  Mountains 
the  winters  are  extremely  cold,  but  remarkably  dry  and  healthful. 

20.  liain  is  abimdantly  supplied  to  the  States  between  (he 
Mississippi  River  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  by  vapors  from  the  OuK 
and  the  Gulf  Stream  ;  and  to  those  between  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  the  Pacific  Coast,  by  vapors  from  the  warm  current  of  the 


f  j 

f 


1 


Pacific  Ocean  ;  hence  the  fertihty  of  these  sections.  Between  thi 
is  the  high  region,  where,  in  some  places,  rain  but  seldom  fal 
and  the  soil,  consequently,  yields  little  or  no  vegetation. 

21.  The  Desert  Regions  of  the  United  States  are  east  of  t 
Sierra  Nevada,  Cascade,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  west  wii 
being  deprived  of  their  moisture  before  passing  over  the  moii 
tains  (see  page  34,  paragraphs  41,  47,  48). 

22.  The  Agrienltnral  Produets  of  the  northern  half 
United  States  are  grain,  fruits,  and  garden  vegetables  ; 
southern  half,  cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  and  sugar. 

23.  Celebrated  for — 

Wheat,  are  Illinois,  Iowa,  Ohio,  Indiana,  &  Wiscons 
'  Indian  Corn.  Illinois,  Iowa,  Ohio,  and  Misso] 
Mannfaelures,  the  States  N.  of  the  Poto: 
Gold  and  Qaiehsilver,  California  : 
Coal  and  Iron,  Pennsylvania  ; 
Silver,  Nevada  ; 

Copper,  Michigan  ; 

24.  Cotton,  the  Gulf  States,  with  N.and  S.  Car.,  Tenn.  a7id  X 

Wool,  California,  Ohio,  New  York,  Mich.,  anc'i  Pe 

Tobaeeo,  Kentucky,  Virginia,  aiul  Tennessee  ; 

Commerce,  New  York  and  Massachusetts 

Cane  Sugar,  Louisiana  ; 

nice.  South  Carolina  ; 

Shipbuilding,  Maine. 

25.  27//.S-  Rejyublic  Covers  an  urea  more  than  nine  time 
large  as  that  of  the  original  thii-teen  States,  which,  previous  tc  'I 
4th  of  Jidy,  1770,  were  British  colonies.     Texas,  with  all  tha 
tion  of  the  United  States  northwest  to  Oregon  and  the  Pacifi 
ceded  to  the  United  States  by  Mexico,  in   1848.    The  rei: 
portion  which  lies  between  the  Mississippi  River  and  the 
Ocean,   was   ceded    by   France,    in  1803  ;    Florida  was  ct 
Spain,  in  1819,  and  Alaska  by  Russia,  ia  1867. 

26.  The  Original  Inhabitants  were  Indians ;  the  4 
people,  who  form  the  bulk  of  the  population,  are  Euio23eai 
bu'th  or  descent,  und  these  are  mainly  of  British  or  Irish  e> 
tion  ;  next,  are  the  Germans,  French,  and  Swedes.  The  cc 
inhabitants  are  of  African  descent.  The  Chinese  are  numero 
the  Pacific  Slope. 

27.  The  Eirst  Settlements  were  in  Florida,  in  1565  ;  Vi 
in  1607  ;  New  York,  m  1614  ;  and  Massachusetts,  in  1G20.  "jj 

28.  The  Genrral  Government  comprises  the  Pre-sidcu 
Congress.  Congress  is  composed  of  a  Senate  and  a  Hor 
Representatives. 

29.  The  Prejiidcnt  is  elected  for  four  years. 

30.  Each  State  is  Entitled  to  two  Senators,  who  hold 
six  years.  The  number  of  its  Representatives,  whose  tei 
olficc  is  two  years,  is  according  to  its  population. 

31.  The  a-ho/r  nunilter  of  lirpresetttafirets  from  the  37  S 
in  1870,  is  291  ;  which,  for  a  total  population  of  38,925,528, 
Representative  for  everj'  133.000  inhabitants.     Each  State 
titled  to,  at  least,  one  Representative.     Each  Territory  is  al 
on^,  but  he  has  no  vote. 

32.  The  States  having  the  largest  number  of  Represent 
are  :  New  York,  33 ;  Pennsylvania,  27  ;  Ohio,  20  ;  Illinois,  ] 

33.  Each  State  is  independent  in  the  management  of  its 
nal  affau's  (see  jiage  48). 

34.  The  United  States  siui^asses  every  other  country 
world  in  its  mineral   and    agricultural  resoiu'ces,   in  the 
of  its  rivers,  canals,  and  railroads,  in  the  enterprise  of  its  j 
in  religious  and  political  fi'eedom  and  privileges,  in  its  .supj 
public  instruction,  and  in  the  influence  of  the  press. 


n 


i 
I 
5. 

i\ 
% 
I) 


THE   NOBTH-EASTERN  AND    THE   3IIDDLE   ATLANTIC   STATES. 


71 


1.   THE   NEW  ENGLAND  or  Nortli-eastevu  States  occujiy 
e  north-eastern  part  of  tlie  Union.     (Sec  map  on  page  60.) 
I.   T/it-y  are  ill  the  sniiw  Lafifinlea  as  Oregon  and  Southern 
mce.     (For  their  comj)arative  climates,  see  page  37,  paragi-aphs 
,  21,  31,  33,  and  38.) 

T/icir  Clittracfcrisfics  are  their  rugged  surface,  their  vast 
rest.s  of  pine,  hemlock,  spruce,  etc.  ;  their  numerous  streams  and 
iterfalls,  which  furnish  abundant  water-iDOwer  ;  and  their  long, 
vere  winters. 

4.  CoHseqiU'iiiljj,  they  are  not  well  adapted  to  agriculture,  but 
celebrated  for  their   manufactures,   their   lumber  trade  and 

ipbuildiug,  live  stoek,  and  dairy  products.  Their  fisheries  and 
isting  trade  are   also  im|>ortant.     (See  p.  37,  par.  33.) 

5.  The  Principal  Mouiituins  are  the  Green  Moixntains,  so 
led  from  the  evergreen  forests  ^vhich  cover  them,  and  the  White 
juntaius,  which  are  white  with  snow  diu'ing  most  of  the  year. 

G.  The  White  Mountain.^  are  celebrated  for  their  wild  and  pic- 
esque  scenery. 

7.  The  Ilifjhest  of  the  White  Mountains  are, — Mount  Wash- 
fton,  over  6,000  feet.  Mounts  Jefferson,  Adams,  Madison,  and 
)nroe,  each  over  5,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Mount 
tahdin,  in  Maine,  is  also  over  5,000  feet  high. 
i.  The  Larf/cst  Hirer  is  the  Connecticut,  whose  valley  is  cele- 
ited  for  its  fertile  soil  and  beautiful  landscapes. 
).  Maine  Cover  a  about  one-half  the  area  of  New  England,  and 
els  every  other  State  in  the  Union  in  the  importance  of  its 
pbuilding. 

0,   Its  numerous  Streams  afford  the   means  fur  floating  its 
ber,  and  abundant  water-power  for  sawing  it  iuio  lumber  (see 
;  30,  paragi-ajDh  49). 

.   Its  Capital  is  Augusta,  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation  on 
lennebec  River,  and  its  metropolis  is  Portland,  wliich  is  ccle- 
ced  for  its  fine  harbor  and  important  railroad  connections  with 
•.da  and  the  States. 

Z.  A  J'il/af/e  or  a  Citij  is  located,  usually  loUh  reference 
some  natural  features  ; — on  a  hay  or  harbor,  where 
'ps  may  enter  and  anchor  safely ;  on  a  ricer,  for  the 
rpose  of  navigation  and  trade;  on  a  certain  part  of  a. 
er,  as  the  head  of  nairigation,  or  just  beloic  a  waterfall 
■apids  where  water-power  fSr  manufacturing  purposes 
he  obtained;  at  or  near  the  junction  of  two  or  more 
ers ;  near  mines  or  quarries  ;  at  the  end  of  a  lake.,  or 
1  mountain  pass.  In  the  old  world  many  villages  and 
ms  were  built  in  places  almost  inaccessible,  that  they 
iht  be  easily  defended  against  tJie  attacls  of  enemies. 
3.  The  Surface  of  Maine,  Vermont,  and  New  Hampshire  is 
6  rugged  and  mountainous  than  that  of  Massachusetts,  Con- 
fcicut,  and  Rhode  Island. 
.  The  Maiiiifacturind  States  ai'e  Massachusetts,  Connecti- 
New  Hampshire,  and  Rhode  Island. 
5.  Vermont  is  mainly  a  gi-azing  and  agricuKural  State. 
3.  The  Capitals  of  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont  are  Concord 
Montpelier,  and  their  chief  cities,  Manchester  and  Burlington. 
'.  Massachusetts  Excels  everj'  other  State  in  the. Union  in  its 
lufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  aud  in  its  whala  and 
fisheries. 

S.  It  is  Second  to  Maine  in  shipbuilding,  aud  to  New  York  Ln 
raerce. 

),   Its  Capital  and  Metroj>olis   is  Boston,  the   largest  city  in 
England  ;  next  in  size  in  the  State  are  Worcester,  Lowell, 
'f*^  ibridge,  Lawrence,  and  Charlestown.     Boston  is  in  nearly  the 


same  latitude  as  Detroit  and  Dubuque,  in  the  United  States,  aud 
as  Rome,  in  Italy. 

20.  In  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island  the  winters  are  shorter 
and  less  severe  than  in  the  other  New  England  States. 

21.  The  Principal  Cities  in.  Connecticut  are  New  Haven, 
Hartford,  Bridgeport,  Norwich,  Norwalk,  and  Waterbury.  The 
principal  cities  in  Rhode  Island  are  its  capitals.  Providence  and 
Newport. 

22.  Providence  is  the  second  city  in  size  in  New  England.  It 
is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Narragansett  Bay. 

23.  Nctvport  has  an  excellent  harbor,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  watering  j^laces  in  the  United  States. 

24.  Tlie  Legislature  of  Connecticut  meets  in  Hartford  and 
New  Haven  each  year,  alternately  ;  of  Rhode  Island,  in  Provi- 
dence, in  winter,  and  in  Newi:)ort,  in  summer. 

25.  The  People  of  New  England  are  chiefly  of  English  descent. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Plymouth,  by  the  Pilgi-im 
Fathers,  December  22,  1620. 

MA  T     2)  'JiA  irJA'G  . 

26.  To  draw  a  map  of  a  State,  begin  at  its  nm'th-ioest  cor- 
ner, and  proceed  easterly,  then  southerly,  then  westerly, 
and  northerly  to  the  point  of  beginning. 

Then  draw  the  mountains,  tlie  rivers,  tales,  bays,  capes, 
cities,  and  towns. 

Draw  only  those  riwrs  whicli  are  named  on  the  map, 

and-  those  cities  and  towns  wJiicJi  appear  in  capital  letters. 

Where  there  is  not  space  sufficient  for  the  whole  name, 

mark  its  first  syllable  or  first  letter.     The  New  England 

j  States  may  be  divided,  and  drawn  on  three  different  rna-jis, 

I  being  three  separate  lessons,  viz.:    1st.  Maine;   '2d.  New 

j  Hampshire  and  Vermont;  3d.  Massachusetts ;  Jfh.  Con- 

i  nectiCUt  and  Rhode  Island.       (See  map  drawing  m  the  Appendix  ) 

I 

I       27.   THE  MIDDLE  ATLANTIC  STATES  are  New  York, 

Virginia,  and  the  intervening  States.     (See  map  on  page  62.) 
!       28.   Theij  Ejcteud  between  30U  and  400  miles  from  the  Atlantic 

coast. 

29.  They  are  all  3Iountaiii<)Us  except  Delaware,  and  have  two 
principal  slopes  ;  one  eastward  to  the  Atlanlic,  the  other  west- 
ward to  the  Ohio. 

30.  The  Mountains  arc  disposed  in  separate  ranges,  between 
which  are  fertile  valleys.  Their  distance  from  the  coast  is  gi-eatcst 
in  Northern  Georgia,  about  250  miles  ;  and  least  in  New  York  and 
New  Jersey,  about  5'1  miles. 

31.  Eastward  from  the  Mountains,  and  midway  to  tlio  coast, 
is  a  hilly,  fertile,  and  delightful  country  ;  while  between  the  hill 
counti-y  and  the  coast  it  is  generally  low,  with  marshes  and  sandy 
islands  along  the  coast. 

32.  Betiveeii  the  Hudson  and  the  Potomac  are  Stales  rich  in 
agriculture,  manufactures,  and  commerce  ;  while  south  of  the  Po- 
tomac are  those  celebrated  for  the  wealth  of  their  agricultural 
products. 

33.  NEW  YORK  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  Oregon,  Northern 
California,  Northern  Spain,  and  Southern  France. 

34.  About  one-half  of  its  Surface  is  in  the  St.  Lawrence 
Basin  ;  the  other  half  is  drained  by  the  Hudson,  Delaware,  Sus- 
quehanna and  Alleghany  Rivers,  and  the  streams  v.hicli  flow  into 
Lake  Champlain. 

35.  Its  Mountains  aud  rich  pastures  !;rc  in  the  east ;  its  level 
and  agricultural  lands,  in  the  west. 


MONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  ANB  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


36.  year  the  Centre  are  several  lakes,  celebrated  for  their  beau- 
tiful scenery. 

37.  In  the  North-east  is  a  -wild,  mountainous  region,  abound- 
ing in  forests  and  lakes. 

38.  /"  the  South-east  ai-e  its  two  important  islands,  Long 
Island  and  Stateu  Island. 

39.  The  Iliyhcst  Mountains  are  the  Adirondacks — their  high- 
est peak,  ^Nlt.  Marcy,  being  over  5,000  feet  high — and  the  Catskills, 
between  3,000  and  4,000  feet  high. 

iO.  Ttrfu-een  Xeu-  York  and  Canada  are  the  Falls  of  Niagara, 
and  the  Thousand  Islands  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 

41.  Xew  Yorl;  Excels  every  other  State  in  the  Union  in  popula- 
tion, wealth,  commerce,  and  importance  of  its  canals  and  raLh'oads. 
I       42.  Its  Capital  is  Albany,  and  metropolis  New  York,  the  largest 
city  on  the  western  continent. 

43.  New  York  City  is  finely  situated  for  commerce,  having  New 
York  Bay  on  the  south,  the  Hudson  Eiver  on  the  west,  and  the 
East  River  on  the  east,  all  of  which  furnish  wonderful  facilities  for 
shij)ping. 
i  44.  Its  Latitude  is  the  same  as  that  of  Naples  and  Constanti- 
nople (41°  north  latitude). 

45.  Here  took  2>f(iee  the  fir.st  meeting  of  Congress,  and  the  in- 
auguration of  Washington,  the  first  President  of  the  United 
States  (1789). 

46.  lirooktijn,  the  second  city  in  size  in  the  State,  is  situated 
on  the  western  extremity  of  Long  Island. 

47.  Buffalo  is  situated  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Lake  Erie, 
the  most  southern  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Its  trade  between  the  east 
and  the  north-west  is  extensive  ;  owing  chiefly  to  its  position,  fine 
harbor,  important  canal  and  railroad  connections.  Its  manufac- 
tures are  important. 

48.  lioeh  ester,  biiilt  on  the  Genesee  River,  at  its  falls,  has  long 
been  noted  for  its  immense  floui-  mills.  The  city  is  crossed  by  the 
Genesee  Eiver  and  the  Erie  Canal,  and  a  considerable  trade  is  car- 
ried on  with  the  east,  west,  and  Canada. 

49.  Troij  is  situated  on  the  Hudson  River,  at  the  head  of  steam- 
'  boat  navigation. 

50.  Sj/racuse,  the  most  central  of  the  large  towns  in  New  York, 
is  noted  for   its  manufacture   of  salt  from   the  water  of  its  salt 

I  spi-ings  or  weUs.     The  salt  is  obtained  from  the  water  by  boiling 
or  evaporation. 

51.  Oswego  is  the  most  populous  and  flourishing  city  on  Lake 
Ontario  (in  New  York).  Its  extensive  commerce  and  manufactiu'es 
are  chiefly  due  to  its  fine  harbor  and  its  situation  at  the  mouth  and 
faUs  of  the  Oswego  River. 

52.  yiaijara  Falls,  Syracuse,  Vtica  and  Sarator/a  Springs 
are  in  nearly  the  same  latitude  as  Milwaukee  and  Madison,  in 
Wisconsin  ;  and  as  Nice  and  Marseilles,  in  France. 

53.  The  First  Settlements  were  made  where  Albany  and  New 
York  now  stand,  by  the  Dutch,  in  1614.  The  latter  place,  then 
(idled  New  Amsterdam,  received  its  present  name  in  honor  of  the 
Duke  of  York,  when  it  was  taken  by  the  Engbsh,  in  1G64. 

Draw  a  map  of  New  York,  as  directed  on  parje  71. 

54.  PENNSYL  VANIA  is  remarkable  for  its  mountain  ranges  ; 
the  abundance  of  its  coal  and  ii'on  ;  its  iron,  cotton,  and  woolen 
manufactures  ;  and  its  rich  soil,  which  is  well  adapted  to  grain  and 
grazing. 

55.  Its  Principal  Range  extends  through  the  center  of  the 
State  ;  the  highest  peaks  of  this  range — the  AUeghanies — are  be- 
tween 2,000  and  3,000  fee  high  ;  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  the  south- 
eastern part,  about  1,500  feet  high. 


56.  Its  Capital  is  Harrisburg  ;  its  metropolis  is  Philadelphia, 
which  is  the  second  city  in  population  in  the  United  States. 

57.  Philadelphia  is  a  wealthy  and  important  maniifactming 
city,  situated  on  the  west  side  of  the  Delaware  River,  and  on  both 
sides  of  the  Schuylkill  Eiver,  fi'om  which  the  city  is  suppUed  with 
fresh  water.  In  its  state-house  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  signed  by  Congi-ess,  in  1776. 

58.  Pittsburg  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Monongahela 
and  the  Alleghany  River,  which  here  form  the  Ohio.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  hiUs  famous  for  coal  and  iron. 

59.  Its  Iron  If'orks  and  Manufactures  are  immense,  and  its 
coal  trade,  extensive. 

60.  Among  the  other  Imtiortant  Cities  of  Pennsylvania  are 
Allegheny,  Scranton,  Reading,  and  Lancaster. 

61.  Pittshurg  is  in  the  same  Latitude  as  Madi'id,  in  Sjiain  ; 
Philadeli^hia,  the  same  as  Mount  Ararat  and  Pekiu,  and  in  nearly 
the  same  latitude  as  Columbus,  ludianapoUs,  Springfield,  and 
Denver — foui-  capitals  in  the  United  States. 

62.  Pennsylrania  was  Settled  by  the  Swedes,  in  1643.  Wil- 
liam Penn,  after  whom  the  State  was  named,  estabhshed  a  colony 
here,  in  1682. 

Draw  a  map  of  Pennsylvania. 

63.  NEW  JERSEY:   Its  northern  half  is  hiUy,  with  moun- 
i  tains  in  the  north-west ;  its  southern  half,  generally  low  and  level. 

64.  In  the  Central  and,  Northern  portions  are  excellent 
farming  and  grazing  lands  and  its  flourishing  manufactm-ing 
towns. 

65.  The  State  is  finely  situated  for  inland  trade,  owing  chiefly 
to  its  position  between  the  North-eastern  and  the  Southern  States. 
Its  canals  and  raUroads  are  of  great  importance. 

66.  Its  Capital  is  Trenton,  and  metropolis,  Newark  :  the  other 
leading  cities  are  Jersey  City,  Paterson,  Elizabeth,  Hoboken,  Cam- 
den, and  New  Brunswick. 

67.  Cape  May,  Long  Branch,  and  Atlantic  City  are  famous 
simamer  and  sea-bathing  resorts. 

68.  Netv  Jersey  was  settled  by  the  Dutch,  in  1620. 
Draw  a  map  of  New  Jersey,  as  directed  on  pa'je  71. 

69.  DEL  A  WARE  is  generally  level— having  hills  only  in  the 
north. 

70.  Its  best  Soil  is  in  the  northern  part. 

71.  The  Leading  Agricultural  Productions  aie  grain,  gar- 
den vegetables  and  peaches. 

72.  Its  Capital  is  Dover,  and  chief  city,  Wilmington,  which 
has  become  celebrated  for  its  various  and  important  manufac- 
ttu-es— particularly  for  its  steamboat,  car  and  ii-on  works,  its  flour 

and  powder  mills. 

73.  Wdminjton  is  Situated  on  the  Christiana  Creek,  near  its 

junction  with  the  Brandywine. 

74.  Delaware  was  Settled  by  the  Swedes  and  Finns,  in  1638. 

75.  MARYLAND  is  level  in  the  eastern,  or  widest  part,  and 
mountainoiis  in  the  west,  where  it  is  narrow. 

76.  It  is  rich  in  coal,  iron,  tobacco,  grain,  cotton  and  com- 
merce ;  its  flour  and  cotton  nulls  ai-e  extensive. 

77.  Tlte  Capital  of  Mai7land  is  Annapohs. 

78.  Its  Principal  Cities  are  Baltimore,  Frederick,  and  Cum- 
berland. 

79.  Tlie  First  Settlements  were  made  by  people  from  Virginia, 
in  1631,  and  fi-om  England,  in  1634. 

Draw  a  map  of  Maryland  and  Delaware,  as  directed  on  page  71. 


riRGINTA,    WEST  VIRGINIA,   THE  GVLF  STATES,  &c. 


rs 


80.  riliOiyiA  slopes  eastwardly  from  the  Blue  Eidge,  be- 
tween which  aud  the  Alleghany  Eange  is  the  fertile  Valley  of 
Virginia. 

81.  It  is  chieflif  an  agricultural  State,  and  ranks  next  to  Ken- 
tucky in  the  production  of  tobacco  ;  its  coal  and  iron  mines  and 
its  abundant,  water-power  furnish  great  facilities  for  manufactures. 

82.  Its  Capital  and  Chief  Citij  is  Richmond,  situated  at  the 
lower  falls  of  the  James  River  aud  the  head  of  navigation.  It  is 
remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  its  situation,  and  for  its  natural 
advantages  as  a  manufacturing  and  business  center. 

83.  liicliiiiond  is  in  the  s<inie  Latitude  as  San  Francisco  and 
Mt.  Etna. 

84.  Next  ill  iiiiportaiiee  are  Petersburg,  Norfolk  and  Alex- 
andria. 

85.  Ainoiif/  Us  Objects  of  Interest  are  numerous  medicinal 
springs  and  the  (celebrated  Natural  Bridge,  all  in  the  western  part 
of  the  State. 

86.  f'irf/iiiia  is  noted  as  the  birth-place  of  six  Presidents  of 
the  United  States, — Washington,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe, 
Tyler  and  Taylor,  beside;;  many  other  statesmen  and  officers 
closely  identified  with  the  independence  and  progress  of  the 
United  States. 

87.  The  First  Enf/Ush  Seftleiiient  iu  America  was  made  on 
the  James  River,  in  1607. 

88.  WEST  }'  I  lid  IN  I A  is  a  mountainous  State,  sloping  north- 
westwardly from  the  Alleghanies  to  the  Ohio  River. 

89.  This  State,  like  I'irfjiiiia,  contains  rich  mines  of  coal 
and  iron,  besides  copper,  lead  and  other  metals. 

90.  It  produces,  also,  grain,  timber,  tobacco,  salt  wool. 

91.  Its  Capital  and  chief  city  is  Wheeling,  whose  trade  and 
manufactures  are  very  important,  owing  mainly  to  its  situation  on 
the  Ohio  River,  near  extensive  coal  mines. 

92.  This  State  formed  a  part  of  Virginia  until  1863. 

Draw  a  map  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia,  as  directed  on  page  71. 

1.  THE  SOUTHERN  and  SOUTH-WESTERN  STATES 

are  south  of  the  parallel  of  36^  30'  north  latitude,  with  which  the 
northern  boundaries  of  three  States — North  Carohna,  Tennessee 
and  Arkansas — nearly  coincide. 

2.  Borderintj  on  the  Atlantic  are  North  CaroUna,  South 
Carolina,  Georgia  and  Florida. 

3.  Borderiiif/  on,  the  Gulf,  are  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana  and  Texas.    These  are  called  the  Gulf  States. 

4.  The  Mountains  are  the  southern  portions  of  three  ranges, 
here  about  midway  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Atlantic.  They 
are  the  Cumberland,  Alleghany  and  Blue  Ridge. 

.5.  The  Surface  slopes  from  those  mountains  to  the  Atlantic, 
the  Gulf,  and  the  Mississippi  River. 

6.  Alonij  the  Atlantic  Coast  is  low,  flat  and  marshy  land, 
lined  with  islands  which  are  celebrated  for  the  production  of  Sea- 
island  cotton. 

7.  The  Interior  is  higher  ground,  with  mountains  in  the  west 
and  north-west ;  except  in  Florida,  Mississippi  and  Louisiana, 
which  have  no  mountains. 

8.  Aloiifi  the  Loircr  Course  of  the  .Mississippi,  the  laud  is  so 
low,  that  embankments  have  been  raised  from  5  to  10  feet  high, 
to  prevent  inundation  during  the  spring  fi-eshets ;  sometimes, 
however,  the  waters  break  over  them  and  cause  great  destruction 
of  property. 

9.  The  Climate  of  the  Low  Lands  along  the  coast  and  the 
Mississippi  is  unhealthy. 


10.  The  Southern  States  possess  a  rich  soil  and  a  warm  ch- 
mate,  which  are  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  production  of  cotton, 
rice,  sugar  and  tobacco. 

11.  NORTH  CAROLINA:  The  Eastern  part  is  low,  sandy 
and  marshy,  and  is  noted  for  turpentine  forests,  pahnetto  groves, 
and  the  production  of  rice,  cotton  and  tobacco. 

12.  The  Western  part  is  mountainous  and  a  gooil  grazing 
country  ;  portions  are  moderately  high,  aud  will  adapted  to  the 
raising  of  grain. 

13.  Its  Capital  is  Ealeigh,  and  its  chief  city  and  seaport  is 
Wilmington. 

14.  The  First  I'erinanent  Settlement  was  made  liy  colonists 
from  Virginia,  in  1653.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  made  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  settle  the  State,  in  1.586. 

Draw  a  ma]>  of  North  Carolina,  as  directed  on  page  71. 

15.  SOUTH  CAROLINA  and  GEORGIA  have  the  same 
general  characteristics  as  North  CaroUna,  only  warmer  and  less 
mountainous ;  the  northern  half  of  each  being  high  and  adapted 
to  the  growth  of  grain  ;  the  southern  half  is  low,  producing  rice 
and  cotton. 

16.  Their  Capitals  are  Columbia  and  Atlanta,  and  their  chief 
cities  Charleston  and  Savannah,  both  of  which  have  excellent 
harbors. 

Draw  a  map  of  South  Carolina. 

17.  FLORIDA:  its  characteristics  are  its  low,  marshy  sur- 
face, its  warm,  moist  and  even  climate,  its  forests  aud  luxuriani 
vegetation.     Oranges  and  other  trojjical  fruits  are  cultivated 

18.  Its  Capital  is  Tallahassee. 

19.  IVie  First  Settlement  was  mxde  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1565, 
at  St.  Augustine,  which  is  the  oldest  town  iu  the  United  States. 

Draiv  a  map  of  Florida. 

20.  ALABAMA  has  a  general  slojje  to  the  Gulf,  with  moun- 
tains in  the  north,  hills  in  the  center,  and  low  lauds  in  the  south. 

21.  Its  Northern  j>art  is  diained  by  the  Tennessee  River, 
which  enters  the  State  at  its  north-eastern  corner,  and  leaves  it 
at  its  north-western. 

22.  The  State  contains  forests  of  pine  and  cypress,  and  yields 
extensively,  cotton,  grain,  sugar  and  sweet  potatoes. 

23.  Its  Capital  is  Montgomery,  and  its  chief  city.  Mobile  ; 
the  latter  is  celebrated  as  a  shipping  port  for  cotton. 

24.  Alabama  was  Settled  by  the  French,  in  17U2,  and  admit- 
ted into  the  Union,  in  1819. 

Draw  a  map  of  Alabama. 

25.  MISSISSIl'I'I  and  Alabama  have  less  sea-coast  than  the 
other  Gulf  States. 

26.  Mississipj>i  is  low  and  level  in  the  west  and  south.  II  is 
noted  for  its  production  of  cotton,  rice  and  tobacco. 

27.  Its  Capital  is  Jackson  ;  its  largest  towns  arc  Vicksburg 
and  Natchez. 

28.  It  was  Settled  by  the  French,  iu  1716,  and  admitted  into 
the  Union,  in  1817. 

Draw  a  map  of  Missi.^.'^ippi. 

29.  LOUISIANA  has  a  low  surface,  which  in  some  places  is 
below  high  water  level. 

30.  Along  the  Mississijipi,  on  both  sides,  are  extensive  marshes. 

31.  Louisiana  excels  in  the  production  of  cane  sugar;  be- 
sides this,  are  cotton,  corn,  rice  aud  tropical  fruits. 


MOXTEITH'S   PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


32.  Xrir  Orleans  is  the  capital  and  metropolis  of  the  State. 

33.  If  is  cclcOriitttl  for  its  immense  trade,  especially  iii  cotton. 

34.  Tf  is  hitUt  around  a  bend  in  the  river,  and  .is  therefore 
sometimes  called  the  "  Crescent  City." 

3.5.  //•-  Siirfdrr  is  below  the  level  of  the  Mississippi  during  the 
usuil  freshets,  but  the  city  is  well  protected  from  inundation  by 
its  levee,  which  is  about  six  feet  in  height  and  of  a  considerable 
width. 

36.  The  Lnfitude  of  New  Orleans  is  the  same  as  that  of  Cairo, 
the  capital  of  Egypt  (30"). 

37.  Among  its  other  Importiint  Cities  are  Shreveport  and 
Baton  Rouge.  The  latter,  until  lately,  was  the  capital  of  the 
State. 

Draw  a  map  of  Louisiana. 

•  38.  TENNESSEE,  a  south-western  State,  is  divided  by  the 
Cumberland  Mountains  and  the  Tennessee  River  into  East  Ten- 
nessee, which  is  mountainous  ;  Middle  Tennessee,  hilly  ;  and  West 
Tennessee,  generally  level. 

39.  The  Soil  is  fertile,  and  the  climate  delightful. 

40.  Its  Productions  consist  chiefly  of  live  stock,  com,  cotton, 
and  tobacco. 

41.  Its  Trade  with  other  States  is  extensive. 

42.  The  Aftinidanee  of  Iron,  Coal,  and  U'ater-jwxer  in  East 
Tennessee  fiu-uishes  great  facilities  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

43.  Its  Capital  is  Nashville,  situated  at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation  on  the  Cumberland  River.  It  is  a  beautiful  and 
flourishing  citj',  and  is  next  in  size  to  Memphis,  the  metropolis  of 
the  State. 

44.  Nashville  is  in  the  same  Latitude  as  Gibraltar,  Algiers 
and  the  southern  part  of  Greece. 

45.  Tennessee  originally  formed  jjart  of  the  possessions  of 
North  CaroUna,  and  became  a  State  in  the  Union,  in  1796. 

Draw  a  map  of  Tennessee. 

46.  ARKANSA.'i  has  a  south-easterly  slope  from  its  moun- 
tains in  the  north-west,  to  its  extensive  marshes  along  the  M.s- 
sissippi. 

47.  Its  Leadinff   Productions  are  corn,  cotton  and  live  stock. 

48.  Its  Forests  of  valuable  timber  and  its  praii'ies  are  extensive. 

49.  Little  liocJi  is  its  capital  and  chief  city. 

50.  Its  Minerals — coal,  u-on,  lead  and  zinc — are  abundant. 
Draw  a  map  of  Arkansas. 

1.  All  the  States  North  and  North-west  of  the  Ohio  River 

are  remarkable  for  their  rapid  increase  in  wealth,  population 
and  internal  improvements.     (See  3Iap  on  pag  ■  66.) 

2.  Their  Surface,  except  that  of  Minnesota,  is  chiefly  prairie 
land,  level  or  rolling,  which  possesses  wonderful  fertility,  espe- 
cially along  the  rivers. 

3.  The  Prairie  States  are  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Wisconsin, 
the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  Iowa,  Missoiu'i,  Ai-kansas, 
Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

4.  There  are  no  Mountains  except  in  Southern  Missom-i  and 
North-western  Arkansas. 

5.  Thei/  are  Drained  by  the  ^Mississippi  or  its  tributaries, 
except  Michigan,  which  is  in  the  Basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  or  thei 
Great  Lakes. 

6.  The  rapid  Proi/ress  of  these  States  is  due  chiefly  to  their 
fertile  soil,  the  facilities  for  manufactures  and  commerce  furnished 
by  their  mines,  rivers,  lakes,  canals  and  railroads,  and  to  the 
energy  of  their  inhabitants. 


7.  Their  Agricultured  and  Grazing  Products  are  immense — 
grain,  Uve  stock  and  wool. 

8.  Their  Mines  are  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  copper  and  zinc. 

9.  Coal  and  Iron  abound  in  nearly  ah,  esj^ecially  in  Ohio  and 
Missovu'i  ;  lead,  in  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Illinois,  and  Missouri. 

10.  OHIO  has  two  general  .slopes  ;  the  larger  is  southerly  to 
the  Ohio  River,  and  the  smaller,  northerly  to  Lake  Erie. 

11.  It  is  betuu'en  the  same  Parallels  of  latitude  as  northern 
California  and  southern  Italy, 

12.  Its  Commerce  is  extensive,  having  outlets,  northerly,  by 
way  of  Lake  Erie,  Wellaud  Canal,  Lake  Ontario  and  tho  St.  Law- 
rence River,  and  southerly,  by  way  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
Rivers  ;  its  railways  are  numerous  and  imjjortant. 

13.  The  Coal,  Iron  and  Petroleum  liegion  is  in  the  south- 
east. 

14.  Its  Capital  is  Columbus  ;  its  chief  city,  Cincinnati,  on  the 
Ohio,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Licking,  a  river  of  Kentucky. 

15.  Tlie  Second  City  in  size  is  Cleveland,  on  Lake  Erie,  at  the 
mouth  of  Cuyahoga  (//-n-ZioV/o)  River. 

16.  Cincinnati  and  Cleveland  are  wealthy  commercial  ;  nd 
manufacturing  cities,  althoiigh  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, neither  contained  800  inhabitants. 

17.  The  other  Leading  Cities  are  Toledo,  Dayton,  and  San- 
dusky. 

18.  Ohio,  with  the  other  States  Tfest  and  north-west  to  the 
Mississippi  River,  was  ceded  by  France  to  Great  Britain,  in  1763, 
and  at  the  Revolution,  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Tnited 
States  Government,  known  afterwards  as  the  North-west  Territory. 

Draw  a  map  of  Ohio. 

19.  INDIANA  and  ILLINOIS  have  the  same  general  char- 
acteristics as  Ohio  ;  each  having  soil  of  remarkable  fertility,  and 
facihties  for  commerce  by  lake,  river,  rail  and  canal. 

20.  Their  Surface  Slopes  south-westerly. 

21.  Their  yield  of  Wheat,  Corn  and   Wool  is  immtn^c 

22.  Indianapolis,  the  capital  and  metropohs  of  Indiana,  and 
an  important  railroad  centre,  is  situated  near  the  middle  of  the 
State. 

23.  The  Cities  next  in  rank  are  Evansville,  Fort  Wayne,  and 
Terre  Haute. 

24.  The  Largest  Town  in  the  northern  part  of  Indiana  is  Fort 
Wayne,  an  important  railroad  center. 

Draio  a  map  of  Indiana,  as  directed  on  page  71. 

25.  ILLINOIS:  its  principal  rivai-,  the  Illinois,  has  its  head- 
waters within  but  a  few  miles  of  Lake  ^Michigan. 

26.  Its  Chief  City  is  Chicago.  Its  site,  although  but  little 
above  the  level  of  Lake  Michigan,  is  600  feet  above  the  ocean. 

27.  Illinois  excels  in  the  production  of  corn,  wheat,  and 
oats. 

28.  Chicago  has  excelled  every  other  city  in  the  world  in  the 
rapidity  of  its  growth  and  development.  In  1831,  it  contained 
about  a  dozen  families,  beside  the  officers  and  soldiers  in  Fort 
Dearborn.     It  is  now  the  fifth  city  in  size  in  the  Union. 

20.  //  excels  every  other  City  in  the  United  S(ates,  as  a  n.arkct 
for  grain,  lumber,  beef  and  pork. 

30.  The  other  large  Cities  in  Illinois  are  Quincy  and  Peoria, 
which  are  nearly  in  a  hnc  south-west  of  Chicago, 

31.  Its  Capital  is  Springfield,  which  is  in  a  line  between  Chi- 
cago, .\lton  and  St.  Louis. 

32.  Galena  is  situated  in  the  lead  region  of  Illinois. 
Draw  a  map  of  Illinois. 


3IICHIGAN,    WISCONSIN,   KENTUCKY,    3IISSOJJRI,    ETC. 


33.  MICHIGAX,  the  "  Lake  State,"  comprises  two  peninsiilas. 

34.  The  Southern  and  Uirger  PenitisiiUi  contains  rich  agri- 
cultural and  grazing  land  ;  grain,  live-stock  and  wool  being  largely 
produced. 

35.  Tim  Watershed  which  divides  the  eastern  from  the  western 
slope,  is  about  300  feet  above  the  level  of  tho  lake,  and  1,000  feet 
above  that  of  the  sea. 

36.  The  Xorthern  Peninsula  is  noted  for  its  rngged  and 
mountainous  surface,  rigorous  chmate,  and  its  rich  mines  of  cop- 
per and  iron. 

37.  Both  Peninsulas  contain  extensive  forests  of  valuable 
timber. 

38.  The  Trade  of  Michigan  by  lake  and  rail  is  very  extensive. 

39.  The  Southern  Peiiiiisula  lies  between  the  same  parallels 
of  latitude  as  Oregon  and  the  northern  half  of  Italy. 

40.  The  Cajiifal  is  Lansing,  and  its  chief  city  Detroit,  which  is 
finely  situated  for  commerce,  manufactures,  lumber  trade  and 
ship  building. 

41.  The  other  Important  Cities  are  Grand  Rapids,  Jackson, 
and  East  Saginaw. 

Draw  a  map  of  Michigan. 

42.  WISCONSIN  resembles  Michigan  in  its  prairies,  forests, 
trade,  and  its  agi-icultural,  grazing  and  mineral  products. 

43.  Lead  is  abundant  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  State. 

44.  Its  Surfaee  slopes  mainly  south-westerly  to  the  Mississippi, 
and  contains  numerous  rivers  and  lakes. 

45.  Madison,  the  capital,  is  beautifully  situated  between  two 
lakes  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

,  46.  Milwauhee,  the  metropolis,  is  remarkable  for  its  fine  har- 
bor, on  Lake  Michigan  at  the  mouth  of  the  Milwaukee  River,  il.^ 
rapid  growth,  immense  wheat  trade,  its  flour  and  other  manu- 
factures. 

47.  Its  other  Leading  Cities  are  Pond  du  Lac,  Oshkosh,  and 
Bacine. 

48.  At  Portar/e  Citi/  is  a  canal  connecting  the  Wisconsin  and 
Fox  Rivers,  thus  establishing  water  communication  between  the 
Mississippi  River  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

I>raw  a  map  of  Wiscotisin. 

49.  KENTUCKY :  its  surface  slopes  from  the  Cumberland 
Mountains  on  the  east,  to  the  Ohio  River. 

50.  Its  Soil  is  fertile.  Its  leading  productions  are  tobacco, 
com,  wheat,  and  hemp  ;  the  raising  of  live-stock  is  important. 

51.  Kentuehji  is  remarkable  for  its  caverns,  the  most  wonderful 
being  the  "  Mammoth  Cave,"  south  of  the  middle  of  the  State. 

52.  Frankfort  is  the  eajiital,  and  Louisville,  the  chief  city. 
Covington,  Newport,  and  Lexington  are  important  cities. 

53.  Kentuekij,  which  formerly  belonged  to  Virginia,  was  ex- 
plored in  1770,  by  Daniel  Boone,  a  hunter  from  North  Carolina. 

(He  wae  born  in  Pennsylvania.) 

Draw  a  map  of  Kentucky. 

54.  MISSOURI  is  generally  level,  with  a  gentle  slope  east- 
ward to  the  Mississijjpi  River. 

55.  In  the  South  and  South-west  is  a  ridge  of  mountains  (the 
Ozark),  and  in  the  south-east,  an  extensive  marsh. 

56.  Its  Soil  is  productive,  especially  along  the  rivers. 

57.  Its  Leadiuf)  agricultural  and  grazing  products  are  grain, 
hemp  and  live-stock. 

58.  It  is  liieh  in  iron,  lead,  coal  and  other  minerals  ;  noted 
for  iron,  are  Iron  Mountain,  Pilot  Knob  and  their  vicinity. 


59.  Its  Capital  is  Jefferson  City  ;  its  chief  city,  St.  Louis,  a 
great  commercial  and  manufacturing  center.  It  is  the  largest 
city  on  the  Mississipi^i  River,  except  New  Orleans. 

60.  Kansas  is  the  second  city  in  size  in  the  State,  and  the 
largest  <ui  the  Missouri  River.    St.  Joseph  also  is  a  flourishing  city. 

Draw  a  map  of  llissouri. 

61.  lO  Jf'A  :  its  surface  is  highest  in  the  north-west,  and  slopes 
south-easterly  to  the  Mississippi.  It  is  chiefly  prairie  laud,  with 
trees  along  the  river  banks. 

62.  It  is  Pich  in  agricultural  and  grazing  products — grain, 
potatoes,  live-stock,  wool,  etc.,  and  in  mineral  products — lead,  coal, 
iron,  copper,  and  zinc. 

63.  Its  Capital  is  Des  Moines,  which  is  situated  at  the  head  of 
steam  navigation  on  the  Des  Moines  River.  It  possesses  extensive 
water  power. 

64.  Its  Largest  Cities  are  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River  ; 
they  are  Davenport,  Dubuque,  Burlington,  and  Keokuk,  all  of 
which  possess  facilities  for  luaiiufactures  and  inland  trade. 

65.  Iowa  was  Admitted  into  the  Union,  in  1846. 
Draw  a  map  of  Iowa. 

66.  MINNESOTA  is  the  most  northern  State  in  the  Union, 
and  one  of  eight  States  which  border  on  one  or  more  of  the 
Great  Lakes. 

67.  Its  Elevation  is  about  2,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
and  its  highest  land  is  a  watershed  from  which  rivers  flow  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  Hudson's  Bay  and  Lake  Superior. 

68.  The  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Red  River  of  the 
North  are  in  this  State. 

69.  Its  Leading  Characteristics  are  its  extensive  forests  and 
prairies,  its  numerous  lakes  and  streams,  its  rapids  and  waterfalls, 
and  its  cold  winter  climate,  which  is  remarkably  dry,  even  and 
healthful. 

70.  The  Leading  Occupations  of  the  inhabitants  are  agricul- 
ture and  the  lumber  trade. 

71.  Tlte  North-eastern  part  of  the  State  is  a  rich  mineral 
region. 

72.  The  Leading  Cities  are  St.  Paul,  tho  capital,  at  the  head 
of  steambt)at  na\'igati()n,  IMiuneapolis  and  Winona  ;  all  are  situated 
on  the  Mississipjji  River,  and  possess  extensive  steam  saw-miUs 
and  flouring  miUs. 

73.  St.  Paul  is  in  the  same  Latitude  as  Salem,  in  Oregon, 
and  Bordeaux,  Tiu-in  and  Sevasto'pol,  in  Eiu-ojie. 

74.  3Iinnesota  formerly  belonged  to  France  ;  the  )wrti()n  east 
of  the  Mississippi  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain,  but  came  into  the 
possession  of  the  United  States,  at  the  Revolution  ;  the  portion 
west  of  the  river  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  France  (see 
page  70,  paragraph  25). 

Draw  a  map  of  Minnesota. 

1.  TEXAS,  the  largest  State  in  the  Union,  is  as  large  as 
France,  HoUand  and  Belgium  combined. 

2.  It  is  between  the  same  Parallels  of  latitude  as  Egypt  and 
Morocco. 

3.  Its  Characteristics  are  its  rolling  prairies,  where  vast  herds 
of  horses  smd  cattle  graze  throughout  the  year  ;  its  desert  plateau 
in  the  west  and  northwest,  and  its  low  land  in  the  south. 

4.  Its  Slope  is  southerly  and  south-easterly  to  the  Gidf. 

5.  Its  Climate  is  warm  and  healthful ;  ice  or  snow  being  sel- 
dom seen  in  some  parts  ;  that  of  its  southerly  half  is  tropical  and 
temperate. 


76 


IIOXTUITH'S   PHYSICAL   AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


6.  Texas  is  Rich  in  grass,  live-stock,  cotton,  sugar,  corn, 
wheat,  etc. 

7.  Eastern  Texas  is  inhabited,  principally,  by  peoj)le  from 
other  southern  States,  while  in  Western  Texas  are  large  numbers 
of  Germans  and  other  Eiu'opeans. 

8.  n'ild  Atiimals  are  numerous, — buffaloes,  mustangs  (wild 
horses),  deer,  bears,  wolves,  etc. 

9.  Its  Capital  is  Austin,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation 
on  the  Colorado  Eiver  ;  its  largest  cities  are  Galveston,  San  An- 
tonio, and  Houston.  Galveston,  on  Galveston  Island,  is  noted  for 
its  fine  bay  and  its  extensive  commerce. 

Braw  a  map  of  Texas. 

10.  K^IXSAS  and  NEBHAHKA  correspond  in  latitude  with 
Spain  and  Portugal. 

11.  Their  rich  Moiling  Prairies  and  fine  climate  make  them 
very  productive  agricultm-al  and  grazing  States. 

12.  Coal  and  Salt  are  found  iu  abundance. 

13.  Their  Increase  in  population  and  general  importance  has 
been  very  rapid. 

U.  Kansas  is  the  most  central  State  in  the  Union  ;  its  capital 
is  Topeka,  and  its  chief  cities  are  Leavenworth,  Lawrence,  and 
Atchison,  all  iu  the  eastern  part  of  the  State. 

15.  The  Capital  of  JScbrasJ.a  is  Lincoln,  and  its  chief  cities 
are  Omaha  and  Nebraska  City. 

IG.  T/ie  Union  raciflc  Railroad  passes  through  Nebraska, 
and  the  Kansas  Pacific  through  Kansas. 

Draw  a  map  of  Kangas  and  Nehixiska. 

17.  IKLtlAN  TERRITORY  is  occupied  by  several  tribes  of 
Indians. 

18.  Its  Soil  is  well  adapted  to  agriculture  and  grazing. 

19.  DAKOTA  is  but  thinly  iuhabited.  Like  the  other  Terri- 
tories, the  development  of  its  resoiurces  is  retarded  by  Indian  dis- 
turbances.    It  is  crossed  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

20.  ARIZOXA  and  XEfT  MEXICO  are  noted  for  their 
high  moiuitains  and  jjlateaus,  deep  canons  and  gorges,  and  theii' 
mineral  resources. 

21.  27»e  Climate  is  diy  and  healthful  ;  and  the  soil  of  the  river 
valleys,  well  adapted  to  grazing  and  agriculture. 

22.  The  Eastern  part  of  Xew  Mexico  forms  part  of  the  high 
desert  region  extending  from  northern  Texas  into  eastern  Colorado. 

23.  COLORADO  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
between  which  are  several  beautiful  plains  called  "Parks."  Some 
of  the  peaks  are  over  15,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

24.  It  is  noted  for  its  wealth  in  precious  metals  ;  it  is  also  rich 
in  extensive  tracts  of  fertile  soil,  j^i'oducing  grain,  fruits  and 
grasses  in  abundance. 

25.  Its  Climate  is  salubrious. 

26.  UTAH  is  elevated,  mountainous  and  baiTen. 

27.  Its  Western  Section  forms  jiart  of  the  "  Great  Basin,"  which 
is  over  4,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Its  soil  contains  salt 
and  is  generally  dry  and  unproductive. 

28.  TU«  principal  1'allei/,  in  which  is  situated  the  capital. 
Salt  Lake  City,  is  southeast  of  Great  Salt  Lake. 

29.  Utah  is  noted  as  the  residence  of  the  Mormons. 

30.  If  YO'MIXO.  like  Colorado,  lies  partly  on  the  Atlantic  and 
partly  on  the  Pacific  Slope.  It  is  high,  mountainous,  and  but  httle 
settled.     The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  passes  through  it. 


31.  CALIFORXIA  is  the  largest  State  except  Texas.  Its 
northern  boundary  corresponds  in  latitude  with  that  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  its  southern  with  that  of  South  Carolina. 

32.  Its  principal  Mountain  Ranyes  are  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  the  Coast  Range,  which  enclose  the  gi'eat  valley  of  California, 
noted  for  its  fertility. 

33.  The  Sierra  Xevada  rise  generally  above  the  snow  Hmit, 
having  many  peaks  fi'om  7,000  to  15,000  feet  in  height. 

34.  The  Yosemite  (yo-sem'-i-te)  Valley,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  is 
celebrated  for  the  grandeur  of  its  scenery.  Its  length  is  8  miles, 
and  its  width  is  less  than  one  mUe.  It  is  enclosed  by  mountaius 
which  rise  almost  peqiendiciilarly  more  than  4,000  feet. 

35.  The  Climate  of  CaUfornia,  Oregon  and  Washington,  is 
milder  than  that  of  the  other  States  of  the  Union  in  the  same  lat- 
itude.    (See  page  37,  jjaragraphs  21  to  38.) 

3G.  California  is  celebrated  iov  its  mineral  and  agricultural 
productions.  Its  commerce  and  manufactures  are  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  importance. 

37.  The  leading  Mineral  Products  are  gold,  liuicksilver  and 
silver. 

38.  The  Forests  of  California,  and  the  western  sections  of  Ore- 
gon and  Washington,  abound  in  magnificent  pines  and  a  variety 
of  tree^  valuable  for  timber.     The  '•  Big  Trees  "  of  California,  are 

350  feet  high  and  30  feet  in  diameter. 

39.  San  Francisco  is  the  lai'gest  city  west  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
taius.    Next  in  size  is  Sacramento,  the  capital. 

40.  XEVADA  is  chiefly  a  vast  basin  at  an  elevation  of  over 
4,000  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

41.  //,s-  Mountain  Ranges  are  shoi't  and  numerous.  The  riv- 
ers are  small,  and  emjjty  into  lakes,  which,  having  no  outlets,  are 
generally  salt  or  alkaline. 

I       42.   The  Climate  is  diy  and  the  soil  barren,  but  the  State  pos- 
sesses great  wealth  in  its  silver  mines. 

43.  The  Leading  City  is  Yiiginia. 

44.  OREGOX  is  sitiiated  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  in  a  line  di- 
rectly west  of  New  England. 

45.  Its  area  is  equal  to  that  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania 
combined. 

46.  T'he  State  is  divided  by  the  Blue  and  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains into  thi-ee  jihysical  sections, — the  Western,  Middle  and  East- 
em,  styled  respectively  the  Lower,  Middle,  and  Upper  Coimti'es. 

47.  The  Rich  Valleys,  and  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  Oregon 
and  Washington,  are  between  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Grain,  flour  and  wool,  are  exported  from  Oregon  ; 
lumber  and  shin  timber  from  both. 

48.  Portland  is  the  principal  city  in  Oregon,  and  the  most  im- 
portant city  on  the  Pacific  Slope  north  of  California. 

49.  WASHIXGTON  TERRITORY  is  in  the  same  latitude 
as  the  northern  part  of  Maine  and  the  central  part  of  France. 

50.  It  is  divided  by  the  Cascade  Range  into  two  physical 
regions, — the  western  or  lower,  and  the  eastern  or  higher. 

51.  Olympiu  is  the  capital. 

52.  IDAHO  and  MOXTAXA  are  noted  for  gold  and  silver. 
Their  surface  is  mountainous,  but  well  adapted  to  grazing.  The 
Northern  Pacific  Raih-oad  passes  through  these  Territories. 

53.  The  Chief  Toa>ns  in  Idaho  are  Boise  City  and  Levriston, 
and  in  Montana,  Helena  and  Virginia  City.  | 


p.  &p. 


MOXTEITH'S    PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


CHi^RT  SFIOWING  Tf^E  COMPpATIVE  ARE^S  OF  STATES,  COUNTRIES,  Etc. 


The  Countries  and   Islands  have  areas  equal,  or:nearly  equal,  to  those  of  the  States  in  which  their  names  appear.      For  example,  the  area  of   Iowa  is  about  the  same  as  that   of 

England. 
The  portion  of  the  map    which    is   colored    yellow   represents  the  area  of   Arabia;   that  colored  red.  Hindoostan  ;    green,  Persia. 


What  tlirre  countries  in  Asia  taken  together  cover  an  area  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  the  United  States,  without  Alaska? 

How  many  States  together  comprise  an  area  equal  to  that  of  Arabia  ? 
Am.  31. 

What  States  are  included  in  this  area?  An.i.  All  those  between  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  and  the  Musimppi  River,  besides  the  five  States  which  are  situated 
on  the  west  xide  of  that  river. 

What  State  is  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  region  which  is  here  com- 
pared with  Arabia  ?  In  the  south-western  jjart  ?  North-western  ?  South- 
eastern part  V 

Wliat  rivers  How  through  that  part,  of  the  United  States  ? 

What  States  and  Territories  together  comprise  an  area  equal  to  that  of 
Ilindoostan  V 

What  mountains  extend  through  that  part  of  the  United  States  ? 

What  are  included  in  the  region  whose  area  is  eepial  to  that  of  Persia? 

Bound  that  i)art  of  the  United  States  which  has  the  same  area  as  Arabia. 
Persia.     Hindoostan. 

Which  is  the  largest  State  in  the  Union  1 

What  country  in  Europe  has  about  the  same  area  as  California  1  Ken- 
tucky ?     Maine  ?     Iowa  ?     Indiana  ? 

What  country  is  the  same  size  as  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont  combined? 
What  country  is  but  little  larger  than  Georgia  and  Florida  combined  ? 

What  country  in  South  America  is  nearly  as  large  as  Nebraska? 

What  empire  has  an  area  nearly  equal  to  that  of  Oregon  and  Washington 
combined  ? 

What  islands  comprise  an  area  ecpial  to  that  f)f  Idaho  ?    Of  New  Mexico  ? 

What  island  has  an  area  nearly  the  .same  as  that  of  the  State  of  New  York  ? 
Ohio  ?  Alabama  t  North  Carolina  ?  Dakota  ?  Tennessee  ?  South  Carolina  V 
Utah  ?     Texas  ? 


What  six  States  have  the  same  area  as  Missouri  ? 

What  country  in  Asia  contains   the   same   number  of   square   miles   as 
Kansas  ? 

What  country  in  Asia  is  the  same  size  as  Arizona  ? 
Wliat  State  or  what  Territory  has  an  area  equal  to  that  of 


Great  Britain  ? 

Scotland  ? 

Corea  ? 

Saghalien  ? 

Spain  ? 

Ireland  ? 

Paraguay  ? 

The  Eastern  or  New 

Portugal  ? 

Iceland  ? 

Terra  del  Fuego? 

England  States  ? 

The  British  Isles  ? 

Binnah  ? 

Sumatra  ? 

West  Indies  ? 

England  ? 

Hayti  ? 

Java  ? 

Cuba  ? 

\V\\aX  part  of  the  United  States  has  the  .same  area  as  Italy  ?     Greece  ? 
Japan  Empire  ?     Borneo  ? 


AREAS    IN    SQUARE    MILES. 


Maine 

Hainp. 
an  Is.. 

Sq.  miles. 
.   Si.OOO 
.  .31,324 

.  Ifl.flOD 
.  l'.),000 

39,1)64 

Tennessee 

Cuba 

N.  Caroliua 

Java 

8.  Carolina   

Liberia 

Oeortria  &  Florida. 
Italy" 

Texas 

Borneo 

New  Mexico 

British  Isles 

Sq.  milrs. 
45.600 

.     45,800 

.     50. 7M 
.     61,000 

.     .-M.OOO 
26,000 

lOfl.OOO 
.  114,000 

274,000 
.  284,000 

.   121,000 
.  123,000 

Missouri  .   ... 

8q.  mIK-B. 
.     65,000 

Ensleru  States 

.     68,000 

.   18«,(KI0 

Greece  &  lou 
Ohio 

Spain 

Montana 

Prussia 

llindooBtan... 

.  l'.)5,0()0 
.  143,000 

Iceland 

Indiana 

.  35,000 

.  .33.809 
.  32„')00 

.  50,323 
.  55,000 

.  37,680 

.l..')flfl,(XHI 
.  I.IXKI.IIOO 

England 

Iowa 

Persia 

nind..Ara.  &  Persia 

.    .'500,0110 

.3,000,000 
3.000,0l!0 

United  States. 
out  Alaska 

with 

Portugal 

.  36,000 

3,000,000 

^3AHBJEdUiOO    / 


3IONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


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MOX^TEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AXF)  POLITICAL  GEOGBAPMY. 


81 


6BCTIo:<    '-v    ^.,..  i,.     ,.u.. r.i.-.A,  TIlROt'GU   ITS   CBNTER   FROM  TUE   PACIFIC   TO   THE  ATLANTIC 

EXERCISES   ON  THE  MAP. 

What  division  of  land  is  SOUTH   AMERICA  ?    In  what  direction  docs 
it  project  ? 

To  what  is  it  joined  2     By  what  isthmus  ? 
What  water  north  of  Soutli  America  ?     East  ?    West  ? 
Wliat  cape  at  its  northern  extremity  ?     Eastern  ?    Southern  ?    AVestem  ? 
Between  wliat  capos  is  South  America  longest  ? 

If  you  draw  a  line  between  these  two  capes,  on  wliich  side  of  the  line 
would  be  the  greater  part  of  South  America  ? 

Between  what  two  capes  is  the  greatest  width  of  South  America? 

Is  the  greater  part  of  Soutli  America  north  or  south  of  its  widest  part  ? 

On  wliich  side  is  its  great  mountain  chain  ?     With  what  coast  is  that 
chain  parallel  ? 

WTiat  mountains  in  its  eastern  part  ?     With  what  coast  are  they  i>arallel  ? 

What  mountains  on  the  northern  boundary  of  Brazil  ? 

What  mountains  in  the  central  part  of  South  America  i 

Into  what  ocean  do  nearly  all  the  rivers  flow? 

AVhat  river  of  South  America  is  the  largest  in  the  world  t 

Is  the  Amazon  north  or  south  of  the  Equator  ? 

What  line  on  the  map  passes  through  its  mouth  ? 

What  tributaries  flow  into  its  southern  side  ?     Northern  side  ? 

Which  have  their  sources  in  the  Andes  ? 

What  two  countries  of  South  America  wholly  north  of  the  Equator  ? 

What  three  countries  partly  north  of  it  ? 

What  country  between  the  Andes  Mountains  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  ? 

Name  all  the  countries  which  border  on  the  Pacific  ?     On  the  Atlantic  ? 
On  the  Caribbe'an  Sea  ? 

What  is  the  only  country  without  sea  coast  ? 

In  what  country  is  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  included  ? 

Bound  the  UNITED  STATES  OF  COLOMBIA.     What  is  the  capital  ? 

What  cities  in  the  north  ?     What  city  in  the  south-west  ? 

What  two  rivere  flow  north  ?     South-east  ? 

Bound  VENEZUELA.     AVhat  is  its  capital  ? 

What  city  and  lake  in  the  north-west  ? 

What  large  river  flows  through  Venezuela  ? 

AYliat  island  north  of  the  delta  of  the  Orinoco  ?     What  gulf? 

Bound  GUIANA.     Into  what  three  colonies  is  it  (.livided  2 

AVTiich  colony  is  in  the  eastern  part  2     Western  ?     Central  ? 

What  is  the  capital  of  each  colony  2 

Bound  BRAZIL.     AMiat  is  its  capital  ? 

Name  the  capes  on  the  coast  of  Brazil.     The  cities. 

What  large  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  2 

In  what  part  of  Brazil  are  its  mountain  regions  2     Its  Silvas  ?     Llanos  ? 
Pampas  2     Its  diamond  district  2 

Wliat  lake  in  the  southern  part  of  Brazil  ? 

By  what  river  and  its  tributaries  is  the  greater  part  of  Brazil  drained  2 

By  what  is  its  southern  part  drained  2     Its  eastern  2 

Wliat  is  the  greatest  width  of  Brazil  from  east  to  west  2     Of  the  United 
States  of  North  America  2 

Bound  ECUADOR.     What  is  its  capital  ? 

AVliat  three  celebrated  volcanoes  near  Quito  2     What  high  mountain  ? 

What  two  capes  on  the  coast  of  Ecuador  2 

What  tributaries  of  the  Amazon  flow  through  Ecuador  2 

Bound  PERU.     What  is  its  capital  2     What  is  the  port  of  Lima  2 

What  town  in  the  north-west  2     What  town  and  volcano  in  the  south  ? 

What  capes  on  the  coast  2     Wliat  lake  and  river  in  Peru  ? 

Bound  BOLIVIA.     AVhat  is  its  capital  2 


AVhat  lake  between  Bolivia  and  Peru  ?     AVhat  high  mountain  near  it  2 

AA'hat  river  flows  through  the  southern  part  2     Into  what  does  it  flow  2 

By  what  is  the  northern  part  of  Bolivia  drained  2 

AAliat  city  south-west  of  its  capital  ? 

What  desert  between  the  ^Vndes  and  the  Pacific  Coast  ? 

AMiat  volcano  in  the  south-west  2     AA^hat  town  2 

Bound  the  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC.     AATiat  is  its  capital  ? 

Name  its  principal  cities  ?     AATiat  large  river  flows  through  the  countrj-  2 

AAliat  volcanoes  between  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Chili  2 

In  what  part  are  the  Pampas  ?     AMiat  capes  on  the  coast  2 

Bound  PARAGUAY.     AVliat  is  its  capital  2 

AVhat  two  large  rivers  unite  at  the  south-west  comci  of  Paratruay? 

AATiat  division  of  land  is  Paraguay  2     What  town  in  the  west  2 

Bound  URUGUAY.     AVhat  is  its  capital  2 

Bound  CHILI.     AAHiat  is  its  capital  2     AVhat  cities  on  the  coast  ? 

In  the  south-west,  what  islands  2     Peninsula  2     Gulf  2 

Bound  PATAGONIA.     Has  it  any  capital  2     Cities  2 

On  what  ocean  does  Patagonia  border  2     AVhat  two  bays  east  ? 

AAliat  capes  on  its  coast  2     AVhat  peninsula  ? 

AVhat  islands  east  of  the  southern  part  2 

AAliat  islands  compose  the  group  of  Terra  del  Euerro  ? 

AVhat  strait  between  Patagonia  and  Terra  del  Fuego  ? 


R  E  V  I  E  ^V. 

CITIES    AND    TOWNS. 


IfJierc  sitnatfd  ?     On  or 

near  irhat  watrrs  ? 

MONTE  VIDEO, 

PARAMARIBO, 

CARACAS,   w 

POTOSI, 

GEORGETOWN, 

PtRNAMBUCO,   60 

LA  PAZ, 

ASPINW/ALL 

VALPARAISO,  7 

{rttl-pah-H'zo.) 

POPAYAN, 

COGOTA.  « 

(i.i.-iivtiiir.) 

QUITO,   " 

RIO   JANEIRO,  Jfl. 
(ref'oj<t-nee'ro.) 

MARACAIBO, 
i^)n<t'i-rilfi-ki'bu.) 

SANT1A30, 
(•■ahn-tt-ah'ijo.) 

LIMA,    100 
i^U'inah) 

BUENOS  AYRES, 

iho'iius  a'riz.) 

K           PANAMA, 

{pah-nah-mtili'.) 

AREQUIPA, 

{tth'fa-kte'jKih.') 

BAHIA,   He 
{'jith.t'a.') 

CHUQUISACA,  55 

{ehoo-fcee-sah'kah.) 

SANTA   FE, 

(all  II -tn  fay'.) 

PARANA. 

(jiith-nili-iHih'.) 

CUZCO.  <8 

(kocm'ko ) 

CAYENNE, 

(ki-en'.) 

CODIJA, 
^kv-bee'luih.) 

CALLAO, 

(kahl-luho.) 

PARA, 

ijiiili-ruh'.) 

MOUNTAINS. 


Where  are  they?      In  what  dirrrtion  tlo  t'tr  rftutjvs  e-xtetid?     Which  arp 

vol  canoes '/ 


Brazilian  Andes ?  Ilumant?  21      Andes? 


Antuco  ? 


CoTOPAXI?    is  {eel-i/ah-inah'ne.)         GeRAL  ?  ACARAY  ? 

Chijeborazo?  21      Antisana?  19    Akequipa?  18    Atacama? 

{chim-bo-rafi'zo.)  i<ihit-te-sah'nak.)  {nh-raij-ke'piih.)  {ah-Uth-kah'mah.) 

Aconcagua?  23       Pacaraima?       Pichincha?  m 

{ah-ko7i-kah'gwah..)  (jnik-kuh-ri'ma/t.)         (ju-chetiu'cfiiih.) 

RIVERS. 

WJiere  do  thej/  rise?     In  vliat  rtirprtioii  (In  tlieij  /loir,  and  into  u-hat  uatt-rn  ? 
Which  arc  binindary  rivers? 


St.  Francisco  ? 
Tunguragua  ? 
]\Iagdalena  ? 
Pelcomayo  ? 
Paiuguay  ? 


TOCANTINS  ? 
PUTUMAYO  ? 
UCAYALI? 

Orinoco  ? 
La  Plata? 


Parana  ? 
Uruguay  ? 
Amazon  ? 
Madeira  ? 

(iitah-dti'nih.) 


PURUH? 

Para? 
Negro  ? 
Tapajos? 

{tilli-JilUi'ChOCf    ) 


CAPES. 

Wlicre  are  they  ?     Into  what  triitcrs  do  theif  prt^cct  ? 

Corrientes?       Gallinas?       St.  Eoqi^e?  Blanco? 
St.  Francisco  ?  St.  Lorenzo  ?  Orange  ?       North  ? 


Horn? 
Frio? 


G 


8'. 


3LOXTEITHS  PHYSICAL  AJSD  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


AREAS  IN 
BQUAHE  MILES. 

Mexico, 

713,850. 

Nicaragua 
58,169., 

Honduras. 

47,092. 

Quatemahi, 
44,778. 

Costa  Ricii, 
21,495. 

Balize, 
14,000. 

San  Salvador, 
7,335 

Cuba, 
43,383 

Ilayti. 
29,000 

Jamaica, 

0,250 

Porto  Rico. 
3,805. 


POPULATION. 

Mexico, 
8,218,000. 

Guatemala, 
1,180,000. 

San  Salvador, 
600,000. 

Nicaragua, 
400,000. 

Honduras, 
350,000. 

Costa  Rica, 
135,000. 

Balize, 
10,000. 

Cuba, 
1,247,000. 

Hayti, 
560,000. 

Porto  Rico, 
380,000. 


Church  and  Square  of  San  Domingo,  City  of  Mexico. 


1.  MEXICO  corresponds  in  Latitiulr  with  tbe  Great  Desert 
of  .Vfrica,  the  southern  half  of  each  being  in  the  Torrid  Zone. 

2.  Tfs  Icddhig  Characferi sties  are  its  high  mountains  and 
table-lands,  its  various  climate.s  and  productions,  and  its  precious 
metals. 

3.  Its  Climates  and  Prodnetions  are  tliose  of  the  Ton-id, 
Temperate  and  Frigid  Zones.  The  hot  or  Torrid  Region  embraces 
the  low  lands  along  the  coasts  and  the  slopes  to  the  height  of  2500 
feet  ;  thence  to  the  altitude  of  5,000  feet,  is  the  Temperate  Region  ; 
above  8,000  feet,  the  cold  is  severe,  and  at  the  elevation  of  14,800 
feet,  is  the  Umit  of  peqietual  snow  (see  page  39). 

4.  The  Hot  Iteyion  I'roditees  sugar,  coffee,  indigo  and  tropical 
fruits.  Its  gi-oves  contain  parrots,  paroquets  and  other  tropical 
birds  of  beautiful  plumage,  besides  venomous  .snalces  and  insects. 
In  summer  and  autumn  it  is  exceedingly  hot  ;  and,  owing  to  abun- 
dant rains  and  rank  vegetation,  very  unhealthfnl. 

5.  The  Temperate  Ret/ion  has  an  agreeable  and  healthful 
climate.     Its  products  are  grain,  fruits  and  vegetables. 

6.  The  Animals  comprise  immense  numbers  of  cattle,  wild 
horses,  sheep,  and  bisons,  or  American  buffaloes.  The  cattle  and 
horses  were  origimdly  introduced  liy  the  Spaniards. 

7.  Tlie  Capital  is  the  city  of  ^lexico,  situated  in  the  center  of  a 
plateau,  7,400  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  (see  p.  16,  pars.  82,  33). 

8.  The  Original  Inhabitants  were  civilized  Indians. 

9.  Mexico  ivas  Conquered  by  Cortez  in  1520,  and  it  remained 
in  the  possession  of  Spain  for  nearly  three  centuries  afterwards. 

10.  The  Government,  which  is  a  Union  of  several  States,  is 
in  a  very  unsettled  condition,  and  the  resources  of  the  country 
lack  development. 

11.  The  Popnlafion  of  Mexico  is  about  8  millions,  more  than 
one-half  of  whom  are  Indians  ;  the  remainder  comprise  whites. 


negi-oes  and  mixed  races.     The  whites  are  of  Spanish  descent  and 
are  called  Creoles. 

12.  CENTIiAL  AMERICA  comprises  five  independent 
States  or  republics — Guatemala,  Honduras,  San  Salvador,  Nicara- 
gua and  Costa  Rica,  besides  British  Honduras,  or  Balize.  The 
most  imjiortant  of  these  is  Guatemala. 

13.  Its  Surface,  climates,  productions  and  inhabitants  are  simi- 
lar to  those  of  Mexico. 

14.  The  leading  Exports  are  indigo,  cochineal,  coffee,  sugar, 
cotton  and  mahogany. 

15.  THE  WEST  IXniES  include  the  Greater  Antilles,  the 
Lesser  Antilles,  the  Caribbee  and  the  Bahama  Islands  ;  all,  except- 
ing some  of  the  Bahamas,  are  in  the  Torrid  Zone. 

IG.   Their  Surface,  generally,  is  mountainou.s. 

17.  Their  Climate  is  very  hot,  but  tempered  by  the  influence 
of  the  ocean.  It  is  generally  healthy  fi-om  November  to  June ; 
but,  during  the  great  rains,  fevers  are  j^revalent. 

18.  Hurricanes  ait'l  Earthf/ual.cs  are  frequent. 

19.  I'hc  I'cyctahle  Productions  are  rich  and  abundant — sugar, 
coffee,  tobacco,  cotton,  corn,  mahogany,  dye-woods  and  drugs, 
besides  pine-apples,  oranges,  bananas  and  other  tropical  fi-uits. 

20.  The  Cultivation  of  the  Soil  is  performed  by  negroes,  who 
comprise  the  larger  portion  of  the  inhabitants. 

21.  Eish,  Turtles,  parrots,  flamingoes,  humming-birds,  snaies, 
lizards  and  insects  are  numerous. 

22.  CUBA,  the  largest  of  the  West  Indies,  is  750  miles  long. 

23.  Its  leading  Manufactures  are  sugar,  molasses  and  cigars. 
Its  commerce  is  important ;  its  chief  city  is  Havana. 

24.  HA  YTI  comprises  two  republics  of  free  colored  people  ; 
the  French  language  is  spoken  in  the  western  part  of  the  island, 
and  Spanish,  in  the  eastern  jiart. 


SOUTH  AMEBIC  A. 


83 


1.  SOUTH  AMElilVA:  its  leading  char- 
acteristics ai-e  its  high  mouu tains,  volcmoes,  pla- 
teaus, large  rivers  and  extensive  plains. 

2.  It  has  three  mountain  systems,  three 
plateau  regions,  and  three  gi-eat  river  basins. 

3.  The  most  important  mountains  are  the 
Andes,  which  consist  of  several  ranges,  and 
extend  along  the  Pacific  coa5t  a  distance  of  over 
4500  miles. 

4.  Ill  the  Andes,  are  islateaus  and  vaUeys  of 
various  sizes  and  elevations. 

5.  The  Highest  Peaks  are  more  than  20,000 
feat  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Mt.  Aconca3Tia, 
the  highest,  is  23,910  feet. 

6.  The  Larr/est  Plateau  of  the  Andes  is  in 
Bolivia  and  Peru  ;  it  is  more  tlian  12,000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  ocean,  and  covers  an  area 
equal  to  that  of  Indiana. 

7.  Hie  greater  part  of  South  America  is  in 
the  Torrid  Zone  ;  consequently,  Bolivia,  Peru, 
Ecuador,  and  Colombia  possess  every  variety  of 
climate,  from  the  troj)ical  heat  of  then*  low  plains, 
to  the  region  of  j^erpetual  snow  on  their  muuntains.   (See  i)age  39.) 

8.  The  Countries  bordering  on  the  Pueijic  are  subject  to 
earthquakes. 

9.  The  other  Mountain  Systems  of  South  America  are  north 
of  Brazil  and  in  the  southeastern  part  of  that  country. 

10.  The  most  extensive  Pluteuii  of  South  America  is  in  the 
central  and  southeastern  portions  of  Brazil.  Its  elevation  is  from 
2,000  to  5,000  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

11.  Tlie  excessive  rains  of  the  Tropical  Regions  of  South 
America  are  supplied  by  the  winds  which  blow  from  the  Atlantic. 
As  the  moisture  is  condensed  before  passing  the  Andes,  little  or 
no  rain  faUs  between  those  mountains  and  the  Pacific,  which 
accounts  for  the  deserts  of  that  region.    (See  p.  34,  pars.  41  to  45.) 

12.  Tlie  Seasons  of  the  year  are  two,  the  wet  and  dl■^•. 

13.  The  Loirlaiids  comprise,  chiefly,  the  basins  of  the  Amazon, 
Orinoco,  and  La  Plata. 

14.  The  Basin  or  Valleij  of  the  Amazon  has  an  area  of  over 
2,000,000  square  miles,  and  includes  large  portions  of  Brazil, 
Ecuador,  Peru  and  Bolivia. 

15.  Its  Surface  is  covered  with  numerous  streams,  marshes, 
and  dense  forests,  called  silvas,  the  abode  of  savages,  monkeys, 
alligators,  huge  serpents  and  venomous  insects.  (See  page  44, 
paragraph  37.) 

16.  The  Lowlands  of  the  Orinoco  are  called  llanos  ;  those  of 
the  La  Plata,  pampas.  In  the  wet  season,  they  are  covered  with 
grass  ;  but,  in  the  di-y  season,  they  become  desolate  wastes.  (See 
page  21,  paragraphs  9  to  13.) 

17.  These  Lowlands  are  in  nearly  every  country  in  South 
America.  For  subsistence  and  trade,  a  large  portion  of  the  in- 
habitants depend  upon  their  cattle  and  horses,  which  roam  over 
the  llanos  and  pampas,  in  countless  herds,  diu-ing  the  wet  season. 

18.  Animals  are  numerous  ;  they  include  the  jaguar,  puma, 
tapir,  ant-eater,  sloth  and  armadillo.  Mides  and  lamas  are  used 
as  beasts  of  burden. 

19.  The  Agricultural  Products  are  coffee,  sugar,  wheat,  com, 
cotton,  tobacco,  rice  and  tropical  fruits.  In  the  forests,  are  the 
chocolate  and  India-rubber  trees,  and  those  from  which  cabinet 
and  dye-woods,  Peruvian  bark  and  other  medicines  are  obtained. 

20.  The  Largest  Jlirds  are  the  emu  and  vultui'e  ;  besides  these 
are  the  toucan,  with  parrots  and  humming-birds  of  great  beauty. 


The  Upper  Andes.— Head  of  the  Apunmac  River,  one  of  tne  Sources  or  l..e  ^.......^.i. 

21.  The  Original  Inhabitants  were  Indiians:  those  under  the 
government  of  the  Incas,  whose  dominions  extended  along  the 
Andes  from  the  Equator  to  Patagonia,  had  advanced  to  a  high 
degree  of  civilization. 

22.  Some  of  their  Buildings  were  of  magnificent  construction, 
especially  the  Temple  of  the  Sim,  which  was  ornamented  with  gold 
and  jewels  of  great  value. 

23.  Peru  was  conquered  by  Pizarro,  about  the  year  1533,  and 
remained  in  possession  of  the  Spaniards  for  about  300  years. 

24.  The  present  Inhabitants  of  South  America  are  Indians, 
whites,  negi-oes  and  mixed  races.  More  than  one-half  are  Indians. 
The  white  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
descent ;  Portuguese,  in  Brazil  ;  British,  Dutch  and  French,  in 
Guiana  ;  and  Spanish,  in  all  the  other  countries. 

25.  The  South  American  Governments  are  republics,  except 
Brazil,  which  is  an  empire,  and  Giiiana,  which  is  under  the 
dominion  of  Great  Britain,  France  and  HoUand. 


26.  BRAZIL  is  the  largest  country  in  South  America;  its 
wealth  is  in  its  fertile  soil,  extensive  pastures,  its  gold,  diamonds, 
and  timber. 

27.  It  Produces  more  than  half  the  coffee  used  in  the  world. 

28.  The  Northern  Part  of  Brazil  is  subject  to  heavy  rains 
and  violent  storms.  In  the  south,  the  chmate  is  mild  and 
salubrious. 

29.  The  Largest  City  in  South  America  is  Eio  Janeu-o,  the 
capital  and  chief  commercial  city  of  Brazil. 

30.  The  Cities,  Towns,  and  Cultivated  Districts  of  Brazil 
are  chiefly  near  the  coast. 

31.  THE  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC :  its  characteristics 
are  its  forests  and  deserts  of  the  north,  and  its  vast  pampas  of 
the  center  and  south. 

32.  Its  Climate  is  distinguished  by  great  summer  heat,  violent 
hail-storms  and  long  tlroughts. 

33.  The  National  Health  is  mostly  in  the  cattle,  horses, 
mules  and  sheep,  which  are  reared,  in  millions,  on  the  pampas ; 
the  leading  exports  are  wool,  hides  and  skins. 

34.  Patagonia  is  mostly  a  barren  region,  claimed  by  Chili  and 
the  Argentine  Republic. 


84: 


MOXTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AUsT)  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


THE  BRITISH  ISLES. 


85 


AnEAS 
Compared. 

Sq.  miles. 

Euffland  and  Wales, 

58,330. 

Georgia  (U.  S.). 
58,000. 


Scotland  (inc.  islands), 
31,324 

Main?. 
31,76ii 


Irsland 
33,513 

Indiana, 
33,809. 


poptilations 
Compared. 

England  and  Wales, 
22,704,100. 

Farther  India, 
20,000,000. 


Scotland  (inc.  islands), 
3,358,613. 

New  England  States, 
3,487.924. 


Ireland, 
5,402,759. 

Pennsylvania  and  Ind., 
5,302,687. 


The  Eastern  Part  of  Edinburgh  Looking  South.— The  Palace  of  Holyrood.— Sahsbury  Crags  and  Arthur's  Seat  m  the  Distance 


1.  THE  BBITISII  ISLES  comprise  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  with  many  small  islands  near  their  coasts. 

2.  T/iei/  are  Situated  iu  the  centre  of  the  laud  hemisphere, 
and  between  the  same  parallels  of  latitude  as  Labrador  and  the 
southern  half  of  Siberia.     (See  Laud  Hemisphere,  p.  50.) 

3.  Tlieir  Climate  is  mild  and  moist,  owing  to  the  influence  of 
the  west  winds,  which  blow  over  the  Gulf  Stream.  See  pages  35 
and  36.) 

4.  Their  Area  is  less  than  that  of  New  Mexico  ;  and  no  part  of 
their  surface  is  more  than  100  miles  from  the  coast. 

5.  TJie  Larf/e.vt  European  Islatiil  is  Great  Britain,  the  most 
imp)ortant  in  the  world.  It  comprises  England,  Scotland  and 
Wales.     The  second  in  size,  is  Ireland. 

6.  Their  uearesf  ai>jtroach  to  Contiuental  Europe  is  at  the 
Strait  of  Dover,  (21  miles  wide)  between  England  and  France. 

7.  The  moat  Northern  of  the  British  Isles  are  the  Shetland 
Islands. 

8.  The  British  Eni2)ire  comprises  the  British  Isles  and 
extensive  possessions  in  America,  Asia,  Afi-ica,  and  Oceanica. 

9.  ENGLAND  possesses  fine  pastures,  well  cultivated  farms, 
beautiful  landscapes,  and  mines  which  yield  immense  wealth. 

10.  Its  Mountains  are  in  the  west  and  northwest,  the  highest 
being  about  3,000  feet  high.     Its  lowest  lands  are  in  the  east. 

11.  In  the  Northwest  are  the  mountains,  lakes,  and  waterfalls 
of  England,  which  are  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  their  scenery. 
The  highest  mountains  are  Sea  Fell,  Hclvcllyu  and  Skiddaw,  each 
over  3,000  feet.  The  largest  lake — Windermere — is  about  10 
mdcs  long  by  1  mile  wide. 

12.  The  Mineral  Products  include  coal,  iron,  copper,  lead, 
tin,  and  salt.     The  coal  fields  are,  chiefly,  iu  the  northern  counties. 

18.  T-/ie  Af/ricultural  Products  are  chiefly  wheat,  rye,  barley 
and  oats.     Indian  coin  and  the  grape  do  not  thrive. 

14.  Enf/laiid  creels  every  other  country  in  the  world  in  the 
extent  of  its  commerce  and  manufactures  ;  this  is  largely  due 
to  its  facilities  for  navigation,  and  the  abundance  of  its  coal 
and  iron. 

15.  Its  Cotton,  Woolen  and.  Iron  manufactures  are  immense. 

16.  Eiif/land  is  the  most  densely  populated  country  in  Europe, 
excexit  Belgium. 


17.  London,  the  capital,  excels  every  other  city  in  the  world, 
in  wealth,  population  and  commerce. 

18.  Liverpool,  next  in  size  to  London,  is  a  celebrated  commer- 
cial city ;  next  in  rank,  are  Manchester,  noted  for  its  cotton 
manufactures,  and  Birmingham,  for  hardware. 

19  WALES  is  a  mountainous  country,  and  well  adajjted  to 
grazing  ;  its  manufactures  are  woolen  goods. 

20.  SCOTLAND:  its  distinguishing  featm-es  are  its  broken 
coast  line,  its  rugged  siu-face,  and  its  numerous  lakes. 

21.  The  Hif/hlands,  which  cover  the  northern  half  of  Scotland, 
comprise  the  Grampian  HiUs  and  other  ranges. 

22.  They  are  Remarkable  for  the  wild  scenery  of  their  naked 
rocks  and  precipices,  narrow  glens,  lakes  and  waterfall.?,  and  their 
desolate  moorlands,  which  are  covered  with  healh  and  bog. 

23.  The  Highest  of  the  Grampian  Hills  is  Ben  Nevis,  4406 
feet  (the  highest  mountain  in  Great  Britain). 

2-t.   The  Larffest  Lake  in   Great    Britain    is    Loch   Lomond. 

25.  The  Lowlands,  which  are  comparatively  level,  contain 
good  agricultural  lands,  and  the  bulk  of  the  population.  Here 
the  people  are  chiefly  engaged  in  agriculture,  manufactiures  and 
commerce.     The  Highlanders  are  chiefly  shepherds. 

26.  The  Agricultural  Products  are  oats,  wheat,  barley, 
potatoes  and  turnips.     The  minerals  are  coal,  iron  and  lead. 

27.  The  Capital  is  Edinburgh,  aqd  the  chief  city,  Glasgow. 

28.  IRELAND  is  hill}'  or  mountainous  along  Iho  coast,  and 
generally  level  in  the  interior.  The  highest  luountaius  are  a  little 
over  3000  feet  high. 

29.  Ireland  is  ehiefl\i  a  grazing  and  agricultural  country  ; 
oats,  wheat,  potatoes,  barley  and  flax  are  successfully  cultivated. 

30.  The  Principal  Manufacture  is  linen. 

31.  Dublin  is  the  ctipital  and  chief  city.  The  other  large  cities 
are  Belfast,  Cork,  and  Limerick. 

32.  Celebrated  for  Beautiful  Scenery,  are  the  Lakes  of 
Killamey,  and  the  region  suiTounding  them. 

33.  The  Gorernment  of  the  British  Isles  is  a  limited  monarchy. 
The  legislative  body,  or  parliament,  is  comf)osed  of  the  House  of 
Lords  and  the  House  of  Commons  :  it  comprises  members  from 
England,  Scotland,  Ireland  and  Wales. 


/'•s  N  n  a  a  'n  .-'"d  iaj  v  h  -k  /'ssyw/ti  a^jr  -n/ 


■  a  V  ON 


MOXTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AXD  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


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MOJVTEITH'S    I'll  I  SIC  A  L  AND  POLITICAL   GEOGBAPIIY. 


3C^:^^=FTHL?  iii.Tiin,^ 


Tne   Palace  of   Versailles,   near  Paris;   Now  Used  as  a    Historical   Museum 


1.  EUIiOPE  is  remartable  for  its  great  length  of  coast  line, 
its  great  plain,  mountaiu  and  river  scenery,  and  powerful  nations. 

2.  Its  Northern  Ilaff  is  mostly  level  ;  its  southern  half, 
mountainous. 

3.  Its  Great  Plain  comprises  two-thirds  of  its  area,  covering 
Russia,  Prussia,  Denmarlc  and  Holland. 

4.  Its  Most  Ce/eftrtiti'tl  Moinitaitis  are  the  Alps  ;  Mount 
Blanc,  the  highest  mountain  in  Euroj)e,  is  15,810  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea. 

5.  jT/ic  Itirers  which  are  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  their 
scenery  are  the  Rhine,  Rhone,  Seine,  Loire  and  Danube.  Tlie 
Rhine  is  noted  for  its  vine-covered  hills,  pictui'esque  villages,  its 
crags  and  ancient  castles.  Its  most  interesting  jiortion  is  in 
Prussia,  betweeu  the  towns  of  Bonn  and  Mayence. 

6.  The  Foreign  and  Inland  Commerce  of  Europe  is  very 
extensive,  owing  largely  to  the  numerous  indentations  of  its  coast, 
and  its  network  of  rivers,  canals,  and  railroads. 

7.  The  Climate  of  Western  and  Southern  Eirrope  is  greatly 
modified  by  the  winds  which  blow  over  the  Gulf  Stream,  and 
the  Mediterranean  Sea.  It  corresponds  to  that  of  the  Pacific 
coast  of  the  United  States.     (See  p.  37,  paragraphs  21,  31  and  38.) 

8.  Tlte  Warm  Zone  of  Europe  embraces  Spain,  Italy,  Tui'key, 
Greece,  and  Southern  France.  The  winters  are  short,  frost  and 
snow,  rare,  with  but  slight  inten'uption  to  vegetation.  Here 
flourish  the  vine,  orange,  lemon,  citron,  fig  and  olive.  The  heat  of 
this  region  is  often  greatly  increased  by  the  hot  winds  fi-om  Africa. 

9.  The  Central,  or  Temperate  lief/ion,  except  along  the 
western  coast,  has  long,  cold  winters,  with  considerable  snow. 
Here  gi-ain  is  largely  produced. 

10.  The  Xorthern  and  Eastern  Parts  of  Europe  are  remark- 
able for  their  severe  winters,  and  the  rapid  growth  of  vegetation 
in  their  warm,  short  summers. 

11.  Ediiihiirf/Ji  and  Moscow,  although  in  the  same  latitude, 
have  very  differ  snt  climates  ;  one  is  oceanic  and  mild,  the  other 


14.  FRANCE  corresponds  in  latitude 
with  the  New  England  States,  the  Great 
Lakes,  Mitinesota  and  Oregon. 

15.  Its  Mountains  are  on  its  eastern  and 
southern  borders  ;  they  are  noted  for  the 
grandeur'  of  theu-  scenery. 

16.  The  mier  Valleys  present  beautiful 
landscaj^es. 

17.  Its  Climate,  soil,  and  agiicultural 
productions  are  varied ;  the  cold  of  winter 
increases  according  to  the  distance  inland. 
The  southeastern  section  is  noted  as  a  winter 
resort  for  invalids. 

18.  The  Most  Important  Ar/riciilfiiral 
Products  are  gTain  and  grajjes,  the  former 
flourishing  in  the  north,  the  latter  in  the 
south. 

19.  The  Commerce  and  Maniif'artiires 
of  France  are  very  important ;  the  latter 
comprise  silk,  woolen,  linen  and  cotton  goods. 

20.  The  Larr/est  Citi/  in  France  is  Paris, 
the  capital  and  third  city  in  size  in  the  world  ; 
Loudon  and  Pekin  being  the  largest. 


Its  surface   is   even. 


21.  PPrSSIA   has   a  northern   slope, 
except  in  the  south  and  west. 

22.  THE  GERMAN  EMPIRE  was  formed  by  the  nnion  of 
all  the  I^ngdoms,  States,  and  Free  Cities  of  North  and  South 
Germany. 

23.  The  King  of  Prussia  became  Emjjeror  of  Germany. 

24.  The  Largest  City  in  Germany  is  Berlin,  the  capital.  Its 
population  is  larger  than  that  of  Philadelphia. 

25.  Oih(  r  Large  Cities  are  Hamburg,  Breslau,  Munich,  Dres- 
den, and  Cologne.  Strasburg  and  Metz  were  lately  ceded  by 
France  to  Germany. 

26.  The  Leading  Products  of  Germany  are  gi-ain,  flax, 
tobacco  and  wine,  linen,  cotton,  woolen  and  silk  goods,  coal  and 
the  useful  metals. 

27.  nENMARK  and  HOLLAND  have  a  low,  flat  siu'face 
and  a  moist  climate.  Their  principal  products  are  grain,  cattle, 
butter,  etc. 

28.  They  Correspond  in  Latitude  with  Labrador  and  Hud- 
son's Bay. 

29.  The  Surface  of  a  Large  Portion  of  Ilnlland  is  below  the 
level  of  the  sea  and  several  of  its  rivers  ;  the  water  from  them 
being  prevented  fi-om  overflowing  the  land,  by  embankments. 
The  country  is  drained  by  means  of  its  numerous  cuuals,  into 
which  the  water  is  raised  by  windmills  and  steam  engines. 

30.  The  Foreign  Possessions  of  France  and  Holland  in 
Asia,  Africa  and  America,  are  important. 

31.  The  Most  Important  Cities  of  Denmark  and  Holland 
are  Copenhagen  and  Amsterdam,  their  capitals. 

32.  BELGIUM  is  the  most  thickly  settled,  and  the  best  culti- 
vated coimtry  in  Europe. 

33.  It    is    Rich    in  agricultm-al,    mineral  and   manufacturing 
continental  and  excessive.                                                                            i  products.     Coal  and  iron    are   abundant.     Its  manufactures  are 

12.  The  Governments  of  Europe  are  mostly  liereditai'v  mon-  I  Brussels  carpets,  linens,  laces,  cotton,  woolen,  and  silk  goods, 
archies.  I       34  Its  Capital  and  chief  city  is  Brussels. 

13.  The   Leading   European   Nations    are    Great    Britaia,  j       35.  France,   Ilollmid    and  Belgium  together   cover  an  area 
Prussia,  Rtissia,  and  France.  i  about  equal  to  that  of  Texas. 


EUROPE. 


91 


1.  AUSTRIA  is  re- 
markable for  its  moiiut- 
ain  scenery,  its  great 
central  plain  of  Hun- 
gary, its  extensive  for- 
ests, its  mineral  wealth, 
and  tbe  variety  of  the 
races  wliich  compose  its 
inhabitants. 

2.  Its  I'rodilcfioiis 
are  grain,  grapes,  hops 
and  hemp,  with  olives, 
oranges,  lemons  and 
rice. 

3.  The  Lavgest  CUics 
in  Austria  are  Vienna — 
its  capital,  Prague  and 
Pesth. 

4.  RUSSIA  is  re- 
markable for  its  great 
area,  severe  climates, 
vast  forests  and  steppes 
(gi-assy  plains). 

5.  It  is  C/iic/ti/  an 
agi'icultural  and  grazing 
country  ;  its  yield  of 
■wheat  and  other  grains 
is  abundant. 

6.  Its  Largest  Cities 


St.  Peter's,  the  most  celebrated  cathedral  in  the  world.  Its  length  is  607  feeti  its  width,  445  feet;  and  its  hight,  458  feet, 
picture  appears  the  Palace  of  the  Vatican,  which  is  the  residence  of  the  Pope.  It  contains  more  than  4000  rooms.  Its 
able  for  their  magnificence,  their  treasures  of  art,  a  museum,  and  a  library. 


are  St.  Petersbm-g — the  capital,  Moscow  and  Warsaw. 

7.  SWEDEX  AND  XOUWAY,  now  Tinder  one  sovereign, 
form  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula  ;  each  has  its  own  laws  and 
legislature. 

8.  The  Siiff((re  of  Norway  is  exceedingly  mountainous,  while 
that  of  Sweden  is  comparatively  level. 

9.  The  Coasts  of  both  are  lined  with  islands.  The  Norwe- 
gian coast  is  remarkable  for  its  numerous  inlets,  called  fiords;. 

10.  The  Climate  of  Sweden  is  remai'kable  for  its  long,  cold 
winters,  and  its  short,  hot  summers ;  while  that  of  Norway  is 
milder,  owing  to  the  influence  of  the  Gulf  Stream. 

11.  The  I'eninsnla  is  remarkable  for  its  forests,  pastui'es, 
and  its  stores  of  iron  and  copper.  Sbip-building,  commerce,  tbe 
lumber  trade,  and  the  fisheries,  are  important. 

12.  Storhholm,  their  cajjital  and  chief  city,  is  built  partly  on 
several  islands. 

13.  SWITZERLAND,  an  inland  repubbc,  is  the  most  mount- 
ainous country  in  Europe. 

14.  It  is  remarhable  for  its  grand  and  picturesque  scenery,  es- 
pecially that  of  its  mountains,  glaciers,  valleys,  lakes  and  waterfalls. 

15.  Its  Area  and  Popidation  are  about  double  those  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. More  than  half  the  inhabitants  are  Germans,  who 
occupy  the  northeastern  cantons  or  states;  in  the  west  arc  French, 
and  in  the  south,  Italians. 

16.  Its  Capital  is  Berne  ;  its  chief  city,  Geneva. 

17.  ITALY  is  celebrated  for  its  mild  winters  and  clear  sky,  its 
mountain  and  lake  scenery,  its  volcanoes  and  ancient  ruins. 

18.  Rome,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Eoman  Empire,  is,  next 
to  Jerusalem,  the  most  celebrated  city  in  the  world.  It  was  once 
"  the  mistress  of  tbe  world,"  but  now  is  noted  chiefly  for  its  ruins, 
the  most  famous  of  which  are  the  Coliseum  and  the  Roman  Forum. 


On  the  right  of  the     I 
alleries  are  remark-     ! 


Its  celebrated  Cathedral,  St.  Peters,  is  the  largest  chui-ch  in  the 
world.  Rome  was  founded  more  than  700  years  B.  C,  and  was  in 
the  beiglit  of  its  power  at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era. 

19.  The  Largest  Citg  is  Naples,  near  which  are  Vesuvius  and 
tbe  ruins  of  Pompeii  (pom-pay'e)  and  Herculaneum. 

20.  The  Principal  Volcanoes,  besides  Vesuvius,  are  Mt.  Etna, 
in  Sicily,  and  Stroni'boli,  of  the  Lip'ari  group,  all  Italian  islands. 
Corsica,  the  bii-tbplace  of  Napoleon  I.,  belongs  to  France. 

21.  SPAIN  AND  PORTUGAL  correspond,  in  latitude,  with 
Missouri  and  Iowa ;  and  in  area,  with  Missouri,  Iowa  and 
Minnesota. 

22.  Their  Surface  consists  of  plateaus  and  mountains.  Their 
cbniate  is  mild  on  tbe  coasts. 

23.  Tlte  Highlands  are  dry  and  unproductive  ;  but  tbe  vine, 
tobacco,  sugar  cane,  and  tropical  fruits  flourish  in  the  lower 
grounds.  Merino  sbce|i  in  vast  numbers  are  reared  for  their  wool, 
which  is  the  finest  in  Europe. 

24.  Their  Largest  Cities  are  the  capitals,  Madrid  and  Lisbon. 

25.  THE  TURKISH  or  OTTOMAN  EMPIRE  lies  in 
Europe,  Asia,  and  .iVfi-ica. 

26.  The  Surface  of  Tiu'key  in  Europe  is  mountainous  and 
undulating  ;  tbe  climate,  variable.     Grapes  and  grain  flourish. 

27.  Mttng  of  the  people  are  Mohammedans  ;  the  emperor  is 
called  the  Sultan,  and  bis  court,  the  Sublime  Porte. 

28.  Constantinople,  the  capital,  is,  next  to  London  and  Paris, 
tbe  largest  city  in  Europe. 

29.  GREECE  is  noted  for  its  fine  scenery  and  climate,  and  its 
delicious  fi-nits,  especially  currants,  olives,  and  grapes. 

30.  Athens,  its  capital,  and  long  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
cities  in  the  world  for  hteratuie  and  science,  was  founded  more 
than  1300  years  B.  C. 


COLUMBIA 


ASIA. 


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MOWTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AJ^J)  POLITICAL   GEOGBAPHY. 


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A  Procession  in  Japan,  in  honor  of  the  MiKaoo 


Descriptive  Seography. 

^£>!i)  Cj.'j 

1.  ASIA  is  remarkable  for  its  extent  of  surface,  its  high  moun- 
tains, extensive  phiias  and  deserts,  excessive  climates,  vast  popula- 
tion, and  historical  antiquity. 

2.  T/ie  HbtKilayas,  the  highest  mountains  in  the  world,  are 
south  of  the  central  part  of  Asia.  Northward,  the  slope  is  gradual, 
while  southward,  it  is  very  abrapt. 

3.  The  great  Plateau  Scf/ioii  of  Asia  is  in  the  center  ;  the 
gi-eat  jjlains  are  in  the  north,  west,  and  east. 

4.  I'he  Highest  3Ioimtain  on  the  globe  is  Mount  Everest, 
29,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea ;  the  plateau  of  Thibet  is 
fi-om  10,000  to  1.5,000  feet  high. 

5.  Xearly  crcri/  Cointtrij  is  rirh  in  wheat,  I'ice  and  other 
grains,  besides  precious  metals  and  stones. 

6.  Famous  for  the  Mauufarfure  of  rich  shawls,  carpets,  silks 
and  velvets,  are  India,  Persia  and  Turkey. 

7.  SIBERIA  is  composed  of  forests,  stepj)es  or  prairies, 
marshes  and  fertile  tracts,  with  fresh  and  salt  lakes. 

8.  The  Northern  Third  of  its  Surface  is  chiefly  a  region  of 
salt  stejopes  and  endless  swamps,  where  the  soil  is  ijerpetually 
frozen  to  the  depth  of  hundreds  of  feet.  The  siu'face  is  thawed 
only  two  or  three  mouths  of  the  year. 

9.  The  Hirers  of  Siberia  are  large,  and  their  lower  or  northern 
cotirses  are  fi'ozen  the  greater  joart  of  the  year. 

10.  Siberia  is  rich  in  gold,  jsrecious  stones  and  fur-bearing 
animals. 

11.  The  PopuUition  is  composed  of  Kussian  settlers,  criminals 
and  poUtical  exiles  ;  besides  the  original  inhabitants,  who  are  a 
very  degraded  race,  given  to  the  lowest  forms  of  idolatry. 

12.  CIIiyA,  which  forms  about  one-thii'd  of  the  Chinese  Em- 
pii'e,  has  an  area  about  equal  to  that  portion  of  the  United  States 
which  lies  east  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  and  a  pojiulation  ten 
times  as  large  as  that  of  the  United  States. 

13.  Its  Surface  is  mountainous  in  the  west,  with  an  eastward 
slojDe  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

14.  Its  great  Source  of  Wealth  is  in  the  fertile  soil  of  its 
extensive  plains,  river  vallej-s  and  hills,  which  are  highly  ciil- 
tivated.  The  lowlands  jdeld  two  crops  each  year ;  the  soil  is 
enriched  by  a  dej)osit  of  fine  mud  which  is  left  by  the  floods. 

15.  The  Agricultural  Products  of  China  and  Japan  are  tea, 
rice,  cotton,  sugar,  grain  and  fruits. 

16.  Among  its  Mamifactures  are  silk  goods  and  jwrcelain 
ware,  the  first  inventors  of  which  were  the  Chinese. 

17.  Inland  Trade  is  facihtated  by  important  rivers,  canals, 
creeks  and  lakes. 

18.  The  Minerals  of  China  and  Japan  include  gold,  silver, 
cojjper,  lead,  iron  and  coal. 

19.  TIIIJiET,  an  ek'vated  region,  belongs  chiefly  to  China. 
It  has  a  dry  chmate,  except  in  summer,  and  abounds  in  j^recious 
metals. 

20.  Tin:  JAPAX  EMPIIii:  which  is  no  larger  than  CaU- 
fomia,  has  a  population  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  United  States. 

21.  //*■  Climate  is  rainy,  but  uiUder  than  that  of  China,  in  the 
same  latitude.  The  coimtry  suffers  from  hiUTicanes,  earthquakes 
and  volcanic  enxptions. 

22.  Tlie  Gorernmeut,  like  that  of  China,  is  a  desj)otism.  The 
Emperor  of  Japan  is  called  the  Mikado. 


ASIA. 


CoHPARATrVB 

Areas. 
SQrASE  Miles. 

Russia  iu  Asia, 
5,800,000. 

United  States, 
3,603,884. 


Japan  Empire, 
149,399. 

California, 
188,981. 


Afghanistan, 
338,500. 

Austria, 
240,319. 


Bumiali, 
193,500. 

Spain, 
195,000 


9J 


compabative 
Pofihations. 

CUnese  Empire. 
446,000,000. 

United  States, 
40,000,000. 


Japan  Empire, 
83,000,000. 

Gt.  Britain  &  Ire. 
32,000,000. 


Turkey  in  Asia. 
16,050,000. 

Spain, 
1(1,565,00:). 


Ceylon, 
2,000,000. 

Cliili, 
2,000,000. 


The  City  of  Bagdad,  on  the  Tigris  River,  the  principal  city  in  the  eastern  part  of  Turkey  in  Asia.       The  Mosque  of  Imam  iv.ous... 


23.  ASIATIC  TURKEY  contains  some  of  the  most  cele- 
brated places  ill  tlie  world.  Palestine,  or  the  Holy  Land,  is  in  the 
south-west ;  Mt.  Ararat  is  on  the  northeastern  border  ;  Damascus 
is  the  oldest,  and  Jerusalem,  the  most  renowned  city  iu  the  world. 

24.  Smyrna  is  the  largest  city  in  Asiatic  Turkey. 

25.  TUMKESTAy  is  high  in  the  east,  with  a  western  slope  to 
the  Caspian  Sea.     Its  western  section  is  sandy,  salt  and  barren. 

26.  It  is  now  chiefly  under  the  dominion  of  Russia. 

27.  PERSIA  consists  mainly  of  a  desert  plateau,  covered  with 
sand,  salt  and  nitre,  where  the  heat  of  summer  and  the  cold  of 
winter  are  excessive.  Its  fertile  section  is  in  the  northwest,  near 
the  Caspian  Sea.     The  population  comprises  various  Asiatic  races. 

28.  The  Head  of  the  Govcruinctit  is  called  the  Shah. 

29.  Many  of  the  Inhabitants  of  Persia,  Tui'kestan ',  Afghanis- 
tan', Beloochistan',  Turkey  iu  Asia  and  Arabia  are  Nomads,  a 
wandering  people,  who  rear  sheep,  goats,  horses  and  camels. 

30.  ARABIA  is  a  dry,  hot  and  barren  region,  low  along  the 
coasts  and  high  in  the  interior. 

31.  The  Arabs  comprise  two  classes  ;  those  who  live  in  the 
cities  and  are  engaged  in  agi-iculture,  trade,  etc.,  and  the  Bedouins, 
who  live  in  tents  and  wander  from  jilace  to  place  in  search  of  pas- 
ture for  their  flocks  and  herds. 

32.  AfjricuJtttre  is  carried  on  by  means  of  artificial  irrigation. 
The  leading  products  are  coffee,  grain,  dates,  gum  Arabic  and 
medicines. 

33.  The  Largest  City  is  Muscat.  Mecca  is  celebrated  as  the 
birth-place  of  Mohammed  (born  571,  a.d.),  the  founder  of  Moham- 
medanism.   Mocha  is  famous  for  its  large  export  of  excellent  coffee. 


34.  INDIA  extends  from  the  Arabian  to  the  China  Sea,  a  dis- 
tance from  east  to  west,  about  equal  to  that  of  the  United  States. 

35.  It  is  Rentarhfibfe  for  its  hot,  moist  climate,  rich  soil  and 
the  abundance  of  its  vegetable  and  animal  life. 

3G.  The  Forests,  I'atlii/s.  Sfojies  and  river  banks  contain 
valuable  timber  and  a  wonderful  profusion  of  flowering  vines, 
shrubs  and  trees. 

37.  The  Leading  Prodiiets  are  rice,  wheat,  cotton,  coffee, 
opium,  silk  and  tropical  fniits. 

38.  The  IVild  Animals  include  the  elephant,  rhinoceros,  lion, 
tiger,  leopard,  panther,  bears  and  others.  The  forests  teem  with 
monkeys  and  beautiful  bmls. 

39.  The  Useful  Animals  of  Asia  include  the  camel,  horse,  ox 
and  donkey.     The  elephant  and  buffalo  are  also  domesticated. 

40.  The  Precious  JMetals  and  precious  stones  are  abundant. 

41.  Ilindoostan  covers  an  area  nearly  equal  to  one-half  that  of 
the  United  States,  with  more  than  four  times  their  population. 
It  is  mainly  iinder  the  dominion  of  Great  Britain.  In  the  north, 
the  cold  of  winter  and  the  heat  of  summer  are  excessive  ;  on  the 
table-lands  of  the  center  and  south,  the  climate  is  comparatively 
temperate  ;  but,  on  the  thickly  settled  plains,  the  heat,  during  the 
greater  portion  of  the  year,  is  intense. 

42.  AFGHANISTAN  and  BELOOCHISTAN  consist  of 
high  plateaus  and  mountains.     Their  climates  are  excessive. 

43.  The  Asiatie  Oorernments  are  despotic  ;  the  rehgions,  vei-y 
diverse.  Budtlhism  (bood'ism),  an  idolatrous  worship,  j'f^vails 
in  Thibet,  China  and  Japan ;  Brahminism,  also  idolatrous,  in 
India.  The  religion  of  Silseria  is  chiefly  that  of  the  Greek  Church  ; 
that  of  Western  and  Southwestern  Asia,  Mohammedan,  except 
Greeks  and  Armenians,  who  are  Christians. 


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AFRICA. 


97 


S  O  U  C 

BBCTION    Ol'    AFRICA   FKOM 


A  N  ABYSSINIA 

VV.    VBUn,  EASTWARD,  TO  TUE    KRE»   SEA. 


EXERCISES   ON   THE   MAP. 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  AFRICA?     By  what  waters  is  it  em- 
Draced  ? 

What  prevents  it  from  being  an  island  3     To  what  is  Africa  joined  ? 

Where  does  Africa  approach  nearest  to  Europe  ? 

What  lino  is  drawn  east  and  west,  nearly  midway  between  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  and  the  Southern  Ocean  J 

Is  the  greater  part  of  Africa  north,  or  south,  of  the  Equator  ? 

Near  what  parallel  of  latitude  is  Africa  widest  ? 

Does  Africa  become  wider,  or  narrower,  toward  the  south  ? 

In  what  part  is  Sahara  ?     What  tropic  passes  through  its  center  ? 

What  desert  in  the  southern  part  of  Africa  ? 

What  tropic  passes  through  it  ? 

In  how  many  zones  does  Africa  lie  ?     In  which  is  its  greater  part  ? 

Wliat  countries  in  the  North  Temperate  ?     In  the  Torrid  ?     In  the  South 
Temperatti  1 

Are  the  mountains  of  Africa  in  the  interior,  or  near  the  coasts  ? 

What  mountains  in  the  north  ?     With  what  coasts  are  they  parallel  ? 

What  range  of  mountains  in  the  east  3     South-east  ? 

With  what  coast  are  they  j)arallel  ? 

What  mountains  in  the  southern  jiart  of  Africa  i     With  what  are  they 
parallel  ? 

What  ranges  in  the  west  ?     Near  what  coast  are  they  ? 

On  which  side  of  Africa  are  the  greatest  elevations  i 

What  river  rises  in  tlie  elevated  regions  of  Africa  2 

AVhat  large  lake  is  the  source  of  the  Nile  Kiver  3 

In  what  latitude  is  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza  i     Wliat  lakes  south  ? 

Wliat  lake  in  the  central  part  of  Africa  3 

How  does  the  elevation  of  Lake  Victoria  Nyauza  conij)are  willi  that  of 
Lake  Tchad  3     (See  Sectional  View.) 

What  two  liigh  mountains  near  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza  ? 

In  what  directions  does  the  land  slope  which  lies  between  the  mountain 
ranges  and  the  sea  coast  ? 

Name  the  rivers  which  flow  into  the  Indian  Ocean, — the  Atlantic, — the 
Gulf  of  Guinea, — the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

What  rivers  of  Africa  have  deltas  3 

Name  the  Barbary  States.     By  what  bounded  on  the  north  ?     South  ? 

Bound  EGYPT.    Wliat  is  its  capital  3     Its  large  river  ? 

What  towns  on  the  Nile  ?     On  the  Mediterranean  Sea  3 

\Vhat  town  in  the  delta  of  the  Nile  3     At  the  head  of  the  Red  Sea  3 

Bound  NUBIA.    Name  its  piincipal  towns. 

AVhat  two  rivers  unite  in  Nubia  3     From  what  directions  do  they  flow  3 

Bound  ABYSSINIA.    "SVliat  is  its  capital  3 

Wliat  divisions  of  Africa  border  on  the  Indian  Ocean  ?     On  Mozambique 
Channel  3     On  the  Atlantic  Ocean  3     On  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  3 

What  large  division  south  of  Sahara  3 

Bound  SOUDAN.     Has  Soudan  any  sea  coast  3 

W^hat  otlier  extensive  region  has  no  sea  coast  3 

What  lake  near  the  center  of  Soudan  ? 

Wliat  large  river  flows  through  its  western  part  3     What  towns  on  the 
Niger  3     What  t<n\Tis  in  the  north-east  3 

Bound  SENEGAMBIA.     What  cape  on  the  north-western  coast  3 

"Wliat  Kepublic  south-east  of  Senegambia  3     British  colony  south  3 

What  is  the  capital  of  LIBERIA  3     What  are  the  divisions  of  Guinea  3 

Name  the  capitals  of  the  kingdoms  in  Guinea.     In  Lower  Guinea. 

Bound  CAPE  COLONY.     What  is  its  capital  3 

Bound  the  GREAT  DESERT.    What  countries  partly  covered  by  it  3 

What  important  o'ases  in  the  Great  Desert  3 

What  is  the  capital  of  Madagascar  ?     Wliat  capes  on  its  coast  3 

Wliat  is  the  capital  of  Fezzau  3 


R  E  V  I  E  ^W . 

COUNTRIES    OR   DIVISIONS. 


Wl:j^e  are  they  ?    Oti  ivhat  water  do  they  border  V 

MoEocco,  OB  Marocco  ?  Guinea  ?  Libeeia  ? 

Abyssinia?  Lowee Guinea?  Zanguebab? 

Senegambla.?  Gabe  Colony?     Ashaktee? 

Orange  Hiver  Repub.  ?  Hoti'entot ?        Algsiua  ? 
Transvaal  Eepub.?       Caffraria?         Barca? 

(tram-vahf.)  CENTRAL  AFRICA  ? BeNIN  ? 

Mozambique  ?  Sieeua  Leon'e  ?    Dahomey  ? 


{mo-zam-he<^k'.) 


{se-er'rah  I'l-o'n  '.) 


{dak-ltu'lniiy.) 


Congo  ? 
SoinsAN  ? 
Egypt  ? 
Tunis? 
Nubu? 
Natal? 
Tripoij  ? 

{tiip'u-le..) 


MOUNTAINS. 

Wh<-re  are  they?      In  trhttt  directions  do   the  rant/en  eirtend? 


Cameroon  ? 


Kilimandjaro  ?  i.i*     LuPATA  ?    Atlas  ? 
Ke'nia  ?  au  Snow  ?       Kong  ? 

ISLANDS. 


JfJu're  are  thvy  ?      Jit/  ivfitit  tratfrs  are  Ihcif  snrrottttiJnt 

Madeira  Is. ?      Mad.agascar?      Socotea?      St.  Helena? 

(ma.da'rah.)  CANARY   Is.  ?  (s  .k'v-trah.)  CoM'OEO    Is.  ? 

GULFS    AND    SEAS. 

where  arc  they  '/     Into  what  waters  do  they  open  ? 

G.  OF  Guinea  ?       G.  of  Aden  ?       G.  of  Sidba  ?       Eed  S.  ? 


RIVERS. 

irjtere  do  they  rise','       What  courses  do  they  tahe 


Nile  ?  sg* 
Niger?  ss 


Zambeze  ? 
Senegal  ? 


TCHADDA  ? 

Orange? 


Into  what  do  they  Jiow  f 

Congo  ? 

COANZA  ? 


LAKES. 

Jfliftre  are  thetf  situated  ? 


VicTORU  Nyanza?      Tanganyika?        Nyassa? 

Tchad? 

ijie-akit 

zah.)          (ta/in-i/tm-i/c'kah.)              inyahe'86) 

CAPES. 

(ehad.) 

Where 

are  they?     Into  what  waters  do  they  prefect? 

Good  Hope? 

Cokeientes  ?          Palmas  ? 

Bon? 

Blanco  ? 

Lopez  ?                  Verd  ? 

Ambro? 

GUARDAFUI ? 

Agiilhas  ?             St.  Lucia  ? 

Two? 

i^gwar-dah-fwte'^) 

(ah-gool>yas.)                      g^    M.ARY  ? 

Ijree'o.) 

CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 


Where  are  they  ?       On  or 

near  what  waters  ? 

CAIRO,  "l* 

COOMASSIE.' 

MONROVIA, 

LOANGO, 

TUNIS,    i« 

ST.  SALVADOR, 

MOURZOUK, 

UJIJI, 

MOROCCO,   M 

TANANARIVOU. 

TRIPOLI. 

DERR. 

ALGIERS,  " 

MAGADOXO, 

CAPE    TOWN, 

SUEZ, 

ALEXANDRIA.  S50 

TIMBUCTOO, 

CONDAR, 

COBBE. 

SACCATOO.  iu 

ABOMEY. 

SIOUTT, 

GONDOKORO 

iHah'kah-too' .) 

iab-0-tJiat/'.) 

{se-oiiC. ) 

*  Numbers  in  list  nf  Mountains  show  heights,  in  IJiov^dtidi  of/eet ;  in  list  of  Rivers,  IcDgibs 
in  hun(ire<i8  o/mil^t ;  in  list  of  Cities  and  Towns,  population,  in  thousands. 


9S 


MOKTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  A:SD  POLITICAL   GEOGRAPST. 


Egyptian  Rums  at  Thebes 

1.  AFRICA  is  remarkable  for  its  high  siu'face,  extensive 
deserts  and  hot  climate. 

2.  It  is  niainlij  in  the  Torrid  Zone.  In  latitude,  its  northern 
cape  corresponds  with  Richmond  (Yirguiia)  and  San  Francisco  ; 
its  southern,  with  Buenos  A^Tes. 

3.  Its  Mountain  Chains  are  almost  parallel  with  the  coast  lines. 

4.  The  Coasts  are  low  and  unhealthy,  but  the  interior  consists 
of  high  table  lands. 

5.  Its  Great  Desert  is  Sahara  ;  its  princij)al  rivers  are  the  Nile, 
Niger,  Zambeze  and  Congo  ;  its  lakes  are  in  Soudan  and  C.  Africa. 

6.  T?ie  Africans  include  several  distinct  races.  In  the  north, 
are  Moors,  Berbers,  Arabs,  Tiu'ks  and  Egyptians,  all  of  whom 
belong  to  the  Caucasian  race,  having  straight  hair  ;  their  com- 
plexion is  dark,  but  not  black.  The  southern  half  of  Africa  is  the 
home  of  the  Negro. 

7.  The  Productions  of  Africa  consist  of  wheat  and  other 
grains,  cotton,  sugar,  coii'ee,  tobacco,  indigo,  ivory,  ebony,  ostrich 
feathers,  jsalm  oil  and  ti'opical  fruits. 

8.  Inland  Trade  is  carried  on  by  means  of  cai-avans. 


9.  Celebrated  for  their  Eacplorations  in  Africa, 
are  Barth,  Du  CTiaillu,  Grant,  Speke,  Baker  and 
Livingstone  and  Stanley. 

10.  The  Animals  are  numerous  :  they  include 
the  lion,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  hippopotamus, 
leopard  and  giraffe.  The  gorilla  is  found  in  the 
Equatorial  regions,  and  the  crocodile  in  the  rivers. 

11.  EG  YPT  corresponds  in  latitude  with  Flor- 
ida :  it  extends  from  the  Mediterranean  Sea  to 
the  fii'st  Cataract  of  the  Nile  ;  it  has  the  Red 
Sea  on  the  east,  and  the  desert  on  the  west. 

12.  It  is  Noted  for  its  antiqi;ity,  former  great- 
ness, gigantic  jjyramids,  temples,  obelisks,  statues 
and  tombs,  constructed  about  4,000  years  ago. 

13.  Its  Climate  is  di-y  and  hot. 

14.  The  Fcrtilitij  of  its  Soil  is  wholly  due  to 
the  annual  rise  of  the  water  of  the  Nile,  caused  by 
periodical  rains,  which  fall  in  torrents  on  the  pla- 
teaus of  Abyssinia  and  Central  Afi-ica.  Without 
the  Nile,  Egypt  would  be  a  desert. 

15.  In  Eijijpt,  the  Nile  is  Lined  with  high  em- 
bankments, and  the  water  is  conducted  in  naiTow 
channels  to  various  parts  of  the  valley,  and 
allowed  to  cover  the  land,  leaving  a  rich  sedi- 
ment. 

16.  The  Vater  Continves  to  liise  at  Cairo 
from  June  to  Sejjtember. 

17.  The  Talley  of  the  Nile  varies  in  width, 
from  4  to  10  miles. 

18.  Tlte  Southern  Sources  of  the  Nile  are 
several  degi-ees  south  of  the  Equator. 

19.  Tlte  Chief  Exports  from  Egypt,  or  through 
it  fiom  India,  are  silk  and  cotton. 

20.  Tlie  Trees  of  Egypt  are  the  date-palm,  aca- 
cia and  tamarisk  ;  there  are  no  timber  forests. 

21.  The  Useful  Aniniafs  are  the  horse,  camel 
and  donkey.  Milk  is  obtained  fi-om  the  goat  and 
the  domestic  buffalo. 

22.  The  Inhabitants  comimse  Fellahs,  Copts, 
Arabs  and  Tui-ks  ;  the  Fellahs  are  the  peasants 
and  laborers,  the  Arabs  are  Bedouins,  and  the  ) 
Tiu-ks  are  the  raling  class.  All  are  Mohamme- 
dans, except  the  Copts,  who  profess  Clu-istianity,  and  are  the  i 
reputed  descendants  of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  Besides  these, 
there  are  many  Europeans  and  Jews.  The  language  of  the  inhabi- 
tants is  Arabic  ;  then-  complexion,  a  brownish  yellow. 

23.  The  Gorernment  of  Egj-pt,  which  is  despotic  and  oppressive, 
is  administered  by  the  Khedive  (king),  who  is  subject  to  the  Sultan 
of  Turkey.   Until  recently,  the  ruler  of  Egypt  was  called  the  Viceroy. 

24.  The  Histori)  includes  six  periods,  the  country  being  succes-  i 
sively  ruled  by  the  Pharaohs,  Ptolemies,  Romans,  Ai-abs  and  Turks. 

25.  The  Pyramid  of  Citeops  (ke'ops)  is  the  largest ;  it  is  over 
450  feet  in  height,  and  its  base  covers  an  area  of  12  acres. 

26.  Trade  and  Iraiel  between  Europe  and  India  are  facilitated 
by  the  railroads  between  Alexandria,  Caii-o,  and  Suez,  and  by  the 
Suez  Canal,  which  connects  the  Red  with  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

27.  Cairo  is  the  capital  and  largest  city.  It  is  in  the  same  lati- 
tude as  New  Orleans,  and  contains  a  population  about  equal  to 
that  of  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City  combined. 

28.  Alexandria,  next  in  size  to  Cairo,  is  the  principal  sea-port  ; 
it  was  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great,  after  whom  it  was  named. 


(Y 


AFRICA. 


99 


Populations  op 
Countries. 

Egypt, 
4.915,500. 

Sahara, 
4,000,001). 

Morocco, 
2,750.000. 

Algeria, 
2,921,246. 

Liberia, 
720,00,0. 

Cape  Colony, 
682,600. 

Sierra  Leone. 
57,000. 


■^lOr:.'!'- 


PopirLATTOSa    OF 

Cities. 
Cairo. 
354,000         i 


Alexandria, 

220,000. 


Tunis, 
120,000. 


Morocco, 

50,oor. 


Algiers, 
53,000. 


Fez. 
100,000. 


Mequinez, 
60.000. 


A  Traveler  and  his  Attendants,  in  Central  Africa. 


29.  XUBfA  has  the  same  general  charRcteristies  as  Egj'pt. 

30.  Ttie  Tuliabifaitfs  are  partly  of  Arab  descent,  biit  of  a  darker 
complexion  ;  many  are  black,  with  Caucasian  features.  They  cul- 
tivate the  soil,  and  rear  cattle,  sheep  and  goats. 

31.  XiibUf  sfuds  to  Ef/j/pf,  hid3S,  ivory,  ebony  and  ostrich 
feathers.     It  is  subject  to  the  Khedive  of  Egj'pt. 

32.  ABYSSIKIA  is  a  high  table  land,  between  7,000  and 
10,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  crowned  with  mountains, 
and  connected  with  the  great  plateau  of  Southern  Africa. 

33.  Tfir  (Thuatc  varies  with  the  elevation,  from  the  hot,  pesti- 
lential coasts,  to  the  limit  of  perpetual  snow  ;  on  the  high  lands 
the  climate  is  delightful.  During  the  wet  season,  the  rain  falls  in 
torrents. 

34.  The  rrndncU  ai-e  grain,  coffee,  cotton,  sugar,  fruits,  gums, 
and  medicines. 

35.  The  Doniesfie  .l>jijHff/.s- ai'c  numerovis. 

36.  The  J'iijHifdtioii  comprises  various  races — Ethioiii.ans, 
Arabs,  Jews,  savage  Gallas,  and  Negroes  in  a  state  of  slavery. 

37.  TJie  Ahysshiiaii  lie/ if/ion  is  a  branch  of  the  Coptic 
Church  ;  Mohammedanism,  Judaism  and  Paganism  also  exist. 

38.  THE  liAIlIiAJir  STATES  comprise  Morocco,  Algeria, 
Tunis  and  Tripoli  ;  stibject  to  Tripoli,  arc  Barca  and  Fezzan. 

39.  The  I'riiirijHif  Protliirfiojis  are  Morocco  leather,  wool, 
gi-ain,  fruits,  gum,  olive  oil,  ostrich  feathers  and  cabinet  woods. 

1       40.   Caftle,  Horses  (iiid  floats  are  numerous. 

41.  nie  Iiihftbiffitifs  are  chiefly  Moliainmodans,  and  comprise 
Moors,  Berbers,  Arabs  and  Turi-T.-^ — all  Caucasians,  but  of  a  dark 
complexion  and  straight  hair.  The  IMoors  are  descendants  of 
Mohammedans  wlio  wei-e  exjjelled  from  Spain  ;  they  are  of  a  dark 


yellow  color.     The  people  sometimes  suffer  greatly  from  famine, 
produced  by  drought  or  locusts. 

42.  Moroeeo  is  an  empire,  Algeria  belongs  to  France,  Tunis 
(ancient  Carthage)  and  Tripoli  are  each  governed  by  a  Bey,  who 
is  subject  to  the  Sultan  of  Turkey. 

43.  SEXEGA  MBIA  is  a  region  of  abundant  rains  and  luxu- 
riant vegetation.  It  is  named  from  its  two  rivers,  the  Senegal  and 
Gambia,  which  aboimd  in  crocodiles  and  hippopotami. 

44.  Forests  of  valuable  woods  are  extensive.  Agriculture  re- 
ceives some  attention. 

45.  The  Tnhdltiftnits  comprise  a  variety  of  tribes,  each  under 
its  own  chief.     Some  are  civilized. 

46.  LIBEIilA  ii  a  NegTO  republic,  with  an  area  about  equal 
to  that  of  Maryland. 

47.  SIEIiltA  lEO.VE  (se-er'rala-ona)  is  a  British  colony  ;  so, 
also,  are  Cape  Colony,  Caffraria  and  Natal,  in  South  Africa. 

48.  Upper  (liiiiiea  and  Lower  Guinea  are  inhabited  by  numer- 
ous Negro  tribes,  mostly  pagans,  some  of  whom  are  engaged  in 
agriculture  and  manufactures,  while  others  nre  addicted  to  most 
barbarous  practices  ;  on  the  coasts  arc  British,  Dutch  and  Por- 
tuguese settlements. 

49.  MOXAMBIOVE  is  claimed  by  the  Portuguese. 

50.  On  the  H'esterii  Siile  of  Zanguebar  are  the  highest  moun- 
tains of  Africa,  Kenia  and  Kilimandjaro,  each  about  20,000. 

51.  MAnACl ASCAI!  is  a  hereditary  monarchy,  covering  an 
area  larger  than  that  of  France.  The  inhabitants  are  rapidly 
advancing  in  civilization,  and  are  chiefly  engaged  in  rearing  cattle. 


GEOGRAPHY. 


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OCEAJVICA. 


101 


1.  OCEAyiVA  comijrises  nearly  all  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

2.  Tlie  most  Iiiiportaiit  divisions  are  Australasia  and  Malaysia. 

3.  The  TAfi-f/rsf  Is/ffiidx  in  Australasia  are  Australia,  Pap'ua, 
or  New  Guinea,  New  Zealand  and  Tasmania. 

4.  A  I'STIIALIA  is  the  largest  island  iu  the  world  ;  having  an 
area  equal  to  five-sixths  that  of  Eurojje. 

5.  It  lies  pai'tly  in  the  Torrid,  and  partly  in  the  Temperate 
Zone,  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  jiassing-  nearly  through  its  center. 

6.  Its  Surface  is  generally  flat,  with  a  border  of  hills  or  moun- 
tains near  the  coasts.  There  are  no  large  rivers  which  lead  into 
the  interior.     The  largest  river — the  Murray — is  iu  the  southeast. 

7.  The  C/iniafe  of  the  northern  or  Tropical  portion  is  hot  and 
dry  ;  while  in  the  south,  it  is  delightful  during  eight  or  nine 
mouths  of  the  year. 

8.  Tiehifi  in  the  Soufhefti  Hem i sphere,  the  north  wind  is  hot, 
and  the  south  wind,  cold  ;  the  hottest  months  are  December, 
January  and  February  ;  the  coldest,  July,  August  and  September. 

9.  The  JVorth  Wind  is,  at  times,  like  the  blast  from  a  furnace, 
the  mercury  rising  to  130^  and  140"  Falir. 

10.  Aiisti-iiliii  helontfs  to  Great  Britain,  and  comprises  the 
Colonies  of  Victoria,  New  South  Wales,  Queensland,  South  Aus- 
tralia, West  Australia,  and  the  territory  of  North  Australia.  The 
settlements  are  on  or  near  the  coasts,  and  especially  in  the 
southeast. 

11.  Vieforid  is  the  richest  and  most  populous  colony,  and  is 
remarkal)le  for  the  beauty  of  its  scenery. 

12.  The  Chief  l'io<tifets  of  Australia  are  gold,  cojiper  and 
wool  ;  gold  is  obtained  fi'om  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales  ;  cop- 
per and  iron,  from  South  Australia  ;  wool  and  the  useful  metals 
from  nearly  all  the  colonies.  Diamonds  have  been  recently  found 
in  New  South  Wales. 

13.  The  most  Productive  Soil  is  in  the  east  and  soutlieast  : 
the  products  being  wheat,  oats  and  other  grains,  potatoes,  sugar, 
tobacco,  cotton  and  tropical  fruits. 

14.  TJie  Interior  has  recently  been  found  to  contain  extensive 
regions  which  are  well  watered  and  adapted  to  pastm-e  and  agri- 
cultui'e. 

15.  Tlie  Wild  Animals  are  not  numerous  ;  the  most  important 
is  the  kangaroo,  which  moves  rapidly  by  a  succession  of  bounds. 
The  emir,  a  bird  resembling  an  ostrich,  stands  about  six  feet  high. 

IG.   The  Domestic  An  inials,  originally  introduced  from  Europe, 
are  now  counted  by  millions  ;    sheep   are   especially  numerous.  | 
Llamas  and   alpacas,   valuable  fleece-bearing  animals,  have  been 
introduced  from  South  America. 

17.  The  Orif/inal  Inhabitants  are  short  and  stout,  with  small 
heads,  flat  nose.s,  thick,  protruding  lips,  and  long,  coarse  hau\ 
Their  complexion  is  black  or  dark  brown.  They  live  in  holes  or 
hovels  covered  with  the  bark  or  branches  of  trees,  and  are  wholly  or 
nearly  destitute  of  clothing.     Then*  number  is  rapidly  diminishing. 

18.  The  Population,  exclusive  of  the  natives,  consists  of  British 
settlers  and  their  descendants,  with  some  Germans  and  Chinese. 

19.  Tlie  First  White  Persons  iu  Australia  were  convicts  from 
England.  New  South  Walas  was  a  penal  colony  from  1788  to 
1840.  Most  of  the  prisoners,  upou  the  expu-ation  of  their  sen- 
tences, remained,  and  merged  in  the  general  population,  which 
rapidly  increased  after  the  discovery  of  gold,  in  1851. 

20.  The  Principal  Cities  are  Melbourne,  Sydney  and  Adelaide. 

21.  Pap'ua  or  A>*/'  Guinea  is  mountainous,  and  covered  with 
forests  ;  the  sago,  camphor  and  cocoa-nut  trees  are  plentiful ;  also 
rice,  com  and  spices. 


22.  Its  Inhabitants  a^e  savages,  resembhng  the  native    Aus- 
tralians. 


A  New  Zealand  Chief. 

23.  Kew  Zealand,  a  Britioh  Colony,  covers  an  area  about  twice 
as  large  as  that  of  the  New  England  Stiites. 

24.  The  J'eciiliarifies  are  its  mountains,  which  rise  above  the 
snow  limit,  its  volcanoes  and  earthquakes,  extensive  forests,  ricli 
plains  and  valleys,  and  heavy  rains  in  mid-winter  (July). 

25.  The  I'ojtulation  is  chiefly  composed  of  white  colonists. 
The  aborigines,  are  Malays,  who  were  formerly  fierce  cannibals, 
but  they  are  now  more  or  less  civilized  ;  they  are  tall,  active  and 
well-formed,  have  prominent  features,  straight  hair,  and  a  lifht 
brown  complexion  (see  page  4(5,  joaragraphs  48,  44  and  45). 

2G.    The  leadiny  Oeeup<itions  are  agriculture  and  grazing. 

27.  MALA  YSIA  is  noted  for  its  hot,  moist  climate,  luxuriant 
vegetation,  numerous  volcanoes  and  fi'equent  earthquakes. 

28.  Its  Products  include  bamboos,  rattans,  teak,  ebony,  giitta 
percha  and  sandal-wood,  besides  cloves,  nutmegs,  peppei-,  ginger, 
cinnamon,  rice,  cotton,  tobacco,  coftee,  sugar  and  fruits. 

29.  The  Animals  are  the  ele|ihant,  rhinoceros,  tiger,  panther, 
monkeys  and  orang-outangs.  Birds  of  Paradise,  parrots  and  other 
birds  of  beautiful  plumage,  are  here  in  great  abundance. 

30.  The  Inhabitants  are  Malays,  Papuan  negroes  Dutch, 
English  and  Chinese. 

31.  TlIJi  SANDWICH  ISLANDS  are  important  as  a  central 
station  for  ships  trading  between  the  United  States  and  Asia. 

32.  Theu  are  liemarhable  for  volcanoes  and  earthquakes. 

33.  The  Climate  is  mild  and  healthful.  Tropical  [ilants  grow 
on  the  low  ground  ;  rice,  wheat,  potatoes,  etc.,  on  the  higher,  or 
temperate  regions. 

34.  The  Largest  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  is  Hawaii  (hah  wi'e), 
on  which  is  situated  the  celebrated  volcano,  Mauna  Loa. 

35.  The  Inhabitants,  chiefly  of  the  Malay  race,  are  rapidly 
advancing  in  civilization. 

3G.  Tlie  (iorcrnment  is  a  kingdom  ;  the  cajntal  and  chief  city 
is  Honolulu. 


i> 


102 


MOXTEITJI'S  PHYSICAL  .1A1>  rOLITJCAL  Gl^OGIiAPITY. 


(^ 


PARATIVE   1 XTENT  AND   JL'ATITUDES. 


EXERCISES   ON   THE   MAPS. 

Tfir  \(il»rs  fnid  Colovn  on  the  riglit  and  left  liand  margins  of  the 
Majjs  indicate  the  latitudes  of  countries,  islands,  etc.,  and  their  extent  from 
north  to  south,  regulated  to  the  scale  of  each  map.  Those  on  the  upper 
and  lower  margins  show  their  comparative  extent  from  east  to  west. 

3Lii>  of  JVoffli  Anicyiea. — (Page  52.) 

Through  what  parts  of  North  America  does  the  Arctic  Circle  pass? 

Tlie  Tropic  of  Cancer  ? 
Between  what  parallels  of  latitude  do  the  United  States  lie  ?     Ans.  Be- 
tween the  jinraUeU  of  2.5"  and  49°  north  hititude. 
"What  ])arts  of  North  America  lie  between  the  paralle's  of  20°  and  40° 

n'-,rth  latitude  ?     Between  those  of  40°  and  50°  ?     Between  those 

of  50°  and  60°  ? 
Kefer  to  the  right-hand  margin  and  tell  what  countries  on  the  eastern 

side  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  lie  between  the  parallels  of  50°  and  60° 

north  latitude  ? 
Wliat  country  of  Europe  is  directly  east  of  the  northern  part  of  Lalira- 

dor  ?     Of  the  southern  part  ?     East  of  the  British  Provinces  ? 
At  what  country  would  you  arrive  by  sailing  eastwardly  across  the 

Atlantic  from  Cape  Race  ?     From  Cape  May  ?     From  Cape  Hat- 

ter^s  ?     From  Cape  Sable,  of  Florida  ? 
Wliat  difference  exists  between  the  climate  of  the  eastern  coast  of  the 

United  States  and  those  of  the  western  Coasts  of  Europe  and 

Africa?     Why?     (See  page  ZG,  piirii'jn(2ths  11,  li,  amJ  2i. 
What  part  of  the  Old  World  is  between  the  same  jiarallels  as  the  West 

Indies  ?     (See  hoth  margins.)     As  the  Caribbe'an  Sea  ? 
What  country  in  Asia  lies  directly  west  of  the  western  coast  of  the 

United  States  ? 
Wliat  two  empires  west  of  the  United  States  ? 
"WHiat  parts  of  Asia,  North  America,  and  Europe  lie  between  the  jiar.al- 

lels  of  40°  and  60°  north  latitude  ?     Between  those  ol  20°  and  40°  ? 

Below  that  of  20°  ? 
Wliat  countries  of  Europe  lie  in  a  line  eastward  from  the  Great  Lakes 

of  North  America  ? 
AVliat  countries  of  Euroj^e  are  further  north  than  Canada  I 
Which  is  further  north,  Newfoundlantl  or  Ireland  ?     Quebec  or  Lon- 
don ? 
AVliat  cities  of  the  United  States  are  in  the  same  latitude  as  Spain  ? 

Morocco  ? 
Wliat  part  of  what  country  is  eastward  from  the  northeni  boundary 

of  Maine  ? 
What  2Darts  of  the  Old  World  are  oiijiosite  the  eastern  coast  of  the 

United  States  ?     The  western  coast  ? 

Map  of  the  United  States.— (Pag^  58.) 

Mention  all  the  States  that  are  in  the  same  latitude  as  any  part,  of 

France  ?     Spain  ?     ilorocco  ? 
What  ])art  of  wliat  country  is  in  a  line  eastward  from  your  State  ? 
AVliat  States  arc  directly  east  from  the  center  of  your  State  ?     West  ? 
Mention  the  principal  cities  of  the  United  States  that  are  in  the  same, 

or  nearly  the  same,  latitude  as  the  capital  of  your  State. 
Mention  those  of  the  Old  World  that  are  in  that  latitude. 

Maj)  of  the  En  stern  States.— (Pag^  GO.) 

What  AVostem    State  is   here   shown   to  be  west  of  Maine  ?     Wliat 

country  in  Europe  east  of  the  northern  part  of  JIaine  ?     Of  its 

southern  part  ? 
Wliat  cities  in  Maine  lie  between  the  same  jiarallels  of  latitude  as 

Northern  Italy  ?     Wliat  cities  in  New  Hampshire  and  Vcriuout 

lie  between  those  parallels  ? 


Wliat  is  the  latitude  of  the  nortliem  boundary  of  Vermont  ? 

Which  of  these  States  lie  between  the  same  parallels  as  Iowa  ?     As 

Spain  ? 
What  IS  the  latitude  of  the  most  southern  part  of  Connecticut  ? 

3rap  of  the  Miildle  States.— {Vagt.  G2.) 

Wliat  countries  in  Europe  lie  east  of  the  Middle  States? 

Wliat  three  Western  States  west  ? 

AVIiat  part  of  what  country  in  Europe  is  directly  east  of  Northern 

New  York  ?     Of  Central  New  York  ?     Of  the  south-eastern  part 

of  the  State  ? 
Wliicli  of  the  Middle  States  lie  between  the  same  parallels  of  latitude 

as  Portugal  ? 
What  is  the  latitude  of  the  northern  boiuidary  of  Pennsylvania?     Of 

Portugal  ? 

3Iap  of  the  Soirfhern  States (Page  64.) 

AVhat  parts  of  the  Old  Workl  lie  between  the  same  parallels  as  the 

Scuithern  States  ? 
Wliicli  of  tlu'se  States  extend  south  of  the  parallel  of  30°  ? 
Wliat  is  the  latituile  of  the  northern  boundaries  of  North  Carolina 

and  Tennessee  i 
Wiiat  cities  on  or  near  the  parallel  of  30°  ?     Of  32°  ?     Of  36°  ? 

JLfp  of  the  Western  States.— {FAoii  6G.) 

AVhat  Pacific  State  lies  west  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  ? 
A\liat  AVestern  States  lie  between  the  same  parallels  as  Nevada  ? 
What  country  in  Europe  is  iu  the  same  latitude  as  the  northern  part 

of  Minnesota  ?     The  northern  part  of  Michigan  ? 
Wliicli  of  these  States  lie  between  the  same  parallels  of  latitude  as  the 

northern  half  of  Italy  ?     The  southern  half? 
AVTiich  are  in  the  same  latitude  as  Sicily  3 

Majt  of  the  Western.  Territories. — (Page  G8.) 
AVliat  is  tlie  latitude  of  the  northern  boundary  of  Montana  ? 
What  cajjital  city  is  near  the  center  of  the  Union  ?    Ans.   Topeka. 
Name  the  States  and  cities  in  a  line  west  of  Topeka.     East. 
AAliat  Territories  are  in  a  line  westward  from  Southern  France  ? 
What  States  and  Territories  lie  wholly  or  partly  between  the  same 

parallels  as  Spain  ?     Morocco  ? 
AVTiat  Asiatic  islands  west  of  Oregon  and  Washington  ? 
By  sailing  westwardly  from  San  Francisco,  at  what  country  would 

you  arrive  ? 

Map  of  South  Anieriea.— {Page  80.) 

AVliat  countries  lie  within  the  same  parallels  as  Australia  ? 

Over  how  many  degrees  of  latitude  does  Australia  extend  from  north 
to  south  ? 

AVhat  large  island  of  Alalaysia,  and  what  countries  of  South  America 
are  crossed  by  the  E<[uator  ? 

AVliat  country  is  about  the  same,  in  extent  from  east  to  west  as  Bra- 
zil ?     (See  upper  margin.)     AVliat  island  ?     {See  lower  jnanjin.) 

Map  of  the  British    Provinees. — (Page  56.; 

AVh.at  country  in  Europe  lies  directly  east  of  the  British  Provinces  ? 

What  Pacific  State  west  of  the  southern  part  of  Canada  i  AA'liat  Ter- 
ritory west  of  the  northeni  part  ? 

Is  any  part  of  Canada  further  south  than  Boston  ?     Albany  ? 

AAliat  capital  cities  in  the  United  States  are  in  the  same,  or  neariy  the 
same,  latitude  as  Kingston  ? 

AAliat  city  in  Canada  is  in  nearly  the  same  latitude  as  Concord  ? 
Portland  ? 


INDEX  AND  BEVIEW  OF  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


103 


Index  to  {G  on  tents 


A  U  R  AN  G  K  D     A  S     A 


GENEEAL    REVIEW    OF    THE    PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPnT. 


Af't'ica, — Describe  its  Plateaus  and  Mountain.^ 

What  can  you  say  of  tV.x  Inlrlx  ? 

"Wliat  is  the  t'fteft  of  its  lack  of  the  means  of  com- 
munication ? 

Wliat  can  you  say  of  Ux  Inhalnlanlx  ? 

"Wliat  were  its  Cclohrated  Nations? 

Where  do  some  of  its  Rivers  empty  ? 

Tlie  Nile — Whence  is  it  supplied  ? 

Alps.—Tlicir  JTrir/hl— What  is  it  ? 

Tlie  Highest  Peak  of  the  Alps — Mention  ic 

Tlteir  Passes — What  can  you  say  of  them  ? 

TlieJr  Limit  of  Perpetual  Snoiv — At  what  eleva- 
tion is  it  ? 

AiHfirjOH    Jiirrr. — Us    Sourees — "UTicre    are    they 

situated  ? 

lis  Supply — Whence  and  how  is  it  received  ? .  .  .  . 
I/s  Basin — '^Tiat  is  its  area  '? 


Amies. — Tlieir  Heixjld — How  comjiared  with  Ihc 
Rocky  and  the  Ajjpalachiau  Chains? 

Their  Slopies — Describe  them 

Their  Influerwe  upon  Rain  and  Climate — ^Miat  is 
it? 

Their  Position — "NMiat  can  you  say  of  it  V 


Anhtlffls. — Were  all  Species  created  at  once  ? 

Tlwse  first  formed — What  was  their  character'?. . 
Tlieir  Development — What  can.  you  say  of  it  ? ... . 
What  General  Name  has  been  given  to  those  fii-st 

formed  ? 

Radiates — Describe  them 

Name  some  of  them 

What  Species  succeeded  Radiate:;  V 

Mollusks — Describe  them 

Name  some  of  them 

What  Species  are  third  in  the  order  of  Creation  ? 
Arlicu/ales — Describe  them 

Name  some  of  them 

What  was  the  Fourth  Class  of  Animals  ? 

Vertebrates — "WTiat  do  they  include  ? 

Mammals — Describe  them 

What  Animals  are  Carnivorous  ?     Ruminants  ? 

Gnawers  ?        Thick-.skinned  ?        Toothless  ? 

Sea-mammals  ?     Insect-eaters  ? 

Mention  the  Principal  Animals  of  the  Arctie  Re- 
gions   

Mention   those  in  the    Temperale  Zones  of  both 

Hemispheres 

Mention  the  Animals  in  the  Tom.  Zone  of  N.  Anier. 

Europe. 
Asia  . .  . 


Tftge 

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Paragr'iih 

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?.9, 


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Cut. 
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Cut. 
10 
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Ctd. 

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15, 16 

17 


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Aiiiimils. — Mention  those  in  the  Torrid  Zone  of 

South  America 

Mention  those  iu  the  Torrid  Zone  of  Asia 

Afi-ica 

Are  Animals  adapted  to  Climate  ? 

Tlic  Reindeer — What  can  you  say  of  it  ? 

The  Seal — What  can  you  say  of  it  ? 

Tlie  Camel — WTiat  can  you  say  of  it  ? 

In  what  Zone  are  Animals  most  numerous  ? 

How  much  of  an  Animal  Body  consists  of  Water  ? 

Upon  what  do  Animals  subsist  ? 

How  do  Animals  and  Plants  mutually  depend  on 
each  other  ? 


Aiitd rctir   ('iwt'vtii. — Describe  it.  .  . 

Avviir   (Un'l'<'iif.'<. — Describe  them 

"What  do  they  deposit  off  the  Coast  of  Newfound 

land? 

Tlieir  Injluenee — How  felt  upon  the  East  Coast  of 
the  United  States 


ArfeHtan    Wells. — Their  Formation — Explain  it.  . 

Their  Name — From  what  derived  ? 

Their  Depth — to  what  Depths  have  some  been 

sunk  ? 

Temperature — Whence  is  it  derived  ? 

Describe    an    Ai-tesiau   Well   at    St.    Loula — .\i 

Charleston 

Asia, — lis  Suifacc — Describe  it 

What  is  the  Mean  Elevation  of  the  Land  ? 

River  Systems — WTiat  can  you  say  of  them  ? 

How  do  they  comj^are  with  those  of  Europe  V 

Rs  Area — ^What  is  it  ? 

//*•  Highest  Point — Mention  its  name  and  height. . 

Affailtic  Ocean. — Rs  Area — How  many  Square 
Miles 

Greatest  VejUh— Where  ? 

Describe  that  part  which  lies  between  Ireland 
and  Newfoimdland 

Which  is  its  warmest  Side  ? 

Atmospliere. — What  is  it  ? 

Its  Importance  to  Vegetation  and  Animal  Life?.  . 

Of  what  Ga.fes  does  it  consist  ? 

Which  is  the  Life-sustaining  Element  of  Air  ? .  .  . 
Prcqiortions  of  O.n/gen   a>id  Nitrogen — ^Tiat  arc 

they?  ..' V 

Rs  TF('?;7;i/— What  is  it  ? 

Rs  Density— What  is  it  ? 

/Cs  E.Ttent — How  far  above  Ihe  Sui-face  ? 


Page    Paragr'lih 


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MONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AJSTD  POLITICAL   GLOGIiAPHT. 


Atmosphere. — Its  Temperature — How  derived?.  . . 
Is  the  Upper  or  the  Lower  Part  the  warmer  ? .  .  . 

How  is  its  Temperature  regulated  ? 

lis  Movementg — Mention  them 

Its   Capacity   of  holding  Water — How  increased 

and  diminished  ? 

Its  Uses — Wliat  to  plants  ? 

How  influenced  by  Vegetation  ? 

Boulders. — Describe  their  Oritnn  and  Formation. 


Chinese. — To  what  race  do  they  belong?. 


Climate. — Yv'hat  is  Climate  ? 

Upon  what  does  it  depend  ? 

It  is  modified  by  what  ? 

In  what  parts  of  the  Earth  is  it  nwsl  uniform  ?  .  . 

"VMiy  is  tlie  Land  warmer  than  the  "Water,  in 
Summer  ? 

Why  is  the  Land  cooler  than  the  Water,  in  Win- 
ter ?  

Which  is  the  warmer  Side  of  the  Eastern  Con- 
tinent— the  Eastern  or  the  Western  ?    Why  ? 

Traveling  Eastwardly  from  the  Atlantic  Coast  of 
Europe  what  change  of  Temperature  is  ex- 
perienced ?     ^Miy  ? 

Which  possesses  the  warmer  Climate — France 
or  Newfoundland  ?     Why  ? 

Which  has  the  more  uniform  Climate — The  British 
Isles  or  Labrador  ? 

Is  the  Eiu'opean  or  the  American  Side  of  the 
Atlantic  the  warmer  ? 

Into  how  many  and  what  Climatic  Zones  is  the 
Northern  Hemisphere  divided  ? 

Between  what  Lines  are  Climatic  Zones  included  ? 

What  is  the  Mean  Annual  Temperature  of  the 
Frigid  Zone  ?  The  Cold  Zone  ?  The  Tem- 
perate Zone  ?  The  Warm  Zone  ?  The  Hot 
Zone  ?     The  Torrid  Zone  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  Chmates  of  the  Western 
Coasts  of  the  United  States  and  Europe  ? . . . 

What  is  the  Mean  Temperatm-c  of  the  Hottest 
Month  in  New  York?  In  San  Francisco? 
Of  the  Coldest  Month  in  New  York?  In 
San  Francisco  ? 

What  is  the  Mean  Difi'erence  in  Temperature  be- 
tween Summer  and  Winter,  in  New  York  ? 
In  San  Francisco  ? 

In  which  of  these  two  Cities  is  the  Climate  ex- 
cessive ?      Uniform  ? 

What  amount  of  Snow  falls  in  New  York  ?  In 
San  Franci.sco  ? 

Of  what  does  the  Winter  of  San  Francisco  mostly 
consist  ?     The  Summer  ? 


rage 

Paragr'ph 

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Caucasians. — MTiat  jieople  do  they  comprise  ?.  .  .     46 
Tliey   Inhabil — What    part   of    North    America? 
South  America  ?     Em'opc  ?     Asia  ?     Africa  ?    46 


46 


Cities. — Mention  the  most  elevated  in  the  World?.     17 
Their  Location — Inland,  or  near  navigable  Wa 

ters? 33 


23 
9 

n3 


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33 


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Chart. 


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Climate. — What  Ocean  Currents  reduce  the  Tem- 
perature of  the  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United 
States? 

What  is  the  Chmate  of  the  Valleys  in  Western 
California  ? 

Compare  the  Chmates  of  the  Faroe  Islands  with 
that  of  Yakoutsk? 

In  which  is  the    Chmate   excessive  ?     Umform  f 

^Tiy? ' 

What  is  the  Climate  of  the  Azores  and  Madeira 
Islands  ? 

What  Cities  of  the  United  States  lie  between  the 
same  Parallels  as  these  Islands  ? 

Which  Side  of  North  America  jjossesses  the 
Wanner  and  more  even  Climate  ? 

On  what  part  of  the  Earth's  Sm-face  is  the  Chmate 
most  uniform  ? ; 

Compare  the  Climate  of  Vancouver's  Island  with 
that  of  Maine  ? 

As  you  leave  the  Equator  and  aj)proach  the  Poles, 
what  changes  of  Chmate  are  experienced  ? .  . 

What  Climates  are  experienced  on  the  Sides  of 
Tropical  Mountains  ? 

What  is  the  Mean  Temperature  at  the  Equator  ?. 

At  the  Foot  of  a  Tropical  Moantain  ? 

At  30°  North  Latitude  ? 

At  what  Elevation  would  the  Temperature  bo  70°  ? 

What  part  of  a  Tropical  Mountain  represents  the 
Chmate  of  Greenland  ?  Of  the  United  States  ; 
Of  the  ToiTid  Zone  ? 

At  what  rate  does  the  Temperature  dua.nt^h  be- 
tween the  Equator  and  the  Poles  ? 

At  what  rate  does  the  Temperature  diminidi  be- 
tween the  Level  of  the  Ocean  and  the  Sum- 
mit of  a  Tropical  Mountain  ? 

Clouds. — ^Tiat  are  they  ? 

How  many  and  what  Classes  of  Clouds  are  thei^e  ; 
Describe  the  Cirrus — The  Stratus — ^The  Cumulus 

— The  Nimbus 

How  are  Clouds  Influenced  by  High  Mountains  ? . 

by  Winds? 

How  far  above  the  Earth's  Surface  do  Clouds  nse  ? 

Coal. — Its  Formation — Describe  it  ? , 

Describe  the  Strata  of  some  Coal  Eegions 

Wliat  have  been  found  in  these  Strata  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  Quantity  of  Coal  known 

to  be  in  the  Earth  ? 

Desciibe  the  principal  Coal  Fields  of  N.  America 
"                     «            "        "      of  the    Eastern 
Continent 

Continents. —  Tlieir  Formation — Describe  it 

TIteir  Number  and  Names — Mention  them 

The  Direction  of  the  Eastern  ?     Of  the  Western  ? 
The  Form  of  the  Continents  and  then-  Divisions  ? 

Crust  of  the  Larth. — /('.f  Formation — Describe  it. 

Of  what  is  it  composed  ? 

Its  Thickness — What  can  you  say  of  it  ? 

Its  Greatest  Depressions — Where  are  they  ? 


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INDEX  ANn  REVIEW  OF  PHYSICAL  GEOGBAPMY. 


105 


Currents  of  the  Ocean. — Tlieir  Tlieory — ^Ex- 
l^lain  it 

Illustrate  the  Movement  of  the  Equatorial  Ciu-- 
rent  by  means  of  a  Boat  Kace 

Their  Change  <_f  Direction — How  caused  ? 

What  gives  the  Gulf  Stream  a  Rotary  Motion  ? .  .  . 

If  South  America  had  not  been  raised  fi'om  the 
Bed  of  the  Sea,  what  would  be  the  Direction 
of  the  Equatorial  Current  ? 

Equatorial  Currents  of  the  Pacific — Describe  them. 

Cohl  Currenia — How  many  and  what  are  they  ? .  . 

Wann  Ciwivnt.-: — Mention  them 

What  Current  washes  the  Eastern  Coast  of  the 
United  States 

^^^lat  Cun-ent  washes  the  Western  Coast  of 
Europe  ? 

Benefits  of  the  Oceanic  Currents — ^^\Tiat  are  they  ? 

Di'dd  Sea. — //s  Origin — Describe  it 

What  is  its  Distance  below  the  Level  of  the  Sea  V 
What  Substances  are  contained  in  its  Waters  ?. . . . 


Deserts. — ^\Tiat  are  they  V 

By  what  are  they  Caused  ? 

The  Desert  Kegion  of  the   Ohl  World  comprises 

what  ? 

What  is  its  Extent  ? 

Simoon — Describe  it 

Drifting  Sand — "\Miat  destructive  Effect:;  ? 

Sahara — State  its  Extent  and  Elevation 

Oases — Describe  them 

Atacama — Describe  this  Desert 


Deir. — Its  Formation — Describe  it. 
^^Tiat  are  its  Uses  f 


Eftrth. — Its  Creation — "WTiat  was  the  Process  ? 

Illustrate  its  Formation  fi-om  Chaos 

For  what  Purpose  was  it  Created  ?     By  whom  ? .  . 

General  Order  of  Creation — Mention  it 

Its  Shape — What  is  it  ? 

Its  Surface — Of  what  did  it  at  first  consist  ?    .... 

EartJifjnakes. — Their  Origin — Describe  it 

nieir  Effects — Mention  some  of  them 

How  are  they  rendered  less  Destructive  ? 

What  War)iings  precede  them  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  Destruction  of  He.rcu- 
laneum  and  Pompeii  ? 

Describe  the  Earthquake  of  Port  Royal — Of  Lisbon. 
Of  New  Madrid— Oi  Caracas— Oi  Chdi 

Have  the  United  States  been  visited  by  Earth- 
quakes ? 

WTiat  connection  between  them  and  the  Forma- 
tion of  Mountains  ? 

Are  they  always  Destructive?  May  they  occur 
anywhere  ? 

On  whwt  part  of  a  Continent  do  they  occur  most 
fi-eqaently  ? 


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Europe.— Its  Sm f are— SVha.t  can  you  say  of  it  ?. . 

Its  Area  and  Extent  of  Coast  Line  ? i  14 

What  can  you  say  of  its  Peninsulas  and  Islands  ?  I  13 


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Eurojie. — Its  Mean  Elevation — ^What  is  it  ? 

Its  Creal  Plain — What  Countries  are  comprised 

in  it  ? 

Is  any  part  of  its  Surface  below  the  Sea  Level  ? . . 
Describe  the  Eegion  around  the  Ca.Hpian  Sea .... 
What  is  the  Character  of  the  Land  toward  the 

Arctic  Ocean  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  River  Systevi  of  Central 

Europe  ? 


Fissures. — What  are  they  ?. 
Tlieir  Origin 


Fot/.—Whnt  is  Fog  ? 

How  are  the  Fogs  near  Newfoundland  formed  V. . 

Food. — From  what  is  it  obtained  ? 

Do  all  People  requii'e  the  same  kind  of  Food '?. . . 
Is  it  Adapted  to  the  Wants  of  the  Earth's  Inhabi- 
tants?  

What  kind  is  rei^uu-ed  in  the  Hot  Zone  ?     In  the 

Temperate  Zone  ?     Frigid  Zone  ? 

What  forms  the  Chief  Footl  of  the  Esquiviaux  ? .  . 

Getfsers. — TJieir  Position  and  Origin  ? 

How  can  you  illustrate  them  ? 

Give  an  account  of  the  Erujjtions  of  the  Great 
Geyser 

Glaciers. — Describe  them 


Gulf  Stream. — Whence  does  it  proceed?  De- 
scribe it 

How  is  Europe  benefited  by  the  Gulf  Stream  ? . .  .  . 

Does  it  wash  the  Eastern  Coast  of  the  United 
States  ?     Why  not  ? 

What  is  the  Difference  in  Teviperature  between 
the  Gulf  Stream  and  the  Cold  Current  near 
the  Coast  of  the  LTnited  States  ? 

Does  any  part  enter  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?     How  ? .  . 

What  is  the  Velocity  of  the  Gulf  Stream  ? 

How  far  North  is  its  Influence  felt  ? 

How  has  it  assisted  in  the  Eoctension  of  Vegetation  ? 

Sail. — ^How  is  it  produced  ? 


Seat, — Does  the  Internal  Heat  of  the  Earth  extend 
to  the  Surface  ? 

Whence  does  the  Surface  receive  its  Heat  ? 

How  far  below  the  Surface  does  Solar  Heat  ex- 
tend?   

Ice  and  Icebergs. — Mention  some  of  theu-  Effects. 

How  do  they  contribute  to  the  Formation  of  the 

Banks  neai-  Newfoundland  ? 

Isotherms. — What  are  they  ? 

Are  they  Parallel  with  each  other  ?    Why  not  ? . . 
What  are  Isothermal  Zones  f 


Japan  Current. — Describe  it 

Does  any  part  enter  the  Arctic  Ocean  ? 


"Where  ? 


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106 


MONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AKlf  POLITICAL  GEOGBAPHY. 


Lakes. — What  are  they  ? 

How  many  ClcLsses  of  Lakes  are  there  '? 

Describe    the    First    Class — The    Second — The 

Third— The  Foiu-th 

How  are  they  supphed  ? 

Why  do  not  all  Depressions  contain  Lakes  ? 

Mention  the  Nod  Eh'vated  Lake  and  its  Elevation. 

What  is  the  elevation  of  Lake  Titicaca  ? 

What  Lake  is  fiu-thest  below  the  Sea  Level  ? . . . . 

Why  is  the  Water  of  some  Lakes  Salt  f 

Mention  the  jirincipal  Salt  Lakes 

Subterranean  Lakes — ^What  are  they  ? 

What  are  sometimes  caused  by  them  ? 

What  is  the  Largest  Lake  in  the  World  i*  Its  Area  ? 

Land  Sf  ides. ^Describe  them 

JI(in. — How  distinguished ? 

Is  he  influenced  by  Chmate  ? 

His  AdaptaJjilitij  to  Chmate — what  can  you  say 

of  it? ' \ 

The  Races — Mention  them 

How  are  they  distinguished  fi-om  each  other '? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  Races  which  inhabit  the 

Torrid  and  Frigid  Zones  ? 

How  is  Man  affected  by  extreme  Heat  ?    Extreme 

Guld  ? 

What  are  the  Characteristics  of  the  Inhabitants 

of  the  Tropical  Eegions  ? 

Of  those  of  the  Frigid  Zones  ? 

Describe  the  Inhabitants  of  the  Temperate  Zone. 
\Miere  has   Man   reauheel   the  highest  State  of 

development  ? 

Mississippi  Hirer. — Describe  it 

From  New  Orleans,  how  far  Noi-th  is  it  navigable  ? 

"  North-cast?  North- 
west ? 

Its  Witulinc/s — What  can  jou  say  of  them  V 

Its  Badn — ^\Tiat  is  its  Area  ? . 

Its  Delta — How  is  it  formed  ? 

Its  Wearing  and  Transportation  Power — How 
sho\vn  ? 

Mtmutains. — Tlieir  Origin  ? 

Time  occupied  in  then-  Formation  ? 

A  Chain — A  Culminating  Point — VvTiat  are  they?. 

On  the  Eastern  Continent — Mention  them 

On  the  Western  Continent 

A  Mountain  System — What  is  it  ? 

Name  the  highest  Mountains  on  the  Globe 

Violence  in  their    Formation — How  indicated  ? . . . 

Their  Direction — To  what  due  ? 

The  Greatest  Elevations  are  in  what  Zone  ? 

What  if  there  were  no  Mountains  ? 

The  Influence  of  Mountains  upon  Clouds  ? 

Where  are  the  highest  Mountains  requii-ed?  "^Miy? 
Their  Upheaval — 'WTiat  benefit  to  Mankind  ? 

North  America.— Its  Form 

Mountain  Si/stcms — Mention  them 

Elevation — What  is  the  Mean  Elevation  ? 


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Ocean. — How  divided  ?     Total  extent  of  Surface  ? . . 

What  is  the  Area  of  the  Pacific  ?  .Atlantic  ?  In- 
dian ?     Arctic  ?     Antarctic  ? 

Its  Bed — -What  Changes  has  it  undergone  ? 

Its  Temperature — How  regulated  ? 

Its  Purity — How  jDreserved  ? 

By  what  Process  is  the  Land  supplied  with  Water  ? 

What  are  Dependent  upon  the  Ocean  ? 

Its  Uses — Mention  the  principal 

As  a  J/fa?!s  uf  Communication,  which  Ocean  is  the 
most  Useful  to  Man  ? 

Its  Depth — Is  it  uniform  ? 

Where  is  the  deepest  part  of  the  Ocean  ? 

"\Miat  is  its  Mean  Depth  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  its  Depth  near  the  Coasts  ? . 

Plains. — "WTiat  arc  they  ? 

What  do  they  comprise  ? 

How  shaped  and  fertihzed  ? 

Of  North  America — ^What  do  they  comprise  ? . .  . . 
Of  <S'(>(^//i  America — ^^'hat  do  they  comprise  ?  .  .  .  . 

Of  the  Amazon — "What  is  their  Extent  ? 

The  Arctic  Plains — Describe  them 


Plants. —  Tlieir  Growth — How  does  it  progress  ?. .  .  . 
Of  what  Element  are  Plants  chiefly  composed  ?. .  . 
AMiat  Conditions  are  most  favorable  to  its  gi'owth? 
Tiu'ir  Nourishment — From  what  received,  and  by 

what  means  ? 

To  what  do  Plants  supjily  Noui'ishmcnt  ? 


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How  are  they  afl'ected  by  Frost  ?...•. 40 

By  what  means  is  the  Growth  cf  some  Plants  ex- 
tended?    41 

Mention  the  Trees  and  Plants  of  the  Frigid  Zone 

—Of  the  Temperate  Zonc~Oi  the  Torrid  Zow.  I  41 

Plateans.—\Yhn.i  are  they  ? 1  15 


Tlieir  Formation — Describe  it 

Where   are    the    Plateaus   of    Asia  f       Europie  ? 

America  f    Africa  ? 

The  IJighcst  on  the  Globe — ^leution  them 

The  North  American  Plateau — Describe  it 


Ha  in. — How  ^u-oduced  ? 

Its-  Distribidion  over  the  Surface — How  caused?  . 

Its  Uses — ^^\"hat  are  they  ? 

How  does  it  penetrate  the  Ground  ? 

How  iiifluenced  by  high  Mountains  ? 

T^Tiere  does  the  gi-eatest  Amount  fall  ?  Why  ? .  . 
What  parts  of  a  Continent  receive  the  greatest 

Amount  of  Eain  ? 

On  which  Side  of  the   Tropical  Andes  does  the 

gi'eatest  Amount  fall 

Why  does  little  or  no  Eaiu  fall  on  the  lee-side 

of  the  Andes  ? 

On  which  Side  of  the  Andes  do  the  Trade  Winds 

deposit  Eain  ? 

On  which  Side  do  the  Return  Trades  deposit  Eain? 
In  what  parts  of  North  America  is  Eain  most 

abundant  ? 

Why  do  the  West  Indies  receive  Copious  Eains  ? . 


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INDEX  AND  REVIEW  OF  PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


107 


Ruitilesa  Reffioiis. — Thi'i/  Lirludc  what  i)arts  of 

the  Eastern  Continent  ? 

What  parts  of  the  Western  Continent 

Rirers. — How  Formed  ? 

TJicir  Useti — Mention  them 

Their    Courses — Desciibe   thci:i — ^\^l:lt   Jo   they 

indicate  ? 

Tlie  Ganges — Describe  it 

The  Indus  and  Brahmaputra — Desciibe  them .... 
How  do  Eivers  affect  *the  Surface  of  Lowlands  V. . 

Delias — How  formed  ? 

Tlicir  Windings — What  advantages  attend  them  ? 
What  is  the  most  imjjortant  River  in  N.  America  ? 

A  River  Basin — What  is  it  V 

A  River  Bcd—Whai  is  it  ?     A  ( 'hannel  1 

A  River  System — What  is  it  ? 

Inland  Basins — ^Name  some  of  them 

Where  do  some  Rivers  of  Africa  empty  ? 

Oceanic  Rivers — "\Miat  are  they? 

Continental  Rivers — What  ai-e  they  ? 

How  are  Rivers  affected  by  the  Helling  of  Snow  1 

Mountain  Streams — Mention  their  Uses 

Rivers  which  rise  periodically — How  supplied  ?. . . 

Rocks. — WTiat  are  Aqueous  Rocks  ?    Stratified  Rocks  ? 

What  are  Igneous  Rocks  ?     Unstratified  ? 

Stratified — Of  what  composed  ? 

Rocky  3Ioiintfiiii  Si/ston. — Its  Extent  ? 

What  Ranges  does  it  include  ? 

The  Greatest  Width  of  the  System — where  ami 
what  ? 

Sea  Shells. — To  what  Class  of  Animals  do  they  be- 
long V 

Their  Appearance  on  Mountains — How  accounted 
for? 

Snow. — How  is  it  produced  ? 

Of  what  Advantage  is  Snow  ?     Why  ? 

Of  what  Uses  is  Snow  which  covers  the  Tops  of 
Tropical  Mountains  ? 

Perpetual  Snow — At  what  Elevation  on  the  An- 
des ?    On  the  Alps  ?    In  Arctic  Latitudes  ?  . . 

South  America. — Its  Area  in  Square  Miles  ? 

Its  Plateaus — Where  situated  ? 

Its  Mountain  Systems — Possess  what  Advantages  ? 

Its  Surface— What  can  you  say  of  it  ? 

Elevation — What  is  its  Mean  Elevation  ? 

"What  is  the  total  extent  of  Plains  ? 

Hie  Llanos,  the  Wet  and  Dry  Seasons,  the  ISelvas 
— Describe  them 

Spi'tiiffs. — Tlicir  Origin — Describe  it 

Wells — How  supplied  ? 

In  the   Dry  Season   some    Springs  become   dry 

while  others  continue  to  flow  ?     "\Miy  is  this? 

Tlte  Quality  of  Spring  Water  depends  on  what  ?. . 

Inter miltent  Springs— Vihat  are  they  ? 

Salt  Springs — Their  Origin  ? 


1  Tago 

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Spriiujs. — Mineral  Waters — What  arc  they  ? 

Mineral  Waters — Of  what  Uses  are  they  ? 

Mineral  Spring: — Where  are  the  most  celebrated? 

Hot  Spring  : — Their  Origin  and  Uses  ? 

"         "       — Where  are  the  most  noted  V 

United  States. — Was  all  the  Laud  of  this  Coimtry 
raised  at  the  same  time  ? 

Describe  its  great  Plateau  Region 

For  what  Production  is  the  Southern  Part  of  this 
Country  noted  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  North-eastern  Part  ? . . . 

Tlie  Jleans  of  Communication — Wliat  can  you  say 
of  them? '. 

Vapor. — Tlie  Process  of  its  Formation — "^iMiat  is  it  ?. 

Its  Uses — Mention  them 

Why  is  it  not  always  Visible  ? 

To  what  does  it  sujiply  Nourishment  ? 

Vegetation. — AMieu  and  for  what  Piapose  was  it 
made  ? 

The  First  Vegetation — What  was  its  character  ?. .  . 

Where  is  it  produced  in  the  greatest  abundance  ? 

How  does  it  puiify  the  Atmosphere  ? 

"V^Tiat  iMutual  Dependence  between  Vegetable 
and  Animal  Life  ? 

On  which  Side  of  a  Continent  does  Vegetation 
extend  fui-thest  North  ?     A\Tiy  ? 

How  does  Vegetation  vary  on  the  Sides  of  Moun- 
tains ? 

Volcanoes. — Ttieir  Origin  ? 

Illustrate  by  means  of  a  Cake 

Of  what  Beneiit  are  Volcanoes  ? 

The  Effect  ot  an  Eruption  of  Mt.  Vesu^-ius — Give 

an  Account  of  it 

Monte  Nuoxx) — Give  an  account  of  its  Formation . 

Tlie  Most  Noted  Volcanoes — Mention  them 

Hot  Water  and  Steam  of  Volcanoes — Whence  do 

they  proceed  ? 

Water. — ^Whence  is  the  Land  supi^lied  with  Fresh 
AVater? 

The  Center  of  the  Water  Hemisphere — "UTiere 
is  it  ? 

Its  Wearing  Power — What  can  you  say  of  it  ? ...  . 

How  affected  by  Heat  ? 

Of  what  Benefit  is  it  to  Plants  ? 

Winds. — "What  are  they  ? 

The  two  General  Movements  of  the  Air — What 
are  they  ? 

The  Tropical  TTmrf.s-— Explain  their  Movement.    . 

Tlic  Trade  Winds — Describe  them 

TJie  Return  Trades— DcacA-ihe  them 

What  Effect  have  the  Trade  Winds  on  the  Equa- 
torial Current  ? •' 

Wliat  Winds  blow  over  South-western  Em-ope  ? . 

How  do  thev  affect  that  Division  ? 

Land  and  Sea  Breezes — Describe  them 

Calms — How  caused  ? 

Where  are  the  Regions  of  Calms  ? 


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lOS 


3IONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


m 


STRONOM ICAL 


Geography 


[the  words   in   black  TYPB  SUOGKBT  the  QUE8T10H8.J 


1.  Astronomical  Geogrnpln/  treats  of  the  form,  size,  and 
moUous  of  the  earth  ;  its  relations  to  tlie  Sun,  Moon,  and  other 
heavenly  bodies  ;  its  seasons,  latitudes,  and  longfitudes. 

2.  The  Earth  is  one  of  a  family  of  heavenly  bodies  which 
revolve  around  the  Sun. 

3.  The  bodies  which  rerofrc  around  the  Sun  are  distributed 
into  three  classes  ;  Planets,  Asteroids,  and  Comets. 

4.  These  bodies,  together  ivith  the  iSun,  constitute  the  Solar 
System. 

5.  The  Solar  System  is  but  a  small  portion  of  the  Universe. 

G.  The  San  is  a  luminous  body,  because  it  shines  by  its  own 
light.     The  planets  are  opaque  (dark)  bodies. 

7.  The  Earth,  Moon,  and  other  planets  receive  from  the 
Sun  light  and  heat. 

8.  The  names  of  the  principal  planets,  according  to  their  size, 
are  Jujjiter,  Saturn,  Neptune,  Ura'nus,  the  Earth,  Venus,  Mars,  and 
Mercury. 

9.  Their  names  aeeordine/  to  their  distances  fi'om  the  Sun, 
are  Mercury,  Venus,  the  Earth,  Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus, 
and  Neptune. 

10.  The  form  of  the  Earth  is  that  of  a  s^ihere,  slightly  flat- 
tened at  the  Pole3.     (-S'ee  illustration  on  page  9.) 

11.  A  Sphere  or  Globe  is  a  round  body  whose  surface,  in 
every  part,  is  equally  distant  from  its  center. 

12.  A  Hem  isphero  is  half  a  sphere  or  globe. 

13.  The  Diameter  of  a  Sphere  is  a  straight  line  jsacsmg 
through  its  center,  and  terminated  at  both  ends  by  the  surface. 

14.  The  Diameter  of  the  Earth  is  nearly  8,000  miles. 

Its  diameter  at  tUe  Equator  is  7,925  miles,  but  from  Pole  to  Pole  it  is  20  miles 
less. 

15.  The  Circumference  of  a  Sphere  is  the  distance  around  it. 
IG.    The  Circumference  of  the  Earth  is  nearly  25,000  uiLlcn. 

17.  The  Axis  of  a  Sphere  is  the  hnu  or  diameter  on  which 
the  sphere  revolves. 

18.  The  roles  of  the  Earth,  or  of  any  sphere,  are  the  extrem- 
ities of  its  axis,  or  the  two  points  where  the  axis  meets  the  surface. 

19.  The  Sun  shines  upon  one  half  of  the  earth's  surface  at 
any  one  time  ;  so  that  one  hemisphere  has  day  while  the  opposite 
hemisphere  has  night. 

20.  The  succession  of  Day  and  Myht  is  caused  by  the  revo- 
lution of  the  earth  on  its  axis,  which  it  performs  every  24  hours. 

21.  The  rate  of  Motion  of  the  equatorial  parts  is  1,000  miles 
every  hoiu-,  but  it  diminishes  toward  the  Poles. 

The  Axis  does  not  revolve,  neither  do  the  Poles. 

22.  Localities  on  the  Earth':;  surface  are  determined  and 
described  by  means  of  imaginary  lines  or  circles. 

23.  Great  Cirrler.  are  those  which 
divide  the  Earth  into  two  cqaal  parts. 

24.  Small  Circles  are  those  which 
divide  the  Earlh  into  two  unequal  parts. 

25.  The  principal  Great  Circles  arc 
the  Equator,  Ecliptic^  r.nd  Meridians. 

2().  The  principtcl  Small  Circles 
arc  the  two  Tropics  and  the  two  Polar 
Circles. 


27.  The  Equator  divides  the  Earth  into  Northern  and 
Southern  Hemispheres.     It  is  midway  hdwcra  the  Poles. 

28.  Meridians  jxfs  trom.  Pole  to  Pole,  crossing  the  Equator 
at  right  angles. 

29.  Meridians  divide  the  Earth  into  Eastern  and  Western 
Hemisj)heres. 

30.  Latitude  is  distance  northward  or  southward  from  the 
Equator,  measured  on  a  Meridian. 

31.  Longitude  is  distance  eastward  or  westward  fi-om  a  certain 
Meridian,  measured  on  the  Equator. 

32.  Latitude  and  Lonifitude  are  reckoned  in  degrees,  min- 
utes, and  seconds,  which  are  known  by  the  signs  (°),  ('),  ("). 

The  City  Hall  of  New  York  is  in  lat.  40'  42'  43"  (read  40  degrees,  42  min 
utes,  and  43  seconds).    A  degree  contains  60  minutos,  and  a  minute  60  seconds 

33.  A  Deyree  is  one  3C0th  part  of  a  circle  ;  it  varies  in  length 
according  to  the  size  of  the  circle. 

34.  The  length  of  a  degree  on  a  Great  Circle  of  the  Earth 
is  about  G9|  statute  miles,  or  GO  geograjihical  miles. 

A  statute  mile  contains  5,280  feel,  and  a  get  /graphical  mile,  6,075  feet. 

33.   The  parts  of  the  Earth  f<trthest  from  the  Equator  are 

the  Poles,  whose  latitude  is  90°. 

36.  Longitude  is  usually  reckoned,  on  our  majis  and  globes, 
fi-om  the  Meridian  of  Greenwich,  near  London,  and  from  the 
Meridian  of  Washington. 

37.  The  greatest  Longitude  a  place  can  have  is  180° — half 
way  round  the  globe. 

38.  Itefer  to  the  3Iap  on  pages  5.^  and  53,  and  state  the  Lati- 
tude of  Philadelphia  ;  of  New  Orleans  ,  of  Columbus  ;  of  Nashville  ; 
of  San  Francisco  ;  of  Savannah. 

39.  What  is  the  Longitude  of  each,  fi-om  Greenwich,  and 
from  Washington  ? 

40.  liefer  to  the  Map  on  page  72,  and  state  the  Latitude  of 
Naples  ;  of  Venice  ;  of  Lucerne  ;  of  Athens  ;  of  Constantinople  ; 
of  Paris  ;  of  Frankfort ;  of  Hamburg  ;  of  London  ;  of  Liver- 
pool ;  of  Dublin. 

41.  Vhat  is  the  Longitude  vf  London  ?  of  DubUn  ?  of 
Geneva  ?  of  Eome  ?  of  Vienna  ? 

42.  The  Ecliptic  is  the  path  in  which  the  Earth  revolves  around 
the  Sun.  In  Geography,  the  Ecliptic  is  a  groat  circle  on  the 
terrestrial  globe  which  is  always  in  the  plane  of  the  earth's  orbit. 

43.  The  Equator  and  Ecliptic  cross  erch  other  at  an  angle 

of  23 r. 

44.  The  Sensible  Ilori'zon  is  the  Small  Circle  which  boJUids 
our  view  of  the  Earth's  surface.  Us  circum/ei-ence  is  the  line  in 
which  the  Earth  and  Skies  apj)ear  to  meet  ;  spectators  in  different 
localities  have  different  horizons.  In  the  middle  of  the  horizon  is  the 
spectator.  The  higher  the  elevation  on  w!)ich  the  spectator  stands, 
the  greater  is  the  sensible  horizon.  A  person  at  sea,  standing  on 
the  level  of  the  surface,  would  see  three  miles  in  every  direction. 
Tlw  diameter  of  his  sensible  horizon  would  be  Six  miles.  (See page 
9,  iUustralion,  and  jmraf/rojihs  1  to  5.) 

45.  The  national  Horizon  is  the  Great  Circle  which  is  paral- 
lel to  the  Sensible  Horizon  ;  it  divides  the  Earth  into  iqrjxr  and 
lon-er  hemispheres. 


ASTRONOMICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


109 


46.  Parallels  of  Latitude  are  small  circles  parallel  to  the  1 
Equator. 

47.  The  Tt'opirs  are  those  parallels  which  pass  through  the  two 
points  of  the  Ecliptic  farthest  from  the  Equator. 

48.  TJie    Tropic    in    the    Northern 

Hemisphrrc  is  called  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer.  That  in  the  Southern  lletui- 
sphcre,  the  Tropic  of  Caiiricorn. 

49.  Tiie  Distance  of  the  Tropics 
from  the  Equator  ia  23°. 

50.  The  A.r:s  of  the  Earth  is  not 
perpendicular  to  tho  plane  of  the  Earth's 
orbit. 

51.  The  Distance  from  the  Poles  to  the  Ejrfremifies  of  a 
Diameter  which  is  perpendicular  to  the  Ecliptic  is  23\°;  through 
these  two  extremities  two  parallels  of  latitude  are  drawn ;  that 
around  the  North  Pole  is  called  the  jVrctic  Circle  or  North  Polar 
Circle,  and  that  around  the  South  Polo,  the  Antarctic,  or  South 
Polar,  Circle.     (See  illustration  at  the  top  of  the  page.) 

52.  The  Tropics  and  Polar  Circles  divide  the  Earth's  surface 
into  five  great  Belts  or  Zones.     {See  map  on  page  81.) 

53.  THE  ZONES  AND  THEIR  EXTENT  FROM  NORTH  TO  SOUTH. 

North  Frigid From  tlio  North  Pole  to  the  Arctic  Circle 23'. 

Nortli  Temperate  Arctic  Circle  to  the  Tropic  of  Cancer 4:) 

Torrid Tropic  of  Cancer  to  the  Tropic  of  Ciiprieorn..  47" 

i-'outh  TemperatH         "  Tropic  of  Capricorn  to  the  Antarctic  Circle. .  43° 

South  Frigid.  . .  "  Antarctic  Circle  to  the  South  Pole 23V° 

Total,  from  Pole  to  Pole 180 

51.  Vithin  the  Torrid  Zone  the 
lleiit  is  extrenio,  becauso  the  Iaiii's  rays 
fall  directly  upon  tlio  curface. 

55.  Tlie  Cold  of  our  Jf'intcr  is  lol 
known,  except  at  high  elevations.  (,S'.v 
])oge  31),  pcragraphs  G2-GG.) 

5G.  The  Days  and  l-lighfr,  on  and  near 
the  Equator  are  eqr.al  throughout  the 
year.  Lt.aving  the  Equator,  their  in- 
equality increases  with  the  latitude. 

57.  The  Sun  is  Vertical  to  the  inhabitant.T  of  tlie  Torrid 
Zone  at  certain  times  diu-ing  the  year.  (Read  page  45,  par.  16,  17, 
22,  and  23.) 

58.  The  Sun  is  Vertical,  or  in  the  Zenith,  when  it  ia  per- 
pendicularly over  th(!  head. 

59.  Within  the  Frigid  Zones  the  Cold  is  extreme,  because 
the  Sun's  rays  fall  very  obliquely  upon  the  surface. 

The  TAtu(/est  Days  in  Summer  and  tho  Lonf/est  Kir/hts 
in  Winter  are  in  proportion  to  the  latitudes, — from  24 
hours  on  the  Polar  Circles  to  6  months  at  the  Poles. 


The  Sun  is  never  Vertical  to  any  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Frigid  Zones. 

60.  Within  the  Temperate  Zones  the  Heat  is  less  than  thct 
in  tho  Torrid  Zone,  and  the  cold  is  less  than  that  in  the  Frigid 
Zones. 

Tlie  Longest  Days  in  Summer  and  tho  Longest  Xights 
in  Winter  vary  from  13^  hours  on  the  Tropics  to  24  houi'a 
on  the  Polar  Circles. 

TJie  Sun  is  Vertical  once  a  year — midsummer  —  to  the 
inhabitants  on  the  Tropics. 

61.  The  Change  of  Seasotis  depends  upon  the  annual  revolu- 
tion of  the  earth  in  the  same  plane,  the  inclination  of  its 
axis,  and  the  leaning  of  the  axis  always  in  the  same  direction. 

G2.  The  North  Pole  leans  toward  the  Sun  in  the  latter  part 
of  June  ;  then  it  is  Summer  in  the  Northern  and  "Winter  in 
the  Southern  Hemisphere.     (See  illustration  aliove. ) 

Tlie    Northern    Hemisphere   has   long    days   and   short 
nights,  while  the  Southern  IIemis2Jherc  has  short  day:; 
and  long  nights. 
Tlie  Whole  of  the  North  Frigid  Zone  has  day,  while  tho 

South  Frigid  has  night. 
Tlie  Sun  is  Vertical  to  tho  inhabitants  on  tho   Tropic  of 
Cancer. 
G3.    The    North     Pole    leans    from     the    Sun,  in  the  latter 
part  of  December  ;  then  it  is  Summer  in  the  Southern  and  Winter 
in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  ;    the  Southern   Hemisphere  has 
long  days  and  short  nights,  while  the  Northern  has  short  days  and 
long  nights. 

The  Whole  of  the  South  Frigid  Zone  has  day,  while  tho 

North  Frigid  has  night. 
The  Sun  is  Vertical  to  tho  inhabitants  o;i  the  Tropic  (  f 

Capricorn. 

Gl.  Ojj  the  23d  of  .irarch,  nc'iihcr  the  North  nor  tho  South 
Pole  leans  toward  the  Sun.  (//(  the  il I u.-<t ration  uhocr,  the  pupil 
mnyt  imayinr  the  Earth  to  have  moved  around  behind  the  Sun).  Then 
it  is  Spring  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  while  it  is  vl«f «»</;.■  in 
the  Southern  ;  the  Sun  is  vertical  to  the  inhabitants  on  i.nd  near 
tho  Equator,  and  the  line  of  separation  between  the  dark  and 
the  illuminated  side  of  the  Eai-th  passes  through  the  Poles. 

65.  On  the  '2 1st  of  .Tune,  tho  position  of  tho  Earth  is  as  rep- 
resented in  the  picture  ;  three  months  afterward,  or  on  tho  23(7  of 
Sij>tcml)er,   the  Earth's  position  would  be  sidewise,  as  in  March. 

(/;)  the  picturr  imagine  the  Earth  l<>  Iinve  moved  toward  you,  and  to  bs 
immediately  in  front  if  the  Sun,  alK)iit  tuv  inches  from  the  page.) 

66.  On  the  23d  of  September  it  is  Autumn  in  tho  Northern,  and 
Spring  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere, — 12  hom-s  day  and  12  hours 
night,  in  all  the  Zones  ;  tho  Sun  vertical  to  the  inhabitants  on  the 
Equator  ;  the  days  and  nights  are  everywhere  equal. 


110 


MOyTBfTH'S  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL  GEOGBAPKY. 


Ieneral  Seview. 


MOUNTAIXS. 

Where  are  t/ict/  ?     In  what  tUrections 
do  tfie  ranges  ejttend  ? 


Mt.  St.  Elias  ? 
Mt.  Washington? 
Mt.  MitdK-nv 
Himalaya  ? 
Moravian  ? 
Mt.  Elboorz? 
Rocky  ? 
Mt.  Brown  ? 
White  Mts.  ? 
Cameroon  ? 
Hindoo  Coosh  ? 
Bohemian  ? 
Mt.  Blanc  ? 
Coast  ? 

Kilimandjaro? 
Kuen  Lun  ? 
Cevennes  ? 
Mt.  Fairweatlu?r  ? 
(ireen  Mts.  ? 
Kenia  ? 
Ararat  ? 
Auvergne  ? 
Sierra  Madre  ? 
Brazilian  Andes  ? 
Allegliany  ? 
Cotopaxi  ? 
Mt.  HooliiT? 
Lupata  ■? 
Stanovoy  ? 
Sierra  Morena  ? 
Fremont's  Peak  ? 
Chimborazo  ? 
Hecla  t 
Snow? 

Eastern  flliauts? 
Riesen  Gebirge? 
Cascade  ? 
Aconcagua  ? 
Coast  Kange  ? 


Spanish  Peak  ? 
Erze  Gebirge  ? 
Illimani  ? 
Adirondack  ? 
Atlas? 

Western  Ghauts? 
Pike's  Peak  ? 
Cumberland  ? 
Antuco  ? 
Blue  Ridge  ? 
Kong? 
Caucasus  ? 
Fremont's  Peak  ? 
Catskill  ? 
Antisana  ? 
Mt.  Hood  ? 
Altai? 
Highlands  ? 
Pacaraima  ? 
Taurus  1 
Alps? 
Acaray  ? 
Carpathian  ? 
Atacama  ? 
Ural  ? 
Mt.  Etna  ? 
Andes  ? 
Cantabrian  ? 
Geral  ? 
Apennines  ? 
Arequipa  ? 
Mt.  Vesuvius  ? 
Pichincha  ? 
Mt.  Hecla  ? 
Popocatt'iietl  ? 
Sierra  Nevada  ? 
Scandinavian  ? 
Pyrenees  ? 
Long's  Peak  ? 


ISLAND!^. 

tr/ii-re  are  they?     lii/  what  uuiterit  are 
they  Mttrrtmiuted  '/ 


Newfoinidlund  ? 
Sardinia  ? 
Saghalien  ? 
Jamaica  ? 
Java? 
British  Is.  ? 
Madeira  Is.  ? 
Orkney  Is.  ? 
Vancouver's  ? 
Negropont  ? 
Nova  Zembla  ? 
Barbadoes  ? 
Sandwich  Is.  ? 
Loffoden  Is.  ? 
Madagascar  ? 
Hebrides  ? 
Southampton  ? 
Rhodes  ? 
Kurile  la.  1 


San  Salvador? 
Mendana  Arch.  ? 
Baring  ? 
West  Indies  ? 
Minorca  1 
Hainan  ? 
Antigua  ? 
New  Zealand  ? 
Bahamas  V 
Zante  ? 
Nicobar  Is.  ? 
Porto  Rico  ? 
Friendly  Is.  ? 
Bermudas? 
Formentera  ? 
Hondo  ? 
I.  of  Pines  ? 
Society  Is.  ? 
Melville  ? 


Skye? 

Magellan  Arch.  ? 
Louisiade  Arch.  ? 
Trinidad  ? 
New  Guinea  ? 
Faroe  Is.  ? 
Canary  Is.  ? 
Anglesea  ? 
Queen  Charlotte's 
Ionian  Is.  ? 
Laccadive  Is.? 
Gaudaloupe  ? 
Borneo  ? 
Shetland  Is.  ? 
Socotra  ? 
Wight  ? 
Cape  Breton  ? 
Scilly  la  ? 
Maldive  Is.  ? 
Martinique  ? 
Australia  ? 
Cyprus  ? 
St.  Helena  ? 
Man  ? 
Greenland  ? 
Balearic  Is.  ? 
Lad  rone  Is.  ? 
New  Providence  ? 
Hawaii  ? 
Candia  ? 
Comoro  Is.  ? 
Pliilippine  Is  ? 
North  Georgian  ? 
Sicily? 
Sumatra  ? 


Abaco  ? 

Central  Arch.? 
Lewis? 
Jersey  ? 
Kiusluu  ? 
Andros  ? 
Tasmania  ? 
Anticosti  ? 
?  Lipari  Is.  ? 
Formosa  ? 
Turks  ? 
Cuba  ? 
Corsica 
Shikoku  ? 
St.  Thomas  ? 
Caroline  Is.  ? 
Iceland  ? 
Ivica  ? 
Japan  Is.  ? 
Santa  Cruz  ? 
New  Ireland  ? 
Disco  ? 
Corfu  ? 
Yezo  ? 
Feejee  Is.  ? 
Sitka  ? 
Majorca  ? 
Luzon  ? 
Spice  Is.  ? 
Hayti  ? 
Cephalonia 
Ceylon  ? 
Celebes  ? 
Guernsey  ? 
Marquesas  ? 


CAFES. 


'here    are    they 
lit)  the 

Hatteras  ? 
Corrientes  ? 
Land's  End  ? 
St.  Antonio? 
Northeast  ? 
Canaveral  ? 
Sjiartivento  ? 
Good  Hope  ? 
Mendocino  ? 
St.  Francisco  ? 
La  Hogue  ? 
Comorin  ? 
Hatteras  ? 
Matapan  ? 
Blanco  V 
Farewell  ? 
Gallinas? 
Gracios  ? 
Lopatka  ? 
Lookout  ? 
St.  Vincent  ? 
Guardafui  ? 
St  Lucas  ? 
St.  Lorenzo? 
Palmo  ? 
Negrain  ? 
Burica? 


lutii    leliat    iratrrs 
U  projirt  ■/ 

East? 

St.  Bias  ? 

Finisterre? 

St.  Roque? 

St.  Martin  ? 

Cambodia  ? 

Florida  ? 

North  ? 

Agulhas  ? 

Flattery  ? 

Corso? 

Prince  of  Wales  ? 

Fear? 

Clear  ? 

Palmas  ? 

Sable  ? 

Horn? 

Ortegal  t 

Verd  ? 

Race? 

Bon? 

May? 

Frio? 

Cod? 

Icy? 

Roxn  ? 

St.  Mary? 


SEAS,  GULFS,  BAYS,  <£c. 

Vliere  are  they  ?    Into  what  waters  do 
they  open  ? 


St.  Lawrence  ? 

Ionian  Sea  ? 

California  ? 

Ap]>alachee  ? 

The  Wash  ? 

Arabian  S.  ? 

Mediterranean  ? 

Narragansett  ? 

G.  of  Guinea  ? 

G.  of  Carpentaria?  Ungava  B.  ? 

B.  of  Honduras  ?     Onslow  ? 

G.  of  Lepanto  ? 

Campeachy  ? 

Albemarle  ? 

Firth  of  Forth  ? 

Caspian  S.  ? 

Adriatic  S.  ? 

Penobscot  ? 

G.  of  Aden  ? 


James'  B  ? 
Zuyder  Zee  " 
Darien  ? 
Tampa  ? 
Loch  Linnhe  ? 
Okhotsk  S.  ? 
Arcliipelago  ? 
Casco  ? 
G.  of  Siam  ? 


Firth  of  Tay  ? 
Yellow  S.  ? 
Baltic  S.  ? 
Cape  Cod  ? 
Frobisher's  B.  ? 
Pamlico  ? 
Gal  way  ? 
Black  S.  ? 


G.  of  Cambridge  ?   Fundy  ? 

B.  of  Guatemala  ?   Chan,  of  Yucatan  ? 


G.  of  Genoa? 
Tehuantepec  ? 
Roanoke  ? 
Donegal  ? 
Persian  G.  ? 
B.  of  Biscay  ? 
Frenchman's  ? 
G.  of  Sidra  ? 
Coral  S.  ? 
Hudson  B.  ? 
G.  of  Salonica  ? 
Mosquito  ? 
Raleigh  ? 
Pentland  Firth  ? 
a.  of  Cambay  ? 
G.  of  Bothnia  ? 
Long  Island  Sd.  ? 
Java  S.  ? 
Baffin  B.  ? 
G.  of  Dantzic  ? 
Panama  ? 
Mobile  ? 
Loch  Foyle  ? 
Kamtschatka  S.  ? 
Caspian  S.  V 
Buzzard's  ? 
Botany  ? 


Murray  Firth  V 
Red  S.  ? 
G.  of  Finland  ? 
Fox  Chan.  ? 
Kara  S.  ? 
White  S.  ? 
Lancaster  Sd.  ? 
Aral  S.  ? 
G.  of  Lyons  ? 
Norton  Sd.  ?  . 
Eastern  S.  ? 
S.  of  Marmora  ? 
G.  of  Mexico  ? 
Celebes  S.  ? 
G.  of  Onega  ? 
B.  of  Bengal  ? 
North  S.  ? 
China  S.  ? 
S.  of  Azov  ? 
G.  of  Siam  ? 
G.  of  Taranto  ? 
Japan  S.  ? 
U.  of  Riga  ? 
G.  of  Cutch  ? 
S.  of  Yezo  ? 
G.  of  Tonquin  ? 


JtlVEBS. 

miere  do  tjiey  rise  '.*  In  tejint  iliree- 
ttoUfi  do  they  Jltue,  and  into  what 
waters  ? 

Mississippi?  Coanzaf 

Thames  ?  Brazos  ? 

Volga  ?  Ucayali  ? 

Wabash  ?  Congaree  7 

Meuse  ?  St.  Francis  7 

Susquehanna  ?  Kentucky  ? 

Lena  ?  Boyne  ? 

Trent  ?  Dwina  ? 

Missouri  ?  Sangamon  ? 

Red  ?  Elbe  ? 


Nile? 

Rio  Grande? 
St.  Francisco  ? 
Tombigby  ? 
Penobscot  ? 
Tennessee  ? 
Shannon  ? 
Danube  ? 
Des  Moines? 
Adige  ? 

St.  Lawrence? 
Hoang  Ho  ? 
St.  Francis  ? 
Green  ? 
Niger  ? 
Athabasca  ? 
Tuuguragua  ? 
Cape  Fear  ? 
Kennebec  ? 
Cumberland  ? 
Severn  ? 
Ural  ? 
Detroit  ? 
Monongahela  ? 
Cambodia  ? 
St.  Maurice? 
Brazos  ? 
V/hite  ? 
Zambeze  ? 
Mackenzie  ? 
Magdalena  ? 
Mobile  ? 
Androscoggin? 
Wisconsin  ? 
Mersey '. 
Vistula? 
Illinois  ? 
S|)ree  ? 
Shenandoah  ? 
Irtish  ? 
Sagucnay  ? 
Salmon  ? 
Senegal ? 
Colorado  ? 
Pilcomaro  ? 
Ogeechee  ? 
Merrimac  ? 
Miami  ? 
Ouse  ? 
Dnieper  ? 
Kalamazoo  ? 
Wescr  ? 
Oswegatchie  ? 
Brahmaputra  ? 
Chaudiere  ? 
Columbia  ? 
Chattahoochee  1 
Tchadda? 
St.  Lawrence? 
Paraguay  ? 
AUamaha? 
Connecticut  ? 
Muskingum  ? 
H  umber? 
Petchora  ? 


Alleghany  7 
Irrawaddy  ? 
Grand  ? 

Appalachicola  ? 
Nelson  ? 
Orinoco  ? 
Pascagoula  7 
Otter  Creek  ? 
Sandusky  7 
Foyle  7 
Garonne  ? 
Big  Sandy  7 
Pruth  7 
Genesee  7 
Yenisei  ? 
Platte  7 
Tallapoosa  7 
Severn  ? 
La  Plata  ? 
Suwanee  ? 
Blackstone  7 
Grand  (Mich.)? 
Avon  ? 
Douro  ? 
Big  Sioux  ? 
Po? 

Juniata  7 
Obi? 
Le^^^s  7 
Big  Black  7 
Platte  7 
Parana  ? 
Y'azoo  7 
Sorel  ? 

Grand  (Mo.)? 
Drave  ? 
Little  Sioux  7 
Iser? 

St.  Regis? 
Tigris  ? 
Canadian  ? 
Ocmulgee? 
Uruguay  7 
St.  John's  7 
Onion  7 
Iowa? 
Guadiana? 
Osage  ? 
Dniester  7 
Pamunky  7 
Indus  7 

Yellowstone? 
Pamlico  7 
Ohio  7 
Amazon  ? 
Edisto  7 
Maumee  7 
Tagus? 
Licking  ? 
Saranac  7 
Amoo  7 
Clarke's? 
Yadkin  7  - 
Madeira  7 
Oconee  ? 


i 


PBOWUKCIATIOW  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


Ill 


Ironunciation  of  .Geographical  Sames. 


Aar.  abr. 

Abftcii,  ah1)ali-ko. 

Ah-bi-tib'bv. 

Abomey.  ab-o-may'. 

Abuuki'r,  ah-b«»i>-keer'. 

Ab-se'cum. 

Abytlos.  ah-biMi»3. 

Acapuico.  ali-kah-poolTco. 

Ac-co-mac'. 

Aclieen,  atch-cen'. 

Aciincagiia,  ati-kon-kah'gwah. 

Acquia,  a-kwi'a. 

Ac'ra. 

Acre,  ah^ki^r. 

Ailalia,  ah-dablo-ah. 

A -del'. 

A'iU'D. 

Ail'iffe,  or  ah'de-je. 

Ad'iiancple. 

Ail'iiatic. 

^■lean,  e-jo'an. 

Af;,'lKinist.in'. 

A'.'iia  Diilce,  ab'pwah-dool'say. 

Ai^ulhas.  ali-guol'yahs. 

AUno,  airi. 

Aix-Ia-Chapi'lle.  aiks-bib-sbah-pcK. 

Ajaecio,  ali-yabt'tclio. 

Alamo,  ali'lah-mo. 

Aland,  ab'laiid. 

Albans,  St.,  Bent-awl'biinz. 

Al-bo-inurle'. 

Albuqnerqnp,  abl-boo-kcr'kay. 

Ak-utian.  a-ln'sbe-an. 

Algi-ziras.  al-jc-zce'ras. 

Altai.  aht-tK. 

AUatnah:i\r,  awl-ta-nia-liaw'. 

Alton,  abl'tnn. 

Alttma.  abl'to-n.'ib. 

Alvarailo,  ahl-vab-rali'do. 

Ain'azon. 

Ambny'. 

AmlK'ist,  nbtnVrst 

AiniiMs,  am'i-onz. 

Amito,  ab-inoo'. 

Am<»»r.  <ir  Amour,  ali-mntir'. 

A-moy'. 

Atiisterdain'. 

Anadir,  ah-tirih-dii*r'. 

Analuiar.  ab-nab-\vabk' 

Anani*,  ">r  an'nabin. 

Andaman'. 

Andes,  an'dc'cz. 

Andiirra,  .abn-dor'rah. 

An'ilttver. 

Angb'sea,  anp'gles-e. 

Anticos'tl. 

Antit'tam,  an-to'tam. 

Antiijua,  an-tt-'ga. 

Aiitilb's.  abn-teid'. 

Antisana,  abn-te-sali'nah. 

Antncn.  iihn-tod'ko. 

Ant'werp. 

Apacbes,  iih-pah'ob.aya. 

Ap'i-n-iiinrs. 

Ap|ialach'co. 

Apiiabichico'la. 

A[mritna"',  ali-p'>n-re-niabk'. 

Ar-a-c:iri'. 

Ar'al. 

A  r'u-rat. 

Arobangel,  ftrk-an'grel. 

Arcbipda;;<),  ark-e-pel'ali-co. 

Ardennes,  ar'ilen.  or  ar-den'. 

Areqnipa,  ab-ra-ke'pab. 

ArccntinL'.  abr'^en-tino. 

Arie;i,ab-ro'kah. 

Arkan'sas. 

Arniagb,  ar-mab'. 

Arnbcini,  nbrn'bimo. 

Amos'tiiok. 

Arrap'a-h(ie, 

Artois,  jibr-twah  . 

Asban'teo,  nr  absb-an-te'. 

Asia,  a'sbe-a. 

As-sani'. 

As-sin'ni-hoin, 

Astrakban,  abs-trah-kabn'. 

At.icarnn,  ab-t-ili-kab'inab. 

Atebaralaya.  atcb-af-a-li'a. 

Atb-a-bos'eiu 

Ath'ens. 

At-Ian'tft. 

Aubigny,  o-becn-y<''. 

Augustine^  St.,  scnt-aw'gus-tcon. 

Anstrali.s  nws-tray'le-a. 

.\iiveri:ne,  o-varne'. 

Anx  ('.ivl's,  o-kay'. 

Avignon,  ab-veen-yong'. 

Avon  ( Kiig.).  a'von. 

Avon  (Fr.),  ah-vun. 

Ayr,  air. 
,        Az'ov,  Az'of,  or  Az'oph. 
\-.     Azores',  or  a-zo'rez. 


B. 

Baalbec.  or  Balbec,  babl-bok'. 

Bab-(d-man'<leb. 

liiidajos,  bad-a-hose'. 


Bad'en.  ov  bab'den. 

Babia,  bab-e'a. 

Baikal,  bl'kabl. 

Balaklava,  bal-a-klah'vab 

Bal-L'-ar'ie. 

Balize,  bab-leez'. 

Balkan,  babl-kabn', 

Bal-inor'al. 

Bal-zac,  babl-zabk'. 

Bankok',  or  B.ingkok'. 

Barba'<loes,  or  Bavba'dos. 

Bar-no-gat'. 

Barn '&ta -bio 

Basle,  babl. 

Uftth'urst, 

Baton  Rouffp.  bat'un  roozb. 

Bayonne,  bab-yon'. 

Bayou,  bi'oo. 

Beaufort  (Br.  Dominions),  bo'furt. 

Beaufort  (S.  C).  bu'fnrt. 

Beaufort  (France).  bo.f..r'. 

Bedonin.  bed'o-in. 

Bi-ersliL'ba,  be-cv'sbe-ba. 

Bt-hrinu's.  beei'ings. 

lif.lf-fon-taiiie'. 

Bell:ist'  (Ireland);  Bel'fust  (Maine). 

Bt-1-grafle'. 

Bidoocbistaii'. 

Benares,  ben-:di'roz. 

Bt'n;.'al.  ben  ua"  1'. 

Benirazi.  ben-c.'ib'ze. 

Benin,  ben-e»'n'. 

Bon  l^o'inond. 

Bcr'bera. 

Bermudas.  ber-moo'duZ. 
Bexar,  ba-babr'. 

BeyroMt.  bav'root. 

Biiifra,  br-af'iab. 

Bilbao,  bil-bab'o. 

Bini:'en. 

Bistint-an.  bis-te-no'. 

Klenlieiin,  blen'im. 

Bogot^i,  In.-L'o-tab'. 

Bokbani.  bo-kab'rnb. 

Br.lo^'ii.i,  bo-lone'yab. 

Bomarsiind,  bo'niav-soond. 

Bombay'. 

Bdnil'aeeio,  bo-nc-fab'tcbo. 

I'.oii  Humnie.  bo-noni'. 

Bonita.  bo-no'tab. 

i;..M-i;in'. 

Bnotbia,  boo-tbe'ftb. 

Bnnk-aiix.  bor-do'. 

Boi-gue,  born. 

Borodino,  bot-o-de'no, 

Bos'po-rns,  or  Bos'pbo-rus. 

Boulou'ne,  boo-Ione'. 

Bourbon,  boor'bon. 

liowdoin,  bo'den. 

Bowlinu  Green,  boling. 

lirab-nia-pu'tra. 

Bras  d"*)r,  brab-dore'. 

lirasb'ear. 

Brazil,  brali-zeel'. 

Brazos,  brali'zos. 

JJrem'en,  or  bray'meti. 

Breton,  bril'on, 

Bue barest,  boo-kah-rest'. 

Biienaventnra.bway'nab-ynn-too'rab 

Bin  iia  Vi>tn,  bway'nab-vis'Iab. 

Buenos  Ayre.s,  bo'nns  a'riz. 
Bulirari.a.  'bool-gay're-ab. 
Bur'i.'iiti-rlv. 

Bus'.-^o-r;di. 


f^a-boo]'. 

("ailiz.  kay'diz. 

Caen.  knn. 

(aeiinaitbon,  ker-mar'tben. 

('.leiriarvftn.  ker-nar'yoii. 

(':iL'liaii.  kald'yab-ie. 

(  ali.iwba,  ka-baw'bah. 

(iiicos,  ki'kose. 

r,iiro  (I'Vvpt),  ki'ro  ;  (U.  S.),  kay'ro. 

Ciilabar,  kab-Iab-bar'. 

Calais,  kal'is. 

Ciileasien,  kabl'ka-sbu. 

(  iilbio,  kabl-Inb'o,  or  kabl-yab'o. 

Ciimbridge,  kamc'brij. 

(  lunpagna,  kalim-palln'yih. 

Cnnajobarie,  kan-a-jo-bai're. 

I'anandaigua,  kan-an•da'g^va. 

Can-av'er-al. 

Candabar'. 

Can-ton'  (Cliina);  Can'ton  (U.  S.) 

Cape  Girardeau,  je-rar-do'. 

Cape  Haytien,  bay'te-en. 

Gap'n-a,  or  kab'poo-ab. 

Caqiieta.  knb-kay'tab. 

Caracas,  kab-rah'kas. 

Cni'de-nas,  or  kar'daynas. 

Caribbe'an. 

Car'ihbee. 

Carlscrotui,  karls-kron'na. 

Carlsruhe.  karls'roo. 

Cartbairenii,  kar-ta-je'nah. 

Cash  gar'. 

Casbrnere'. 

Castiglione,  kahs-teel-yo'nay. 


Catoche,  kah-to-cbay'. 

Cat'te-gat. 

Cau'casus. 

Cayenne,  ki-en 

Cayman,  ki-man'. 

Celebes,  sel'e-bees. 

Cerigo,  cber'e-go. 

Cevennes,  sa-yen'. 

Cey'lon. 

Cbagros,  shah'grcs. 

Cbalenr,  sbab-loor'. 

t'bapultepec,  cbab-pool-ta-pek'. 

Cbateaugay,  sbat'o-say. 

Cbaudiere,  sho-de-air', 

Chaumont.  sbo-mong',  or  sbo-mu'. 

Cbatauqua,  sba-taw'qwa. 

Cbemung,  sbe-mung'. 

("'lierburg.  shor'burg. 

C^he-snn'cook. 

Cheviot,  cbiv'e-ut. 

Cheyenne,  she-en'. 

Chicago,  she-kaw'go. 

Chick-a-mau'ga. 

('hiek'a-saw. 

(.'bicopee.  chik-o-pe'. 

Cliihuabua,  chc-wab'wab. 

Chili,  ebil'le. 

Cbil-!i-eoth'e. 

Cliiloe.  cbe-lo-ay'. 

(.'biinborazo,  ebim-bo-rali'zo. 

Cliinebii,  cbin'cbab. 

Cbinebilla.  cliin-cbeeryah. 

Chineoteague,  cliin-ko-teeg', 

Chiriqui.  cbe-rc-ke'. 

Cboeo,  cbo'ko. 

Cbowan,  cbo-\ya\vn'. 

Cbuqui-aca,  choo-ke-sab'kab. 

»  ieiifuegos,  se-cn-fway'gos. 

Cincinnati,  .';in-sin-uaii'te. 

Ciudad  Ueal,  se-oo-d:id'  ra-ahl'. 

Civita  Veccbia,  cbe've-tali  vek'be-ali. 

Cler-mont'. 

Coabnlla,  ko-ab-we'lab, 

Coatzai-oaleos.  ko-abt-sab-k\vabl'koco 

Cobij;!.  ko-be'liab. 

Ci'u'nae.  kon-vak'. 

Cobabuila,  k«'i-ab-\ve1ab. 

Cobocs'. 

Cole-raiiu-'. 

Colinia.  ko-le'mab. 

('.iloirne.  ko-Ione'. 

Colorado,  kol-o-rali'do. 

("oma^aL'iia,  ko-iiii-ab'gwab. 

Com'o-rin. 

Coiii'o-ro. 

Coiielm,  kon'cbab. 

(' Old,  konk'urd. 

CoiiLTaiei',  kong-ga-re'. 

Con-hoc'ton. 

CnnnauL'bt,  kou'nawt. 

Connecieiit.  kon-iu-t'e-kut. 

C(.ntrer;i>,  kon-tray'ras. 

Coqiiiiolio,  ko-k'-eni'bo. 

Conilline,  ki>r'al-Iin. 

Coi'do-va. 

Cor-fn',  or  kor-foo'. 

Cov'inlli. 

C(ir'ri-i-n'tes. 

Cotean  <iesPrairio.s,ko-to'day-pray-re 

Cntopaxi,  ko-to-paks'e. 

Coupee,  ko(t-pay'. 

Coxsaekie,  kook-saw'ke. 

(  raeow,  kray'ko. 

Crivatia,  kro-a'.sbca. 

Croix,  St..  kroi. 

Cuencn.  kwen'kah. 

Cnmana,  koo-inab-nah 

Curaroa,  ku-ra-so'. 

Cuyaboga,  ki-a-bo'ga. 

Cusco,  koos'ko. 

Cy-re'ne. 


PalioTne}*,  dab-lio'may. 
DaMiousie.  d.al-b<io'ze. 
l)alitialia,  dal-may'sbc-ah. 
Diilton,  dawl'ton. 
Dantzic,  dant'sik. 
Dan'ube. 


Dauphin,  dnw'fin. 
Del  Fnertc.  (bd  fwe 


.  er'tay. 

Del-bi'.  or  del'lo. 

Dcm'be-a. 

DeiTierara.  dem-e-rah'rah. 

Dome,  der'neb. 

T)es'er-et. 

Des  Moines,  dr-moin'. 

Des  IMaim-s,  day-plane'. 

Dhawabmbiri,  dab-wab-law-gher'ro. 

Diarbckir,  de-ar-bay-keer'. 

Dnieper,  nr'per. 

Dniester,  nces'ter. 

Dominica,  dom-e-ne'ka. 

Donegal,  don-e-gawl'. 

Dontrola,  d()ng'go-la. 

Dor'cbester. 

Donlogno,  dor-dono', 

Drogheda.  droh'he-da. 

Dubuque,  du-book'. 

Duuro,  doo-ay'ro. 


eA 


Dun-dalk'. 
Dun'kirk. 
D'Urban,  dur'ban. 

E. 

Echelles,  Lcs.  layz-a-shel'. 

Ecuador',  or  Equador' 

Edfon,  ed'foo. 

Edinburgh,  ed'in-bur-rah. 

Ed'isto. 

Eider,  i'der. 

Elboorz'. 

El  Dorado,  do-rah'do. 

Eteutbera,  e-Ioo'tbe-rah. 

Elgin,  el'gbin. 

El  Paso  del  Norte, el-pab'so  del  nor'ta, 

England,  ing'land. 

Kr'e-bus. 

E'rin. 

Eso'pus. 

Erzgebiige,  erts-ca-beer'ga. 

Espirito  Santo,  es-pe're-to-san'to 

Esquimaux,  es'kc-mo. 

Etienne,  ay-te-en'. 

Et'o-wab. 

Euphrates,    u-fray'teez. 

Eureka,  yoo-re'kah. 

Eutaw,  yoo'ta\v. 

Euxiue,  yux'in. 

Ev'or-ost. 

Esuma,  ox-oo'inah. 


Faabofir.  fo'br>r^. 

Kalkbmd,  fawk'lan,'. 

Kaluioiith.  fal'mutli, 

Faroe,  fay'ro. 

Fauquier,  faw-ki- 

Fay.al,  fi-awl'. 

Fay'ettcvillc. 

Fee'jee. 

Forrtd,  fer-iolo'. 

Fez-zan'. 

Fitcbtclgebirire,  fik-tel-ga-bcer'ga. 

Finisterre,  fin-is-tarc'. 

Fiord,  fe-ord'. 

Flamborouu'b,  flam 'bur-rub. 

Flo'res. 

FoL'i-'ia,  fo.l'i:di. 

Fond  du  Lac.  fond-du-lak'. 

Fornienteva,  for-inen-tay'rah, 

Foulab,  foo'lah. 

Frio,  frc'o. 

Fron-te-nao'. 

Funcbal,  fo<iu-slial'. 

G. 

Gaetn,  gab-av'tab. 

Galilee,  galV-le. 

Gallinas,  gal-le'nas. 

<;ahvav,  gawl'way. 

(ian'','*";*. 

Uaronne.  gab-rone'. 

Ct.'ispe.  gabs-pay'. 

Gatineau,gab-te-no'. 

Cieu'tp-a. 

Geral.  zbay-rahr. 

Gey.sers.  gbi'zerz. 

Ghent,  (?  hard. 

Gibon,.ie-hon'. 

fJiln,  be'lnb. 

Gil-bo'a,  u  hard. 

liilV-ad. 

C.lasL'ow,  srl.as'go. 

Clone,  ^ter,  Ldos'ter. 

Goderieb.  trode'rik. 

Gotha,  L'o'tab. 

Gotbard,  got'bart 

Gracias-a-Dios,  gral/se-ahs-ab-de-ns' 

(iranada,  grab-nab'dab. 

(ireenwicb,  grin'ij,  or  green'icb. 

Guadalaxara,  gwah-dab-hih-bab'rah. 

(luadalquiv'er. 

Guanabani,  gwab-nab-hah'ne. 

Guanaxuato.  gwah-nah-hwah'to. 

Guardafui,  gwar-dab-fwee'. 

Guayaquil,  gwi-ab-keeF. 

Guaymns,  gwi'mas. 

Guernsey,  ghcrn'ze. 

Guiana,  ge-ab'na. 

Guyandotte,  gi-an-dot'. 


TIaL'iU'.  baig. 

Hainan,  bi-nahn'. 

llakodadi,  hab-ko-dah'de. 

Haussa,  how'sab. 

Iluverhill  ( Mass.),  hay'ver-U. 

Haverhill  (Eng.),  liav'er-il. 

Havre  de  Grace,  hav'er-de-grasi 

Tlawiiii,  hah-wi'e. 

Havti.  bay'te. 

Havtien.  bav'te-en. 

Ile'ideiberg.'bi'del-berg. 

Herat,  her-abt'. 


Hiawatha,  bi-ah-wab'thaiu 

llimalay'a. 

Hindoostan'. 

Ho-ang'Ho. 

Ho'bo-ken. 

llolstein.  bol'stino. 

Ilol'yuke. 

Honolu'Ui- 

llousatonic,  boo-sa-ton'Ik, 

Hue,  h<»o-ay'. 

Hu'ron. 

Hy-der-a-bad'. 

I. 

I'dabo. 

HIimani,  eel-yah-mah'ne. 

Hlinois,  il-lin-<ty'. 

Indies,  iu'diz. 

Indighirca,    in-de-ghirlcah. 

Innspruck,  ins'prook, 

Inverness'. 

I'owa. 

Irkoutsk'. 

Iroqiuiis,  ir-o-k\voy'. 

Ir'tysb. 

Isor,  oe'zer. 

Ispahan'. 

Ivica,  e-ye'sah. 

J. 

Jalapa,  hah-lab'pah. 
Jedcbi,  yed'ilo. 
Jesso.  yes'so. 
Jornilo,  ho-rool'yo. 
Jungfraii,  yoi.ui,''ri'o\v. 
Juniata,  joo.ne-ab't:ih. 

K 

Kal -a- ma-zoo'. 

Kamtschatka.  kam-cbat'ka. 

Kanagawa,  kan-a-gau'wab. 

Kanawha,  ka-uaw'ua. 

Kankakee,  kau-kaw'ke. 

Kara,  kab'rab. 

Ka-tah'din. 

KchI,  kail. 

Kelat'. 

Ken-ne-bec'. 

Ke'o-kuk. 

Khaitoom'. 

Khiva,  kee'vab. 

Kbokan,  ko-kalin'. 

Kiank-ku,  ke-ang-kew'. 

Kickapoo'. 

Kiel,  keel. 

Kiusiu,  ke-oo'-se-oo'. 

Koko-N.u'. 

KcM-dofan,  kor-do-fabti'. 

Kueii-Lun,  kwen-loon'. 


Lab-ra-dor'. 

Laehine,  lab-sheen'. 

Ladakh,  lah-dakb. 

I.ai'o  Maggiore,  lab'go  raahd-jo'ra. 

La  Guayra,  lab  gwi'rah. 

Lahore'. 

Lanc'astor. 

Languedoc,  b>n-geb-dok'. 

Laos,  lab'itce. 

La  Plata,  bih-phdi'tah. 

La  Porte,  lab -port'. 

La  kue.  lab-roo'. 

La  Salle,  lab-sal', 

Leb,  lay. 

Leicest'T,  les'ter. 

I^dgh,  lee. 

Leip&ie,  lipe'sik. 

Leyden,  li'den. 

Lichtenl'els,  lik'ton-fels. 

Lille,  or  Lislo.  b-i'l. 

Lima  (Peru),  le'mah  ;  (U.  9.),  li'ma. 

Linnbr,  lin'ne. 

Lipari.  Hp'a-re. 

Llatu>s,  Pyab'noce. 

Loeb  Lfunond,  lok-lo'mund. 

Lofl"o'den. 

Loire.  Iwnhr. 

Loo  Cboo,  b>o-tchoo'. 

Lftuch  Neagh,  lob-nay'. 

Louis,  St..  sent  h>o'ls,  oi-  loo'e. 

Lonisiade,  loo-e-zc-ahd'. 

Lonisville.  Uio'is-vil. 

Lowell,  b/el. 

Lucayos,  loo-ki'os. 

Lupata,  lu-pnb'tah. 

Luzon,  bio-zone'. 

Lyonn.iis,  Ic-on-nay'. 


Macao,  Tuab-kah'o,  or  mah-kow'. 

Mack'inaw. 

Madeira,  ma-da'rab. 

Madras'. 


112 


MOXTEITWS  PHYSICAL  AXD  POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


Ma<lri<V  (U.S.):  mah-dreed'  (Sp.) 

Mat'lstrom,  iiiayl'strum. 

Maffeioe,  miigVr-", 

XIii?ffi<»re.  inahd-io'ra. 

Mal'asji.  or  ipab'lah-gab. 

Ma- lay'. 

MalMives 

MaimijM.i,  nmli-nali'tr Willi. 

Maui  toil  woe,  man-»!-tuii-\vok'. 

Man'tii-.i. 

M;inzanillo.  inalin-sali-nocl'yo. 

Ma[inclin,  niah-;n/clii>. 

M.tracMybo,  inali-iah-Li'bo. 

Mrtranhani'. 

Maraiion,  mah-rahn-yon'. 

Mar'ino-ra, 

Marquesas,  inar-kay'sahfl. 

M.irst.-illeP,  Tnalir-sails'. 

Maifruorito,  inar-ffuh-roet'. 

Martinique,  inar-ti-neek'. 

Ma-tan'zas. 

Matsinav,  niats-mi'. 

Mauch  ('hunk,  inawk-cliunk'. 

Mauritius,  niaw-rish'c-us. 

Maysi,  nii'.'ic. 

Mazallati'. 

Medina,  nio-ile'nab. 

Metjrs,  nn>s:z- 

Moinatn,  lua-o-nain'. 

Melbourne,  mel'burn. 

Menai.  men'i,  or  mcn'ay. 

Mc-nan'. 

Mendocino,  mon-d'i-se'no. 

Menoin'onco. 

Mequincz,  inck'i-noz. 

Morida,  iner'u-dah 

Mertbyr  Tydvil,  incr'thcr  tiil'vil. 

Messina,  ines-se'nab. 

Mciise,  iiiiizc. 

Mczene,  inez-ane', 

Miaco,  mc-ali'ko. 

Mieb'i-gan. 

Micbiliniflckinac,nii>h-il-c-mak'e-naw 

Mii'an,  or  ini-hlin'. 

Mille  Lacs,  ineel-labk'. 

Minatit'laii. 

Mincio,  iiiin'tcho. 

Mindanao,  min-tlah-nah'o, 

Minnebalia,  niin-ne-bab'tiah. 

Mirainacliuc.  mir-a-tna-sbee'. 

Mobile,  ino-beeK. 

Mftcba,  iiio'kab. 

Mod'e-na. 

Motr-a-doro'. 

MoIino-di^l-Ucy,  mo-lc'no-dol-ray, 

Motn-|»ox,  inoin-poh'. 

Monaco,  ino-nab'ko. 

Mon-cho-bo'. 

Montana,  inon-tab'nah. 

Mniit  Illanc,  rnon-bltni. 

Mniit  Ceni.s,  seh-ne'. 

Mnntoneiiro.  nion-ta-nay'p^o. 

Monterey,  inon-ta-ray'. 

Monte  Viileo,  luon-ta-veMu-o. 

MuiUserrat'. 

Mnscow,  nios'ko. 

MiiSelle,  Ilio-Zfl'. 

Moiirzouk,  nioor-zook'. 

Munich,  inoo'nik. 

Mii>cat'. 

M  i-^r;itine,  mns-ka-teen'. 

M  l^^■l■'Lrt'l•,  i/  liard. 

Mii^kc'gnn. 

N. 

Na)i:int'. 

Na;,MSHki,  nali;r-gu-sah'ke. 

Nankin'. 

Nupo.  Tiali'po. 

Natili'na. 

Nauvoo'. 

Navarino,  nab-vab-rc-'no. 

Noaiib.  nay. 

Ni'S^rop-  nt^  nny'grn-jionU 

Nep'is-sin;:. 

N«'ufehatel.  imsb-ah-lel'. 

Ncvad  1,  iinv^^ib'dab. 

N.'vv'r<Miri<Il  nd 

New  Or'l.  ail 

Nsatni,  n'y;ih'uie. 

Nice,  neeci'. 

Nie'o-bar. 

Niger,  ni'jer. 

Nipbon,  iiiT'on', 


Nord,  nor. 

Nottingliain,  nol'ting-ain. 

Norf.dk.  nor'lok. 

Norwich  (Kntr.),  nor'rij  ;  (U.S.),  nor' 

rich. 
No\f;oroil'. 
Nueces,  nwriy'ses, 
NiiHvitas.  nway-ve'tas. 
Nyasci,  nyabs'so. 


Oahu,  wab'hoo. 

O'a-sis. 

Oaxaca,  walt-hah'kab. 

Obi,  i/b.'. 

Obidos.  o-b.'dos. 

Ocnml'gec,  g  liard. 

Oco'nee. 

O'crocokc. 

Ogee'cliee. 

O-kee-cl»o'bc0. 

0-ke-fin-(.'ke. 

O-koe-ebo'bcp. 

Okhotsk,  o-kotsk'. 

Omaha,  o'lna-liaw, 

Oneida,  o  ni'da. 

Ononiiajra,  on-un-daw'^ra. 

Ontonagon,  on-tnn-ali'gon. 

Opelousas,  op-e-b'o'sas. 

Orizaba,  o-re-sab'bah. 

Or'le-ans. 

OrtCiial,  or-tc-gabl'. 

Osh'kosli. 

Otabeito,  o-tah-he'te. 

Otide,  ood. 

Ouse,  ooz. 

Oviedo,  o-ve-ay'do. 

Owyhco,  o-wi'e. 

0-zark'. 


Padua,  pail'yu-ali. 

Pais'ley. 

Pal'es-tino. 

Palo  Alto,  pah'lo  alil'to. 

Palos,  pab'loce. 

Panama,  pab-uah-tnab'. 

Paoli,  pa-o'le. 

Papua,  pap'oo-,% 

Para,  pah-rah'. 

Parana,  pah-rab-nab', 

Paria,  pali're-ah. 

Paritna,  pali-rc'mah. 

Paso,  jiab'so. 

Pato**.  pali'toce. 

Paz,  La,  !ah-pahz. 

Pe-cbe-ieo'. 

Pecos,  pay'koce. 

Poeks'kill. 

Pegu,  pe-goo'. 

Peibo,  pay'bo. 

Teipus.  pay'e-pus. 

Pekin'. 

Pelce,  peb-lay'. 

Pelew,  pe-loo'. 

Pelting,  pay-lung'. 

Pem'bina. 

Pepin,  pip'in. 

IVrdido.  per-deMo. 

Pernambiico,  per-nalini-bot/co, 

Perouse,  pe-rot>z'. 

Peru,  pe-roo'. 

Pestli,  pest. 

Pctchelee'. 

Peteb'ora. 

Pidlippine,  fil'ip-pln. 

Picbincha,  ]ie-ebcen'cbah. 

Picton,  pik-too'. 

Pied'oiont, 

Pierre,  pe-air'. 

Pilroiiiayo,  iiil-ko-uii'o. 

Pinas  pc'nans. 

Pis:i.  pe'sah. 

Pi-sirali,  piz'irah. 

Plaia.  La.  plab'tah. 

Plateau  do  dteau,  plab-t"' .lu  ko-to' 

P.icotal'ico. 

P.tint  Coiipeo.  k"o-p.-.-'. 

Potiirnae.  po-leen-yalik'. 

Pompi-ii,  piun-pay'e, 

[•(indielh-rtv.  p<Mi-di--f<lier''". 

Pontch.irtrain.  inin-sbar-trairi'. 

Popayan,  pii-[u-ahn'. 


!  Po-po-cat-a-petP. 

Porto  Praya,  pri'ah. 
I  Porto  Rico,  re'ko. 

port  Paix,  por-pay'. 

Potosi,  po-to'se. 

Poughkeepsic,  po-kip'sa. 

Pnwiiatan'. 

Prairie  dii  Cliien.  dn  gbccn. 

Presnue  Isle,  prej>k-eel'. 

Pueblft,  pweb'Iab. 

Puerto  Principe,  pwer'topreeii'se-pay. 

Puffi't.  pu'jet. 

Pulaski.  pu-Ias'ke. 

Pnnjaub'. 

Putuniayo.  poo-too-mPo. 

Pyr'enoes. 

Q. 

Quebec'. 

Quillota.  keel-yo'tah. 
Quiloa.  kee'lo-a. 
Qiiin-e-baug'. 
Quito,  kce'to. 
Quogue,  kwog. 

R. 

Racine,  R:is-soen'. 

Railway,  raw'way. 

Kaleigb,  raw'le. 

Rangoon,  rabn-goon'. 

Rapi'dan'. 

Raven'na. 

Reading,  red'ing. 

Resirio,  red^ii. 

Reikiavik,  vi'ke-a-vik. 

Reims,  oi"  Ubeims,  rceniz. 

Rensselaer.  ren'se-Ier. 

Resaca  de  la  Paliiia,  ra-sab'kah  dalah 

pal 'm  ah. 
Rcstigoncbe,  rcs-tc-goo-.slmy'. 
Reus,  ray'ooce. 

RevilIagigedo,ray-vecI-yab-bc-hay'do 
Reyes,  ray'es. 
Rhaetian,  re'shun. 
Rhea,  ray. 

Riclielieii,  re-sbe-lou'. 
Rideau,  re-do', 

Rifsengebirge,  re'scn-ga-boer'geb. 
Ri'ga,  or  re'ga. 
Rio  Dulce,  ro'o-dooPsft. 
Rio  Grande,  ro'o-;rrabn'day. 
Rio  Janeiro,  re'o-ja-no'ro. 
Rislogouche,  ris- to -goo's  ha. 
Rtiebclle,  ro-sbell'. 
Roiuagna,  ro-inabn'ya. 
Rouen,  roo'en. 

Russia,  rusli'e-a,  or  roo'she-a. 
Ryswick,  riz'wik. 

s. 

Sitar'dam. 

Sabine,  sali-been'. 

Sac,  sauk. 

Sackatoo,  sahk-kab-too'. 

?4co,  saw'ko. 

Saghalien,  sali-tjahle-en. 

Sagliano,  salil-yah'nn. 

Sagua-la-Grande,    sali'gwali-lab- 

■iraliu'day. 
Saguenay,  sag-eb-n.'iy'. 
Sahara,  sa-liali'rah. 
Saigon,  si-iroii'. 
Salado,  sab-lab'do. 
Salisbury,  sawlz'bor-e. 
Saloiiiea.  sali-Io-ne'kal». 
Saltillo,  snhl-teel'yo. 
Salvador'. 

Samana,  sab-mab-nab'. 
Saiuarcand'. 
Sana,  siih-nab'. 

San  Bernardino,  sahn  ber-nar-de'no. 
Sati  Bias,  sau  blalis'. 
San  Oiogo,  siin  de-ay'go. 
San  Felipe,  la-le'pay. 
Sauirainon,  Santt'ga-mon. 
San  dnaquin,  wali-keen'. 
Sail  .Io-,f.  bo-say'. 
San  .Inan,  lin..-alin'. 
Sail  S;d-va-ilor'. 
Santa  t'ruz.  .vilin'ta-krooz. 
Santa  Fe.  fiy. 

Santa  MarLratita.  mahr-L'ali-rce'tah. 
Santiago,  sahn-to-ab'go. 
Sao  u',  sone. 


Saratof. 

bas-katch'a-wan. 

Saugatuck.' 

Saugertics,  saw'ger-tees. 

Scheldt,  skelt 

Schiedam,  ske-daui'. 

Schodak'. 

Sclioo'dik. 

Schuyler,  ski'ler. 

Scliuylkill,  sko.d'kill. 

Schwerin,  shway-reen'. 

Scinde. 

Scio,  si'o. 

Scioto,  si-o'to. 

Scutari,  skoo-tah'roe. 

Se-ba'go. 

Segr),  say'go. 

Seidlitz,  side'Iitz. 

Seine,  sane. 

Senegal,  sen-e-gawl'. 

Serapig.  ser-ay'jtis. 

Sergipe  del  Rey,  ser-zhe'pay-dcl-ray. 

Sevier,  se-veer'. 

Seychelles,  sa-shcll'. 

Shaino,  sba-ino'. 

Shang-Hae.  shang-lii'. 

Shawanguuk,  shong'gum. 

Slie-itoy''gan. 

Shen-ah-(l(»'ah. 

Shiraz,  she-rahz'. 

Shosb-ones'. 

Sierra  Leone,  se-er'rah  I.a-o'na. 

Sierra  Madre.  mab'dray. 

Sierra  Nevada,  n.iy-vah'dah. 

Singapore,  sing-gah-pore'. 

Sig<iurney,  sig'ur-ne. 

Si-koke'. 

Sinai,  si'nay. 

Sin-o'pe. 

Sioot,  or  Siout,  se-oot', 

ioux,  soo. 
Sir-i-Kol,  seer-e-kol'. 
Sisal,  se-sabl'. 
Sken-e-at'e-les. 
Skye.  ski. 
Sli'go. 

So-co'tra,  or  sok'o-trab, 
Solfcrino,  sol-ia-re'no. 
Sombrero,  finin-br.a'ro, 
Soodan',  or  Soudan'. 
Soo-loo'. 

Sorato,  so-rah'tab. 
So-rel'. 

Soutchoou,  soo-clie-oo', 
Sp.a.  spall. 
Spree,  spray. 
Staniboul'. 
St.  Ber-nard'. 
Ste'vtin,  stet-teen'. 
Stroinboli,  striuii'bo-le, 
Stutt'gart. 
Su'ez. 

Suffolk,  suffok. 
Siiiiiatra,  soo-tnali'trab. 
SuTubawa,  sum-baw'wali. 
Surinam,  soo-rin-aui'. 
Siiwanee,  soo-wali'ue. 
Swansea,  swon'se. 
Svr'a-cuse. 

T. 

Tabreez.  or  Tabriz,  tah-breez'. 

Ta-co'nv. 

Tahiti,  tab-he'te. 

Tab'l.-ciiiab. 

Taliaferro,  tol'e-Ter. 

Tamaqua.  ta-maw'kwa. 

Tainan lipas,  t-ah-mou-le'pahs. 

Tauipico,  tabm-pe'ko. 

Tananarivoo,  tah-uab-uiib-re-voo'. 

Taney,  taw'ne. 

Tan^ranyika.  tabn-gan-ye'kah. 

Tangier,  Ian-jeer'. 

Taos,  tah'oce. 

Tapnjos,  tah-pah'-zhoce. 

Tarifa,  ta-reTah. 

Taunton  (Mass.),  tabn'ton. 

Tchad,  chahd. 

Teheran,  teh-her-ahn'. 

T'.liiuintepec,  tay-vvon-tay-pek'. 

Tern-  Bnn.  tare-hon'. 

'!  eire  Haute',  ler-ii'li-bote'. 

Teulada,  ta-oo-kih'dab. 


Tescuco,  tes-koolco. 

Thale,  tah'leli. 

Thames,  temz. 

Tliciss,  tije. 

Thes-sa-lo-iii'ca. 

Thibet,  tib'ct. 

Ticino,  te-chee'no. 

Tientsin,  te-ent'seen. 

Tim-buc'too. 

Timor,  te-more'. 

Titicaca,  tit-e-k.ah'kab. 

Tivoli,  tiv'o-le. 

Tobago,  to-bay'go. 

Tonquin.  ton-keeu'. 

To-pf'ka. 

Toulon'. 

Totibuise.  tr>o-looz'. 

Traf-al-gar'. 

Treb'i-zond. 

Tred'e-irar. 

Trc-mont'. 

Trieste,  tre-est'. 

Trin-i-dad'. 

Tripoli,  trip'o-le. 

Truxillo,  troo'beel-yo. 

Tu-at'. 

Tuaricks,  too-ah-reeks'. 

Tubac,  ton-babk'. 

Tnlarc,  too-Iab'ray. 

Tungouses,  toong-goo'scz. 

Tuneiiragiia,  tnonir-goo-iah'gwa, 

Tu'rin,  or  lii-iin'. 


Ucayalp,  no-ki-nh'lay, 
Ujije.  no-je'je. 
Uiiadillm  yoo-nah-dil'Iab. 
Upei navik.  oo-j)ei'iia!i-\ ik. 
Utrecht,  u'trekt. 

V. 

V.alais,  vah-Iav'. 

Valdai.  vaKI'<ii. 

Val'la-do-lid'. 

Vall.jo,  vabl-ya'bo. 

Valparaiso,  val-i»ab-ri'zo. 

Van  Diemen's,  de'meriz. 

Vera  C'ruz,  vay'nib  kroos. 

Vergennes,  ver-jenz'. 

Vermejo,  ver-may'ho. 

Vcrseilles,  ver-sails'. 

Ve-vay'. 

Vienna,  ve-cn'na. 

Villa  Real,  veel'ynh  ra-abl'. 

Vincennes,  vin-scnz'. 

Vindliya,  vind'yab. 

Vist'n-la. 

Viviers,  ve-ve-ay'. 

w. 

Wacbusett,  waw-cboo'sot. 

Wallachia,  wnl-lay'ke-a. 

Wartlia,  wahr'tah. 

Washita,  wosb'e-taw. 

Wieliczka,  we-litch'k.a. 

Wilki'sbari  e,  \i  ilks'bar-ro. 

Will.a'iiutte. 

Winneba'go. 

Wirinipi>eo:.'ee.  win-e-pe-saw'ke, 

Winrnui,  we-no'nali. 

Worcester,  woos'ter. 

Wy-o'ming. 

Y. 

Yakoutsk.  y:ib-ko(.t-k'. 

Vang-tse-kiaiiL',  ke-aiing'. 

Yank'ton. 

Yap-haiik. 

Ya-zoii'. 

Ycnikale,  yen-e-kab'lay. 

Yenisei,  yen-o-say'e. 

Yeniseisk,  yen-e-say'isk. 

YouKbioirbeny.  yoh-ho-gay'ne. 

YpsilanLi.  ip-si-lan'te. 

z. 

Zaeareeas.  zab-kah-lay-k.as. 
Z:iMi-lifZ.-',  ttv  zam-bay'ze. 
Zriui; nil 'ar.  zan;i-;:e-bar'. 
Za:izil.;ir'. 
Zurich,  zno'rik. 
Zuyder  Zee,  »,i'der-zee. 


(i^, 


Abyssiui.i,  a  mixed  people, 

Aix-la-t.'hapolli',  waters  of  liio  cliapel. 

Alps,  snow-clad  tuouiitains. 

Aniigua,  ancient. 

Arizon.o.  B:ind  hills. 

Asia,  the  east. 

Azore-s  hawks. 

Bab-el-Maudid.  gate  of  tears. 

Babia  Hon  la,  4)eep  bay. 

Battui  ItiMi'.'e,  red  staff. 

Bayou,  a  creek. 

Beileisle,  beautiful  Island. 

Ben  Lomond,  beacon  mountain. 

Ben  M»>re,  great  mnutitiiin. 

Blanc  or  Blanco,  white. 

Bombay,  good  harbor. 

Bon  Homme,  good  man. 


EANiNG  OF  Geographical 


Rorileam.  border  of  tlie  water. 
Bras  li'Or,  an  arm  of  gold. 
Buen  I  Vista,  flue  view, 
Buenos  Ayrcs.  fine  air. 
Cairo,  victfubui^. 
Cape  Verd,  ltccii  cape. 
Catskill,  cat's  or  Ivnx  creek. 
Caucasus,  white  mountjiin-*. 
Cayiiff.i,  long  pond. 
Cerro  (Jordt*.  mountain  pans. 
Charleston,  after  Charles  L,  of  Kns- 
Chesapeake.  ffreat  waters,  [land. 

Chill,  land  of  .snow, 
('himborazo.  chimney. 
Clniquisaca,  colden  bridiro. 
Clermont,  clear  nioimiain. 
Coloraiio,  reil  or  colored. 


Cork,  marsh. 

Costa  Rica,  rieh  e<»a^t. 

('umberland,  a  bind  of  ludlows. 

Delaware,  after  Lord  de  la  War«. 

Des  Moines,  a  place  of  mounds. 

Dnieper,  upper  river. 

Dniester,  lower  river. 

Dwina.  double  rirer. 

Ebro.  foaming  river. 

Elbe,  white. 

El  Paso,  the  pass. 

Espiritii  Santo.  Holy  Spirit, 

Ethiopia,  to  burn. 

Finisterre.  enti  of  the  land. 

Florence,  flowery  city. 

Fond  du  Lac,  end  of  the  lake. 

Frio,  cold. 


ffAl 


ES. 


Fuego,  flro. 

Galapairos.  to-toises. 

Glasgow,  daik  ravine. 

Gracios  ii  Itio...,  thanks  to  Ood. 

Havre  de  Grace,  harbor  uf  safety. 

Haytt.  high  laml. 

Henlopen.  run  in. 

Hudson,  after  Henry  Hudson. 

Irrawaddy.  great  river. 

Java,  rice. 

Jerusalem,  jdace  of  peace. 

Jordan,  the  flnwinjr. 

Kansas,  sniokv  water. 

Katahdii,  biu'hest  place. 

Kennebec,  long  lake. 

Liberia,  free. 

Louislan.a.  after  Louis  XIT.  of  France. 


Majorca,  crcater. 
Matiitoiilin.  s|iirit  i'^lands. 
McditerraiK-an.  middle  of  the  land. 
Miniudiaha,  lautrhinu'  water. 
Mississippi,  great  river. 
Missouri,  muddy. 
Minorca,  less. 
Montreal,  royal  mountain. 
Nova  Scoiia,  new  Si-oihind. 
Palestine,  land  of  wanderers. 
Pataironia,  clumsv  feet. 
Piedmont,  foot  of  the  mountain. 
Polvne-sia,  many  islands. 
San' Domingo.  Iioly  Sabbath. 
San  Salv.adtu-,  holy  Saviour. 
Santa  Cruz  or  Croix,  ludy  cross. 
Santa  Fe,  holy  faith. 


A  View  of  the  Yo  Semite  Valley,  m  Tie  Sierra  Nevaa.i,  looking  up  the  Valley  (E  by  N.  E.)    On  tie  rignt  or  south, 
is  the  Bridal  Veil  Fall  l630  feet  i  on  the  left,   El  Capitan.  a  perpendicular  cliff  (3300  feet). 


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Santa  Rosal — '-'         Santa  Cruz        |  )      ■^      J  I  Anal  c   A 

^  Pt.VincenteC     frOfiii   /ngtonv    r 

Santa  Barbara  e 


San  NicolasN) 


«"*■" 


."S^i 

Santa  Catalma 


M^3"   Be  raxiJ  no- 
.,SnJ  t^P/^ 


Scnie  of  Uilos 


-S^n 


50 


Clemente 

Pt.Loma^ 


15,000- 


1 0,00a 
■5.ees_ 


-Mt.St.HelensTi— 
9.750    *k 


(lt.Shasta\ 
14.441 /-A 


Mt-Dana 

"13,227  A\Mt.Lyell 

^.  Lassen's  Peak  Mt. Hoffman  ^         /iAi3  2i7 

"TXTl 6,551 ■-°- 


i.nonman  x 
-10,872— A- 


oB■ 


Mt.St.JohnA  7^         IMt.Ulablo   \o»* 

about  4,000 '»  J<  /43,88l    .'^ 

Level  of  the  Sea.        Pt  Reve^  -      '^     -.-— t--?N.        'o' 


V_        Sierra  Nevada  nV- 


.^MtSan  Bernardino  ^•i'^^''^ 


SECTION  ACROSS  THE  STATES  OF  CALIFORNIA  &  NEVADA 


MONTEITWS  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


115 


t|ALIFORNIA  AND  ^f^EVADA. 

EXERCISES    ON    THE    MAP. 

CALIFORNIA,  — what  parallel  of  latitude  on  its  northern  boundary?  On 
or  near  its  southern  boundary  ?     What  river  forms  part  of  its  boundary  ? 

What  is  the  length  of  California  from  north  to  soutli  ?  (Apply  the  scale 
ofmile».)  Wliat  is  its  breadth  '.  Wliat  high  mountain  range  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  State  ?     What  range  in  the  western  part  ? 

What  two  large  rivers  drain  tlie  great  valley  between  those  ranges? 

Wliich  flows  from  the  north  ?     Frcm  the  south  '. 

What  tributaries  has  the  Sacramento  ?     Tlie  San  Joaquin  ? 

What  large  river  in  the  north-western  part  of  California  '(  What  lakes 
are  drained  by  the  Klamath  River  ?   ^liat  river  empties  into  Jlonterey  Bay  ? 

What  is  the  largest  lake  in  California  ?     W^hat  rivers  empty  into  it  ? 

What  is  the  largest  city  in  California  ?  (Ans. — San  Francisco.)  On 
what  bay  is  it  situated  ? 

What  bays  on  the  coast  of  California,  north  of  San  Francisco  ?     South  ? 

( The  teacher  will  adapt  the  folJowiwj  exercises  to  the  State  or  Territory  in 
which  he  resides.) 

In  what  county  do  you  live  ?  In  what  part  of  the  State  is  it  ?  Has  it 
any  sea  coast  ?     Any  boundary  river  ?     Does  any  river  run  through  it  ? 

By  what  counties  is  your  county  surrounded  ? 

What  are  the  northern  counties  of  your  State  ?  The  southern  ?  The  central  ? 

What  is  the  capital  of  the  State  ?  How  is  it  situated  ?  What  is  the 
county  town  of  your  eoxinty  ?    Of  each  of  the  surrounding  counties  ? 

Draw  an  outline  of  your  State,  beginning  at  the  north-west  comer, 
and  proceed  easterly,  thence  southerly,  and  so  on.  Insert,  in  order,  the 
mountains,  the  rivers,  the  lakes,  and  the  bays,  with  their  names.  AVrite 
your  name  on  your  paper  or  slate,  and  after  your  drawing  has  been  ex- 
amined by  the  teacher,  proceed  with  the  following  lessons :  Insert  the 
counties  and  their  county  towns ;  next,  insert  the  other  cities  and  towns, 
then  the  islands,  capes,  &c.,  and  complete  the  map. 

NEVADA, — what  parallel  of  latitude  forms  its  northern  boundary? 

What  State  and  Territory  north  of  Nevada?   What  two  Territories  east? 

What  State  west  ?     What  mountain  chains  in  Nevada  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  State  are  they  ?     In  what  direction  do  they  extend  ? 

What  river  on  its  south-eastern  boundary  ? 

What  tributary  of  the  Colorado  flows  through  the  south-eastern  part  of 
Nevada  ?   What  is  the  principal  river  in  Nevada  ?   Into  what  does  it  empty  ? 

What  tributaries  has  the  Humboldt  from  the  south  ?     From  the  north  ? 

What  railroad  runs  along  the  Humboldt  Valley  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  State  are  most  of  its  lakes  ?     Mention  their  names  ? 

Have  they  any  outlets  to  the  ocean  ? 

What  water  communication  has  Nevada  with  the  ocean  ? 

What  counties  border  on  California  '.  On  Oregon  ?  On  Idaho  ?  On 
Utah  ?  On  the  Colorado  River  ?  What  counties  do  not  extend  to  any  part 
of  the  border  ?     Through  what  counties  does  the  Pacific  Railroad  pass  ? 


R  K  A^  I  E  A\^. 

CITIES    AND    TOWNS. 

In  what  pnrt  of'  thf  .Statr  arr  thi-y  .situated ''     On  or  in'itf  irhat  tvtttvra? 
In  irhfit  contitics  art'  tln-ij'.*     Whirh  arr  county  towns? 


SAN    FRANCISCO, 
SACRAMENTO. 
SAN    JOSE, 
MARYSVILLE, 
STOCKTON, 
NEVADA    CITY, 
CRESCENT   CITY, 
ORLEANS  BAR, 
YREKA, 
TRINIDAD, 
EUREKA, 

HUMBOLDT    CITY, 
WEAVERVILLE, 
CANON   CITY, 
SHASTA   CITY, 
SUSANVILLE, 
QUINCY, 
RED   BLUFF, 
GROVE    CITY, 
OROVILLE, 


<  •  A.  T.,  I  1- 

DOWNIEVILLE, 

COLUSA, 

UKIAH    CITY, 

YUBA    CITY, 

LAKEPORT, 

WOODLAND, 

AUBURN, 

PLACERVILLE, 

COLOMA, 

SANTA    ROSA, 

NAPA. 

FAIRFIELD, 

BENICIA, 

PETALUMA, 

JACKSON, 

SILVER    MT,   CITY, 

VALLEJO, 

BRIDGEPORT, 

MONOVILLE, 

SAN  ANDREAS, 


O  It  IV  I  A  . 

SAN    RAFAEL, 
MARTINEZ, 
SONORA. 
SAN    LEANDRO, 
SNELLINGS, 
MARIPOSA, 
BENTON, 
SANTA  CLARA, 
REDWOOD  CITY, 
OWENSVILLE, 
MILLERTON, 
SANTA  CRUZ, 
GILROY, 
SCOTTSBURGH, 
MONTEREY, 
VISALIA. 
SAN    ANTONIO, 
WOODVILLE, 
SAN  LUIS  OBISPO, 
HAVILAH, 


KEYSVILLE, 
SANTA  BARBARA, 
San  BUENAVENTURA 
LOS    ANGELES, 
SAN  BERNARDINO, 
WILMINGTON, 
SAN    DIEGO, 
OAKLAND, 
ALAMEDA, 
BROOKLYN, 
DUTCH   FLAT, 
FOLSOM, 
FORT  YUMA, 
GRASS  VALLEY, 
SAN   FERNANDO, 
HEALDSBURG, 
PESCADERO, 
SONOMA, 
WATSONVILLE, 
ANTIOCH. 


NEVADA. 


VIRGINIA  CITY, 
CARSON  CITY, 
AUSTIN, 
DAYTON, 
UNIONVILLE, 


WASHOE  CITY, 
STILLWATER, 
LA  PLATA. 
AURORA, 
BELMONT, 


HUMBOLDT. 
GENEVA, 
LANDER  CITY, 
CALLVILLE, 
ST.  THOMAS, 


MILL  CITY, 
HIKO, 

HAMILTON, 
TREASURE  CITY. 
ELKO, 


MOUNTAIN    RANGES. 

jyin'fr  sU  tiatvd  :'     In   what  tl  i  rt'vt  iini  iltt  thftf  cjrteiid  9 

Sierra  Nev.\da,     Sant.\  Cruz,      Santa  Lucia,      Gaviian, 
C0A8T  Eange,       Siskiyou,  San  Rafael,      Granite, 

Pitt  Eiter,  Toyabe,  White,  Humboldt? 

MOUNTAIN    PEAKS. 

If'hcre  situated? 
Sierra.  lVo"%'ada. 

Mt.  Whitney,    Mt.  Tyndall,    Mt.  Brewer,    Mt.  Ly'ell, 
Mt.  Shasta,       Mt.  Kaweah,    Mt.  Dana,        Castle  Peak  ? 

Coast    Raiigtr. 

S.  Bernardino,        Pierce,         Hamilton,         Diablo, 
Balley,  Tamalfais  ? 

RIVERS. 

Wfiere  do  they  rise?      What  courses  do  they  take?      Into   what   waters  do 

they  flow  ? 


Sacramento  ? 
Klamath? 
Humboldt  ? 
San  Joaquin? 
Fresno  ? 
Eeese? 


Carson  ? 
Feather  ? 
Trinity  ? 
Eel? 
Merced  ? 
Tbuckee  ? 


EUSSIAN  ? 

American  ? 
Tuolumne  ? 
Mariposa  ? 
Stanislaus  ? 
Walker? 


Kern? 
Tulare? 
Mohave  ? 
Salinas  ? 
Santa  Clara  ? 
Napa? 


LAKES. 


JVncre  are  they?     Jf'hat  are  their  inlets  and  outlets? 


Tulare?  Goose? 

Lower  Kl-vmath?  Owens  ? 
Mono?  Mud? 

Tahoe  ?  Clear  ? 

Buena  Vista?       Honey? 


Pyramid  ?  Carson  ? 

Walker  ?  Franklin  ? 

WiNNEMUccA  ?  Kern  ? 

Wright  ?  Eagle  ? 

Mohave  ?  Eheit  ? 


CAPES    OR    POINTS. 

From  what  counties  do  they  project? 

Mendocino?         Arena?  Loma?  Conception? 

St.  George?        Eeyes?  San  Luis?         Vincent? 

Gold  Bluff  ?      Point  Pinos  ?   Pt.  Arguilia  ?  Point  Sal  ? 

BAYS. 

Jflierc  arc  they  '.'       Into  ichat  tenters  tlo  titey  open  ? 

Trinidad?         San  Francisco?     Estero?         San  Pedro? 
Humboldt?       Half  Moon?  San  Luis?      San  Dlego? 


STRAITS    AND    CHANNELS. 

ti'hat  tftnils  du  tht-y  sfpayata?       ffhat  watrrs  do  they  connect'.' 

Golden  Gate?  Santa  Barbara  Channel? 

ISLANDS. 

Where  are  they  ?      Hy  what  waters  are  they  surrounded  ? 

Farallone?    San  Miguel  ?  San  Clemenit. ?  S.\nta  Barbara? 
Santa  Cruz  ?  Santa  Eosa  ?  San  Nicolas  ?      Santa  Catalina? 


116 


MONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL   GEOGBAPHY. 


Descriptive  Geography, 

1.  CALIFOIiXIA  is  situated  in  the  western  part  of  the 
United  States,  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

2.  If  E.rfciuls  from  Oregon  on  the  nortli  to  Lower  Cahfor- 
uia  on  the  south. 

3.  Its  Leiif/fh  is  about  750  miles,  its  average  breadth  250 
miles,  and  its  area  about  189,000  square  miles. 

4.  In  .SUr.  it  is  the  second  State  in  the  Union,  Texas  being 
the  largest.  It  is  about  as  large  as  the  Eastern  and  IVIiddle 
States  combined. 

5.  Its  yottlutii  lioitinluijf  is  the  parallel  of  42  north  lati- 
tude, and  is  nearly  in  a  line  with  the  northern  boundaries  of 
Indiana,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Connecticut,  and  Bhode  Island. 

6.  The  Stdtc  lies  in  the  same  Oeuerul  Dli'vetion  as  its  coast 
line  and  mountain  ranges. 

7.  The  prineipal  Mountain  Bouges  are  two,  the  Sierra 
Nevada  in  the  eastern,  and  the  Coast  Range  in  the  western 
l^art  of  the  State  ;  these  ranges  imite  in  the  northern  and 
southern  parts  of  the  State. 

8.  These  tiro  litinr/es  enclose  the  great  valley  of  CaHfomia, 
which  is  drained  by  the  two  largest  rivers  in  the  State,  the 
Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin. 

9.  The  Coast  Mountains  are  near  the  coast,  and  rise  to 
heights  varying  from  2,000  to  4,000  feet.  In  the  northern 
part  of  the  State  they  are  covered  with  luxuriant  forests. 

10.  Between  their  Bidijes  are  numerous  valleys  noted  for 
theii-  beauty,  richness,  and  salubrity  (see  page  37,  paragi-aphs 
25  and  38). 

11.  The  Sierra  Xevada  (snowy  range),  wliich  extends  along 
the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  rises  generally  above  the  snow 
limit,  having  many  peaks  varying  fr-om  7,000  to  15,000  feet  in 
height. 

12.  Tlie  most  Soted  Peaks  in  the  State  are,  in  the  Sierra 
Nevadas,  Mt.  "V\Tutney,  15,086  feet  high ;  Mt.  Shasta,  14,442 
feet ;  Mt.  Tyndall,  14,386  feet ;  Mt.  Kaweah,  14,000  feet ;  Mt. 
Dana,  13,227  feet ;  Mt.  Lyell,  13,217  feet ;  and,  in  the  Coast 
Range,  Mt.  San  Bernardino,  8,370  feet;  Mt.  Bailey,  6,357 
feet ;  Mt.  Pierce,  6,000  feet ;  Mt.  Hamilton,  4,450  feet ;  and 
Mt.  Diablo,  3,876  feet. 

13.  The  Prineipal  Valleys  of  the  State  are  the  Sacramento, 
San  Joaquin,  Santa  Clara,  Pajaro,  SaUnas,  Shasta,  Scott, 
Napa,  Amador,  and  Russian  River. 

14.  The  Yo  Semite  Valley  ,m  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains, 
is  celebrated  for  the  grandeur  of  its  scenery.  It  is  formed  by 
the  Merced  River,  and  is  situated  in  Mariposa  County,  250 
miles  from  San  I'rancisco.  It  is  aboiit  8  miles  long,  and  from 
haK  a  mile  to  one  mile  wide,  enclosed  by  precipitous  walls  of 
rock,  rising  at  one  point  4,737  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
river. 

The  highest  water-fall  known  in  the  world  is  the  To  Semite, 
on  the  north  side  of  this  valley,  descending  in  three  falls, 
2,600  feet,  the  highest  being  1,500  feet. 

15.  The  Geysers,  in  Sonoma  County,  are  hot  springs,  which 
emit  water  and  steam  containing  various  salts. 

16.  Lakes.  Tulare  Lake  is  the  largest  lake  iu  the  State. 
Lake  Tahoe  is  6,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is 
remarkable  for  the  clearness  of  its  water.    The  water  of  Mono 


Lake  is  exceedingly  salt.  Borax  Lake  is  so  named  from  the 
presence  of  borax  in  large  quantities  in  the  mud  at  its 
bottom. 

17.  Bays.  San  Francisco  Bay,  communicating  with  the 
Pacific  Ocean  by  the  (t  olden  Gate,  is  about  60  miles  long  and 
10  miles  wide.  It  aflbrds  an  extensive  and  excellent  harbor. 
San  Pablo  and  Suisun  Bays  are  properly  contiuuations  of  San 
Francisco  Bay,  the  latter  receiving  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  Rivers.  Humboldt  Bay,  about  12  miles  long  and  4 
miles  wide,  is  a  great  lumber  sliipping  port.  Wilmiugton  Bay, 
at  the  head  of  San  Pedi-o  Bay,  is  the  shipping  i^oint  for  Los 
Angeles  and  Sau  Bernardino  Counties.  San  Diego  Bay  is, 
next  to  San  Francisco  Bay,  the  best  harbor  iu  the  State. 

18.  Islands.  The  Farallone  Islands,  23  mUes  outside  the 
Cxoldeu  Gate,  belong  to  Sau  Francisco  County.  Santa  Cruz, 
San  Miguel,  Santa  Rosa,  and  San  Nicolas  arc  chiefly  valuable 
for  sheep  raising.  Most  of  the  Bay  Islands  belong  to  tlie 
United  States,  and  are  used  for  harbor  defence.  The  United 
States  Navy  Yard  is  situated  on  Mare  Island. 

19.  TIte  Climate  of  California  is  milder  and  more  equable 
than  that  of  the  Atlantic  or  Central  States  in  the  same  lati- 
tude. The  mean  temperature  of  San  Francisco  in  September 
is  58  degrees,  and  in  January  50  degi-ees,  being  a  diflerenco 
of  only  8  degrees  between  the  warmest  and  coldest  months. 

20.  The  Summers  are  dry,  and  the  winters  rainy  (see  page 
37,  paragraphs  21,  22,  23,  31  and  38). 

21.  In  the  South-eastern  Part  of  the  State  is  a  desert 
region  where  the  heat  is  intense. 

22.  The  Agricultural  Productions  are  varied  and  abundant, 
including  those  of  both  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Aside 
from  the  great  mineral  wealth  of  the  State,  its  soil  and  climate 
render  it  one  of  the  richest  countries  in  the  world. 

23.  The  Principal  Agricultural  Prodnctions  are  wheat, 
barley,  grapes,  sugar  beet,  hops  and  various  kinds  of  fruits. 
The  yield  of  wheat  is  about  30,000,000  bushels  annually  ; 
of  barley  over  7,000,000  bushels  ;  and  of  wine,  about  5,000,000 
gallons.  The  rearing  of  silk-worms  receives  considerable 
attention. 

24.  The  Forests  furnish  valuable  timber,  including  redwood, 
oak,  pine,  laurel,  and  cedar. 

25.  The  Big  Trees  (sequoia  giyanfea),  a  species  of  redwood, 
are  found  in  several  gi-oves,  the  most  noted  being  in  Calaveras 
County.  The  largest  trees  are  about  30  feet  in  diameter  and 
about  350  feet  in  height. 

26.  Sheep  Jl(.  ising  is  an  important  interest  in  California  and 
on  some  of  the  neighboring  islands.  In  1873  the  product  waa 
more  than  25,000,000  pounds  of  wool. 

27.  The  Icailing  Mineral  Productions  are  gold,  mercury, 
silver,  and  copper ;  besides  these  are  iron,  platinum,  coal, 
nickel,  salt,  borax,  lead,  tin,  zinc,  etc. 

28.  The  Methods  of  Mining  Gold  are  three  :  quartz  mining, 
placer  mining,  and  hydraulic  mining. 

29.  The  1'alue  of  the  Gold  taken  from  California  since  1849 
is  $1,000,000,000.  The  largest  amount  in  one  jear  was  in 
1853,  $65,000,000. 

30.  The  most  Xotcd  Ouicksilrer  Mine  is  at  New  Almaden, 
Santa  Clara  County,  producing  about  2,000,000  poimds  a 
year. 

31.  The  Best  Coal  in  the  State  is  found  on  Mount  Diablo. 


MOJVTJEITM'S   PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    UEOGKAPUY. 


11", 


32.  The  Mnniifarfuriiiij  Interests  of  the  State  have  ad- 
vanced rapidly,  amounting,  in  1870,  to  $66,000,000.  They 
include  •woolen  and  cotton  goods,  flour,  sugar,  iron,  lumber, 
leather,  glass,  powder,  paper,  lime,  carnages — in  short,  nearly 
all  kinds  of  goods  used  in  the  State. 

33.  T/ie  Conimeire  of  California  is  of  gi'eat importance,  and 
is  constantly  increasing.  It  has  been  gi'eatly  promoted  by  the 
establishment  of  a  lino  of  steamers  to  China  and  Japan,  and 
the  completion  of  the  Pacific  Bailroad,  thus  facilitating  trade 
between  Europe  and  Eastern  iVsia,  by  way  of  San  Francisco. 
It  would  be  fiirthtr  advanced  by  the  construction  of  a  canal 

j  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  The  State  has  also  an  increas- 
'  iug  trade  with  the  Sandwich  Islands,  Austraha,  Mexico,  and 
,  other  countries. 

34.  The  PHncipal  Exports  of  the  State  are  gold  and 
grain. 

35.  K.rcellent  Facilities  for  Traveliuf/  thioughout  the  State 
aie  furnished  by  its  extensive  and  rapidly  increasing  system 
of  railroads,  and  its  bay  and  river  steamers. 

36.  San  Francisco,  the  Metropolis  of  the  Pacific  coast,  is 
situated  on  the  north-eastern  part  of  a  peninsula  which  is 
embraced  between  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  It  was  first  settled  in  1835,  and  was  formerly  called 
"  Yerba  Buena." 

37.  f-i.'tii  Francisco  is  rcniarkalde  for  the  rapidity  of  its 
growth.  Its  2)i>pulation,  which  in  18J:5  numbered  but  150,  is 
now  about  172,000. 

38.  The  Chief  Jiiisiness  of  the  city  is  commerce.  Its  manu- 
factures are  also  varied  and  extensive. 

39.  The  Fnl/Uc  Schools  of  San  Francisco  are  numerous  and 
admirably  conducted.  Some  of  the  school-houses  are  among 
the  finest  buildings  in  the  cit}'. 

■iO.  Sacramento,  the  capital,  is  the  second  city  in  the  State 
in  size.  It  is  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Sacramento 
River,  at  its  junction  with  the  American,  in  the  midst  of  one  of 
the  best  agricultiiral  regions  of  the  State.  It  is  the  western 
terminus  of  the  Central  Pacific  Kaih'oad,  and  has  direct  com- 
munication with  San  Francisco  both  by  water  and  rail.  The 
city  has  been  twice  nearly  destroyed  by  floods,  biit  is  now 
well  ])rotected  by  levees.  The  capitol  is  a  costly  and  elegant 
structure. 

41.  stochton  is  situated  on  a  slough  near  its  junction  with 
the  San  Joaquin  River,  117  miles  fi'om  San  Francisco  by 
water  and  90  miles  by  rail.  It  is  the  distributing  point  for  a 
larye  and  fertile  valley,  and  is  one  of  the  leading  grain  ports 
of  the  Salt '. 

42.  Mtinjsv.llc  is  advantageously  situated  at  the  juuctiou  of 
the  Yuba  with  the  Feather  River.  It  has  important  railroad 
connections,  and  is  a  well  built  and  prosperous  city. 

43.  San,  Jose,  formerly  the  State  capital,  is  in  Santa  Clara 
County,  8  miles  from  the  head  of  San  Francisco  Bay.  It  has 
a  delightful  climate,  and  is  one  of  the  pleasantest  cities  in  the 
State. 

44.  Yallejo  end  lienicia  have  excellent  harbors.  Both  have 
been  capitals  of  the  State. 

45.  Ortiss  1dll<!/,  Ser<t<la,  Oroville,  and  Dutch  Flat  are 
among  the  principal  mining  towns. 

46.  Oaldand,  Brooldyn,  and  Alameda  are  pleasantly  situ- 


ated on  the  eastern  side  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  are  closely 
connected  with  San  Francisco  by  ferries  and  rail. 

47.  Los  Angeles  and  San  Dicf/o  are  the  principal  towns  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  State.  The  former  is  in  the  midst  of 
an  excellent  frait  country.  Grapes,  oranges,  lemons,  and  other 
tropical  fruits  abound.  The  latter  is  the  oldest  town  in  the 
State,  having  been  founded  in  1759.  It  is  gi-owing  rapidly, 
and  is  the  proposed  terminus  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad. 

48.  Histori/. — California  was  discovered  in  the  sixteenth 
century.  It  formed  a  portion  of  Mexico  until  it  was  ceded  to 
the  United  States  in  1848,  at  the  close  of  the  Mexican  war. 
Gold  was  discovered  near  Coloma  in  the  same  year,  and  since 
that  time  the  growth  of  the  State  has  been  very  rapid.  It  was 
admitted  to  the  Union  as  the  thirty -first  State,  in  1850. 

49.  Government. — The  Governor  and  Senators  hold  office 
four  years ;  the  members  of  the  Assembly  two  j-ears ;  the 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  ten  years ;  and  of  the  County 
Courts  four  years.   All  other  State  officers  hold  office  four  years. 

50.  Education. — Public  Instruction  is  under  the  charge  of 
one  State  Superintendent,  elected  by  the  people  every  four 
years,  and  one  County  Superintendent  in  each  County,  who 
holds  office  two  years.  The  educational  system  of  the  State 
in  complete,  ranging  through  all  grades,  fi-oni  Primary  to  the 
State  University.  There  are  also  many  private  and  denomi- 
national institutions  of  learning  in  the  State. 

51.  NEVADA  extends  fiom  Oregon  and  Idaho  on  the 
north,  to  the  Colorado  River  on  the  south,  a  distance  of  500 
miles,  and  fi-om  California  on  the  west  to  Utah  on  the  east,  a 
breadth  of  300  miles.     Its  area  is  about  112,000  miles. 

52.  Surface. — The  State  is  principally  a  vast  basin,  diversi- 
fied by  mountains,  valleys,  and  plateaus. 

53.  The  Great  Basin  is  partly  in  this  State  :  its  elevation 
is  from  4,000  to  5,000  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

54.  The  Mountain  lianf/cs  are  short  and  numerous,  gen- 
erally extending  nearly  north  and  south.  The  East  Humboldt 
Range  is  the  highest.  There  are  several  peaks  in  the  State 
ranging  from  8,000  to  12,000  feet  in  height,  but  few  of  them 
have  been  measiu'ed. 

55.  The  Hirers  are  small,  and  empty  into  lakes  or  "sinks," 
which  have  no  connection  with  the  ocean  ;  the  largest  river  is 
the  Humboldt.  The  lakes,  having  no  outlets,  are  generally 
salt  or  alkaline. 

56.  The  Climate  is  generally  dry  and  the  soil  barren ;  agri- 
culture is  mostly  carried  on  by  means  of  ii-rigation.  The 
north-western  part  of  the  State  is  a  desert. 

57.  Its  Chief  Source  of  Wealth  is  in  its  silver  mines,  which 
are  found  in  various  parts  of  the  State,  iJarticularly  in  Washoe 
and  Storey  counties  in  the  west,  and  the  White  Pine  region  in 
the  centre,  the  latter  comprising  a  disti-ict  about  12  miles 
square,  in  the  "WTiite  Pme  Mountains,  where  recent  discov- 
eries of  silver  have  attracted  much  attention.  Gold,  silver, 
copper,  lead,  ii-on,  and  salt  are  also  found. 

58.  The  Leading/  Towns  are  Virginia  Citj',  Carson  City, 
Gold  Hill,  Elko,  Belmont,  Austin,  Treasure  City,  and  Hamil- 
ton. The  last  two  are  in  the  White  Pine  Silver  Mining  Dis- 
trict, Treasm-e  City  being  about  9,000  feet  above  the  sea 
level. 

59.  Xevatla   uas  admitted  as  a  State  in  1864. 


Longitude 


Gah3i?ls\      o    «    IN     1     rt      <^ 


41)      Loiiyilude 


AVasliington 


RuEiell  A  Stn»ther?."N  Y.  N 


EXERCISES    OW    THE    MAP. 

Wliat  is  the  largest    city   west  of  the    Rocky    .\[ountains  ? 

Through  what  gate  or  strait  wouUl  you  sail  in  going  from  San  Francisco 
to  the  ocean  ? 

What  is  the  length  of  San  Francisco  Bay  ?     Its  greatest  widtli  ? 

■What  hay  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay  ? 

Give  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  Bay  of  San  Pablo. 

Wliat  bay  east  of  the  Bay  of  San  Pablo  ? 

What  two  large  rivers  empty  into  Suisun  Bay  ?     Describe  them. 

In  what  county  is  the  city  of  San  Francisco  ? 

What  county  south  of  San  Francisco  county  ? 

What  county  south  of  San  Mateo  ?     South-east  ? 

What  county  borders  on  the  easterly  side  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  ? 
On  the  southerly  side  of  Suisun  Bay  ?     On  tlic  northerly  side  ? 

What  county  between  the  Bay  of  San  Pablo  and  the  Pacific  ? 

What  county  north  of  Marin  county  ?  What  county  east  of  Sono'ma  ? 
What  south  and  east  of  Napa  county  ?     North  and  north-east  of  Solano  ? 

Through  what  counties  does  the  San  Joaquin  River  flow  ?  Name  and 
describe  its  tributaries. 

In  what  direction  does  the  land  cast  of  the  San  Joaquiu  slope  ? 

In  what  direction  does  the  laud  slope  which  lies  between  the  San  Joaquin 
River  and  the  Coast  Range  ? 

Where  is  the  highest  land  of  Santa  Clara  county  ?     The  lowest  ? 

What  mountains  on  its  eastern  side  ?  AVestem  ?     Wliat  high  peaks  has  it  ? 

What  rivers  flow  through  San  Joaquin  county?  Stan'islaus  county? 
Merced  county?  Santa  Clara  county?  San  Mateo  county?  Sonoma 
county  ?     Napa  county  ?     Santa  Clara  countv  ? 


What  is  the  county  town  of  the  following  counties  :  Marin?  Sonoma? 
Napa?  Solano  ;  Yolo?  Sacramento?  Amador?  Calaveras?  San  Joaquin? 
Contra  Costa?     Alameda?     Santa  Clara  ?     San  Mateo?     Stan'islaus? 

What  high  peak  in  Contra  Costa  ?     In  Marin  county  ? 

Where  is  Mare  Island  ?     Alcatraz  ?     Angel  ?     Goat  Island  ? 

Where  is  Hunter's  Point ?  Point  Pinole?  Saucelito  Point?  Rincon 
Point  ?     Point  Bouita  ?     Lime  Poiut  ?     Point  Lobos  ? 

MOUNTAINS. 

n'fipr*'  aye  they  ?     In  what  directUtu  do  the  Tanges  coctend  7 


Coast  EanctE  '? 
Mt.  Hamilton  ? 


S.\.NTA  Ciiuz?   Mayacamas?  Mt.  Diablo? 
Black  Mt.  ?     Mt.  Lewis  ?   Mt.Tamalpais  ? 


RIVERS    AND    CREEKS. 

Whvro  flo  fjirif  rise?     Jn  irJutt  ilirect ions  tlo  thvy  JioiVf  and  into  trhat  waters? 
CALAVE'KAsE.?i'«^>   MOKELUMNE  ?    NaPA  ?  TuOLUMNE  ? 

Calateras  Cr.  ?       CosuMNES  ?       Coyote  Cr.  ?  Dry  Ce.  ? 
Stanislaus?  Merced?         Pes&ideeo?    Guadalupe? 

CITIES    AND    TOWNS. 


Jh   trhnt  part  of  what  cnanty? 

SAN  FRANCISCO, 
SACRAMENTO. 
STOCKTON, 
SAN  JOSE. 


On  or  near  irhat  irater? 


NEW  YORK, 
LAKEVILLE. 
SAN  LEANDRO, 
REDWOOD  CITY, 


SAN    RAFAEL, 
MARTINEZ, 
NAPA. 

TUOLUWE  CITY, 
SAN   M4TEO, 
COPPEROPO-IS, 


FAIRFIELD. 
SAN   ANDREAS. 
KNIGHT'S  FERRY. 
OAKLAND, 
NEW  ALMADEN', 
SANTA   ROSA, 


PESCADERO, 

PETALUMA, 

HAYWARDS, 

VALLEJO, 

BENICIA, 

ANTIOCH. 


PACHECO, 
JACKSON, 
lONE    CITY, 
RIO  VISTA, 
SUISUN, 
SUTTERVILLE, 


MOKELUMNE  CITY,    SAN    LORENZO. 
LIBERT^,  SANTC   CLARA, 

MENLO  PARK,  AL'MEDA. 

MAYFIELD,  BROOKLYN, 


MONTEITWS   PHYSICAL   AND    POLITICAL    GEOGBAPHY. 


119 


ESCRIPTIVE     !GeOGRAPHY. 


1.  OBEGOy^  is  si f unfed  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  United  States. 

2.  It  lies  in  a  line  directly  west  of  New  England,  and  its 
southern  boundary  is  the  parallel  of  42  degrees  north  latitude, 
which  parallel  is  the  dividing  line  between  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania. 

3.  The  Length  of  Oregon  from  east  to  west  is  about  350 
miles,  its  breadth  300  miles,  and  its  area  is  about  100,000 
square  miles,  being  equal  to  that  of  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania combined. 

4.  The  Mountain  lianges  are  three  :  the  Coast  Range,  the 
Cascade  Range,  and  the  Blue  Mountains.  They  extend  north 
and  south  across  the  State. 

5.  The  Coast  liange  extends  along  the  coast,  and  is  pierctxl 
by  numerous  streams,  which  empty  into  the  Pacific.  Their 
height  varies  from  2,000  to  4,000  feet. 

6.  The  Cascade  Mountains  are  about  120  miles  from  the 
coast,  and  extend  through  Oregon  and  Washington.  They  also 
extend  into  Califomia,  where  they  are  called  the  Sierra 
Nevada.     Their  height  varies  from  4,000  to  13,000  feet. 

■  7.  The  rrincipal  Peaks  of  this  range  are.  Mount  Hood,  an 
extinct  volcano.  Mount  Jefferson,  Mount  Pitt,  and  the  Three 
Sisters  ;  all  of  which  rise  above  the  limit  of  perpetual  snow. 

8.  The  Blue  Moujitains  are  in  the  eastern  jiart  of  the 
State,  and  have  short  ridges  extending  east  and  west  at  right 
angles  to  the  main  ridge. 

9.  The  state  is  dieided  into  three  physical  sections  by  the 
Blue  and  the  Cascade  Mountains, — the  Western,  Middle,  and 
Eastei-n,  styled,  respectively,  the  Lower,  Middle,  and  Upi^er 
Countries. 

10.  The  Western  Section  is  between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and 
the  Cascade  Mountains,  and  covers  about  one-third  the  area 
of  the  State.  Its  beautiful  and  fertile  valleys  contain  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  tillable  land  and  all  the  principal  cities  and 
towns  in  the  State. 

11.  Tlie  Middle  Countri/  is  an  elevated  plain,  useful  in  some 
places  for  pasture  ;  but  its  southern  jjortion  is  salt  and  barren. 

12.  The  U])/>er  Country  lies  east  of  the  Blue  Mountains, 
and  is  generally  diy  and  barren ;  rich,  however,  in  mineral 
wealth. 

13.  The  Principal  Harbors  are  those  afforded  by  the  Co- 
lumbia and  Ilmpqua  Rivers,  and  the  Tillamook,  Yaquin'a,  and 
Coos  Bays. 

14.  The  Principal  River  is  the  Columbia,  the  largest  river  in 
America  which  empties  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  In  its  course 
from  British  America  to  the  Cascades,  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion, rapids  and  waterfalls  are  numerous.  It  supplies  salmon 
in  abundance.  Its  most  inqiortant  branch  is  the  Willanu^tte. 
The  Ilmpqua  and  Rogue  Rivers  afford  an  outlet  to  a  valuable 
lumber  region. 

15.  The  Vi/lani'ette  J'al.lei/  is  the  largest  and  most  fer- 
tile in  the  State.  It  contains  2,000,000  acres  of  excellent 
farming  land.  Its  length  from  north  to  south  is  about  120 
miles,  and  its  average  width  50  miles,  being  one-third  larger 
than  the  State  of  Connecticut.  The  Umpqua  and  Rogue 
River  Valleys  are  also  important. 


16.  The  Climate  of  the  Western  Section,  or  Lower  Country, 
is  much  milder  and  more  uniform  than  that  of  correspond- 
ing latitudes  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  owing  to  the  warm,  moist 
winds  which  blow  from    the  Pacific. 

Rain  is  abimdant  because  of  the  cooling  influence  upon 
those  winds  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  (See  page  34,  para- 
graph 41,  and  page  37,  paragraphs  31-38.)  The  greater  por- 
tion usually  falls  during  the  months  of  November,  December, 
March,  and  April.  Rain  seldom  or  never  falls  in  harvest 
time — from  the  fii-st  of  August  to  the  middle  of  Septem- 
ber. 

17.  T7ie  Climate  of  the  Middle  and  Upper  Countries  is 
dry,  and  subject  to  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 

18.  The  Principal  Agricultural  Productions  are  wheat, 
barley,  oats,  garden  vegetables,  and  orchard  fruits.  The 
trade  in  wool  and  live  stock  is  important. 

19.  The  Forests  of  the  Lower  Country  abound  in  magnifi- 
cent pines,  with  fir,  oak,  hemlock,  cedar,  maple,  and  other 
trees  valuable  for  timber. 

20.  The  Mineral  Productions  consist  of  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, iron,  and  coal. 

21.  Salt  Springs  are  numerous. 

22.  Manufactures  receive  considerable  attention,  and  com- 
prise lumber,  flour,  and  woolen  goods. 

23.  The  Export  Trade  with  California  and  the  Eastern 
States  is  important.  Grain  is  shipped  to  England,  and 
regular  hues  of  transjjortation  are  established  with  New 
York. 

24.  The  Principal  E.rports  are  gi'ain,  flour,  wool,  lumber, 
apples,  dried  fruits,  hides,  and  pickled  salmon. 

25.  Portland,  the  principal  city,  is  beautifully  located  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Willamette  River,  15  miles  from  its 
mouth,  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation.  It  is  rapidly  increas- 
ing in  wealth  and  population,  and  is  the  second  city  in  im- 
portance on  the  Pacific  slope. 

26.  Salem,  the  capital,  is  finely  situated  in  a  rich  prairie,  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Willam  ette. 

27.  Oregon  City  is  on  the  right  or  east  bank  of  the  Willam- 
ette River,  about  10  miles  south  of  Portland.  The  falls  in  the 
river  furnish  immense  water-power  for  manufactiu'ing  pur- 
poses. 

28.  I'hc  other  Important  Towns  are  Albany,  Corvallis, 
Eugene  City,  Dalles,  Astoria,  and  Jacksonville. 

29.  Public  Education  has  received  much  attention.  Be- 
sides the  excellent  public  .schools,  there  are  colleges  at  Salem, 
Forest  Grove,  anil  Corvallis,  and  numerous  academies  through- 
out the  State. 

30.  The  Legislature  asf^emhlcH  every  two  yenrs.  The  mem- 
bers of  th(!  Senate  are  elected  for  four  years,  and  of  the  Houso 
for  two  years. 

31.  Oregon  was  Organized  as  a  'Territory  of  the  United 
States  in  1848,  when  it  extended  northward  to  British  America, 
and  eastward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

32.  From  its  JVorfhcrn  half,  Washington  Territory  was  or- 
ganized in  1853 ;  and  in  1859,  Oregon  was  admitted  as  a  State 
with  its  present  boundaries. 


MONTEITH'S   PHYSICAL   AND   POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


121 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    MAP. 

OREGON, — by  what  is  it  boundcil  on  the  north  ?  On  the  east  ?  On  the 
sout'.i  2     On  the  west  ? 

What  is  its  length  ?     Its  breadth  ?     (Appli/  the  scale  of  miles.) 

What  mountain  ranges  in  Oregon  ? 

Is  the  greater  part  of  the  State  cast  or  west  of  tlic  Cascade  Range  ? 

What  prominent  peaks  in  the  Cascade  Range  2 

Wliac  rivers  east  of  the  Blue  Moimtains  ? 

In  what  direction  does  the  surface  of  that  part  of  the  State  slope  ? 

■\Vhat  rivers  between  the  Cascade  Range  and  the  Blue  Mountains  ;  Into 
what  do  thos3  rivers  empty  ? 

How  does  the  surface  of  the  middle  section  of  the  State  slope? 

What  rivers  between  the  Cascade  Range  and  the  PaciCc  .'  Into  what  do 
they  flow  ?     AVliicli  is  the  largest  ? 

la  what  direction  does  the  land  slope  which  is  drained  by  tlic  Willam- 
ette?    By  the  Urapqua  and  Rogue  Rivers? 

Mention  the  largest  lakes  in  Oregon  ?  Which  have  outlets  ?  'Wliich 
have  no  outlets  ?     In  what  part  of  the  State  are  lakes  the  most  numerous  ? 

AVhat  counties  border  on  the  Columbia  ?     On  the  Snake  River  >. 

What  counties  border  on  the  Pacific  i     On  California  i     On  Nevada  ? 

What  counties  between  the  Cascade  Range  and  Willamette  River  ? 

What  counties  border  on  the  west  side  of  the  Willamette  ? 

Tlirough  what  counties  does  that  river  flow  ? 

Name  all  the  counties  in  the  Willamette  Yallcy  t  In  the  I'mpqua 
Valley  i     In  the  Rogue  River  Valley  ? 

By  what  is  Coos  County  drained  ? 

What  county  towns  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Columbia  ?  On  the  east 
bank  of  the  Willamette  ?  On  its  west  or  left  bank?  Between  the  Wil- 
lamette and  the  Coast  Range  ?  In  the  Valley  of  the  U mpqua  ?  In  the 
Valley  of  Rogue  River  ? 

What  towns  on  the  Pacific  Coast  ? 

Draw  a  mop  of  Oregon,  aa  directed  on  page  105. 

WASHINGTOrj,— by  what  is  it  bounded  on  the  north  ?  East  ?  South  ? 
West  ? 

What  is  its  length  ?     Its  breadth  ? 

What  mountains  extend  through  the  territoi-y  ? 

Mention  the  principal  peaks  ?     The  largest  river  2 

What  are  the  two  principal  forks  or  tributaries  of  the  Columbia  River  ? 

Where  are  their  sources  ? 

What  tributaries  has  the  Columbia  from  the  west? 

In  what  direction  does  the  land  slope  which  lies  betv.'een  the  Columbia 
River  and  the  Cascade  Range?  Between  the  Columbia  River  and  the 
Rocky  JIouu tains  ? 

What  rivers  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  ? 

Into  what  do  they  flow  ? 

What  counties  border  on  British  America  ?  On  the  Pacific  i  On  the 
Strait  of  .Ju'an  de  Fu'ca  and  inlets? 

What  counties  in  the  south  border  on  the  Columbia  River?  What 
county  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  territory  ?  At  the  mouth  of  th  ■ 
Columbia  ? 

What  towns  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Columbia  ? 

What  towns  in  the  northwest  ? 

Drnw  a  innp  of  Wnshimjlon,  as  dhected  on  page  105. 

IDAHO,— by  what  is  it  bounded  on  the  north?     East?     South?    AVest  ; 
What  ranges  of  mountains  on  the  east  ? 

By  what  river  and  its  tributaries  is  nearly  the  whole  of  Idaho  drained? 
By  what  rivers  is  the  northern  part  drained  2 
On  which  side  is  the  highest  land  ?     The  lowest  ? 
In  what  direction  does  the  land  south  of  the  Snake  River  slope  ? 
(Oliseree  the  nurse  of  the  rirers.) 
What  riveis  flow  through  that  portion  of  the  State  ? 
What  rivers  flow  westerly  into  the  Snake  River  ? 

What  branch  of  the  Colorado  river  has  its  sources  near  thosa  of  the 
Snake  River  ? 

What  lakes  in  the  noithcrn  part  ?     In  the  eastern  part  ? 

What  is  the  extent  cf  Idaho  from  north  to  south  ?     From  castT  to  west  ? 


What  county  forms  the  northern  part  of  Idaho  ? 
What  county  borders  on  Oregon  and  Nevada  ?     On  Utah  2 
What  counties  are  bounded  partly  by  the  mountains  ?     By  the  Snake 
River  ? 

What  county  in  the  centre  of  the  State  ? 
Draw  a  map  of  Idaho,  aa  directed  on  page  105. 

MONTANA,— by  what  is  it  bounded  on  the  north  ?     South  ?     West  ? 

"\Vhat  high  nKumtains  extend  through  its  western  part  ? 

AYhat  mountains  on  its  western  border  2 

What  great  river  has  its  sources  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Montana  ? 

On  which  side  of  the  Rocky  ilountains  are  the  sources  of  the  Missouri  ? 

What  small  rivers  form  its  headwaters? 

What  large  rivers  on  the  Pacific  slojjc  have  their  sources  near  those  of 
the  Missouri  '. 

Mention  the  ijrincipal  passes  over  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Montana  ? 

Wliat  rivers  flow  into  the  western  side  of  the  Missouri  ?  Into  the  eastern 
side  ? 

What  lake  in  the  northwest? 

What  towns  in  Madison  and  Beaver  Head  Counties  ? 

What  towns  between  the  Missouri  River  and  the  Rocky  Mountains? 

What  towns  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains? 

Draw  a  map  of  Montana,  as  directed  on  page  105. 


RE  VIEAV 

MOUNTAINS. 


Where  are  the;/  ?    In  tehat  dtyection  do  the  rnttt/rs  fxtrnit'.' 


Cascade  Eange  ? 
RoGXJE  ErvER  Mts.  ? 
Three  Sisters  ? 
Mt.  Baker? 
Mt.  Olympus? 
Coast  Eange  ? 


Cedar  Mt.  ? 
Mary's  Peak  ? 
Mt.  St.  Helen's? 
Three  Buites? 
Blue  Mts.  ? 
Mt.  Jefferson  ? 

RIVERS. 


Mt.  Put? 
Mt.  Adams? 
EocKY  Mts.  ? 
Mt.  Hood  ? 
Scott's  Peak  ? 
Mt.  Eainier  ? 


Whereilo  they  rise  ?     In  u-hat  directions  do  they  fioir,  and  into  tvhat  tenters  ? 


CoLUMBLi  ?  UmP  QUA  ? 

Snake  ?  Eogue  ? 

WiLLAM  ette  ?  Owyhee  ? 

Chehalis  ?  Skagit  ? 


Fall? 
John  Days ? 

Powder  ? 

U-MA-TLL  LA  ? 


McKenzie's  ? 
Malheur  ? 
Grande  Eonde  ? 
Salmon  ? 


LAKES. 


TTJter  •  arc  they?     Ifliat  are  thrir  inlets  and  ontlets? 


Upper  Klamath  ?        Harney  ?         Malheur  ? 

CAPES. 

rrotn  tehat  ronntieg  do  they  projcet  ? 


Fiathead  ? 


Blanco  ? 


Lookout?  Foulweather?        Arago? 

Flattery  ?  Disappointment  ?    Pt.  Adajis  ? 

BAYS. 

irhere  are  they'*    Into  what  icaters  do  they  preject? 

Tillamook  ?        Gray's  Harbor  ?      Yaquina  ?  Coos  ? 

PuGET  Sound  ?    Shoalwater  ? 

CITIES    AND    TOWNS. 

In   what  part  of  trhat  rnnnty?       On   ay  near   lehat   irater? 


PORTLAND. 

SALEM. 

ALBANY. 

AUBURN. 

C0RVALLI5. 

LA  GRANDE. 

JACKSONVILLE. 

OLYMPIA. 

STEILACOOM. 

SEATTLE. 

WHATCOM. 


OREGON   CITY. 

ASTORIA. 

EMPIRE    CITY. 

ST.  HELENS. 

CANONVILLE. 

UNION. 

PORT   ORFORO. 

PORT  TOWNSEND. 

VANCOUVER. 

WALLA  WALLA. 

HELENA. 


CANON   CITY. 
OAKLAND. 
ROSEBURG. 
DALLES. 
DALLAS. 
GRANITE    CITY. 
UMPpUA   CITY. 
VIRGINIA  CITY. 
BANNOCK  CITY. 
GALLATIN. 
BOISE  CITY. 


EUGENE   CITY. 

HARRISBURG. 

AURORA. 

SILVERTON. 

UMATILLA. 

ELLENSBURG. 

FOREST  GROVE. 

IDAHO  CITY. 

LEWISTON. 

SILVER  CITY. 

MONTICELLO. 


12i 


MONIEITH'S  PHYSICAL    AJSJ)    POLITICAL    GEOGKAPHY. 


Bescriptive    ^Geography. 


1.  WASHISfrTOX  T^KKJrOKl' occupies  the  most  north- 
western portion  of  the  United  States,  except  Alaska  ;  its  north- 
ern boundary  being  in  a  hne  with  that  of  Minnesota. 

2.  It  lies  between  the  parallels  of  46"  and  49^  north  latitude, 
between  which  are,  also,  Lake  Superior,  Northern  Maine, 
Central  France,  Switzerland,  and  Austria. 

3.  The  Icuf/tfi  of  Washington  is  about  350  miles  from  east 
to  west,  and  its  breadth  fiom  north  to  south  is  rJiout  225 
miles.     Its  area  is  about  70,000  square  miles. 

-1.  The  Principal  Moinitaiii  i?rtj*</c.s  are  the  Cascade  Kange 
and  the  Coast  Eangc,  extending  nearly  north  and  .south.  The 
principal  peaks  are  Mt.  Rainier,  Mt.  Baker,  Mt.  Adams,  and 
Mt.  St.  Helens,  all  of  which  rise  above  the  snow  limit. 

5.  The  Cascade  Jiain/e  in  Washington  and  Oregon  is  a 
continuation  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California.  Their  height 
is  about  6,000  feet,  and  then-  distance  from  the  coast  about 
100  miles.  This  range  divides  Washington  Territory  into  two 
physical  regions— the  western  or  lower,  and  the  eastern  or 
higher. 

6.  The  If'extcrn  section  contains  rich  and  well-watered 
valleys,  vast  evergreen  forests  of  fir,  spruce,  cedar,  and  hem- 
lock, and  nearly  all  the  cities  and  towns  in  the  Territory. 

7.  The  Eastern  section  is  chiefly  dry  and  stony,  although  it 
contains  some  excellent  pasture  gi-ounds.  WaUa  Walla  Valley, 
in  the  south-east,  is  well  adapted  to  agriculture  and  grazing. 

8.  The  Climate  of  Washington  Territory  is  .similar  to  that 
of  the  corresijonding  sections  of  Oregon,  being  much  milder 
than  in  the  same  latitudes  on  the  Atlantic  slope. 

9.  The  Frincii>al  Vallcijs  are  the  Puget  Sound  Valley,  or 
basin,  the  Columbia  Valley,  and  the  Walla  Walla  Valley.  The 
former  contains  over  10,000  square  miles. 

10.  Pnt/et  Soiimf  affords  the  chief  commercial  outlet  for 
the  Territory,  having  about  1,500  miles  of  water  fi-ont,  with 
many  excellent  harbors.  It  is  surrounded  by  valuable  timber, 
great  quantities  of  which  are  exported  annually.  Coal  is  sup- 
plied fi'om  Bellingliam  Bay,  and  oysters  are  found  in  abun- 
dance in  Shoalwater  Bay. 

11.  The  Chief  Exiiovts  are  lumber,  ship  timber,  coal,  and 
oysters. 

12.  Gold  is  found  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Temtory. 

13.  The  Princi/ial  Tonus  are  Olympia,  the  capital,  Steila- 
coom,  Seattle,  Port  Townsend,  Monticello,  Vancouver,  and 
Walla  Y/alla. 

14.  U'ttshinyton  n-as  organised  as  a  Territory  in  1853. 

15.  IDAHO  is  somewhat  triangidar  in  shape,  about  480 
miles  in  extent  from  north  to  .south,  and  300  miles  wide  on 
its  southern  border.     Its  area  is  about  95,000  square  miles. 

'       16.    The  liochff  Monntains  and  a  branch,  or  continuation, 
•  called  the  Bitter  Boot  Mountains,  are  on  its  eastern  border. 

Among  other  mountains  in  th^  Territory,  are   the   Salmon 
!  River  and  Bear  Mountains,  the  Three  Buttes  and  the  Three 

Tetons. 

17.   The  Principal  Pircrs  in  Idaho  arc  the  Snake  or  Lsv/is, 

and  its  tribiitaries  the  Salmon  and.  Clearwater,  the  general 

slope  of  the  surface  being  toward  the  west. 


18.  Its  Principal  Proilactions  are  gold  and  silver. 

19.  The  Soil  of  large  portions  is  well  adapted  to  farming 
and  grazing,  and  water-power  for  manufacturing  purposes  is 
abundant. 

20.  The  Chief  Towns  are  Boise  City,  the  cajjital,  Lewiston, 
Idaho  City,  Ruby  City,  Oro  Fino,  and  Silver  City. 

21.  Idaho  n'as  organized  as  a  Territory  in  1863. 

22.  MOXTANA  is  in  the  north-western  part  of  the  United 
States,  lying  between  Dakota  on  the  east  and  Idaho  on  the 
west ;  on  the  north  it  adjoins  British  America,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  the  parallel  of  -49  \  here  the  northern  boundary 
of  the  Union. 

28.  It  lies  partly  on  the  Atlantic  and  partly  on  the  Pacific 
slope ;  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  great  ^\•ater-slled,  extending 
through  its  western  part. 

24.  The  Pacific  Slope  includes  the  north-western  portion, 
which  is  diained  by  the  Clarke's  River  and  its  tributaries. 

25.  The  Largest  Portion  of  Montana  is  embraced  in  the 
Atlantic  slope,  and  is  drained  by  the  Missouri  River,  which 
has  its  headwaters  in  the  soiith-western  part  of  the  Territory. 

26.  The  Greatest  Length  of  Montana  from  east  to  west  is 
500  miles,  and  its  breadth,  from  north  to  south,  about  270 
miles. 

27.  Montana  is  rich  in  gold  and  silver,  which  are  exten- 
sively mined  in  the  west  and  south-west,  where,  consequently, 
are  the  most  thicklj*  settled  portions  of  the  Tei'ritory.  It  also 
contains  copper,  iron,  and  coal  of  superior  qualities. 

28.  The  C//i»«^c  is  jjure,  healthful,  and  delightfv.l  and  much 
dryer  than  that  of  other  parts  of  the  United  States. 

29.  The  Soil  of  its  extensive  valleys  is  very  productive,  and 
its  agricultural  and  grazing  facilities  are  excellent. 

30.  Its  Trade  with  the  States  eastward,  by  way  of  the 
Missovn-i  River,  is  considei-able  and  constantly  increasing. 

31.  Its  Popnlation  is  about  40,000. 

32.  The  Great  Palls  of  the  Missouri,  remarkable  for  their 
grand  and  picturesque  .scenery,  arc  about  30  miles  above,  or 
south-west  of.  Fort  Benton,  the  nominal  head  of  steam  naviga- 
tion. They  comprise  a  siiccessiou  of  cataracts  and  I'apids, 
with  which  the  river  is  filled  for  about  12  miles,  having  an 
aggregate  descent  of  400  feet.  The  principal  cataract  is  87 
feet  high  and  900  feet  wide. 

33.  Helena,  the  metropolis  and  commercial  centre,  is  140 
miles  south-west  of  Fort  Benton.  It  is  situated  on  a  creek 
which  flov.'S  into  the  western  side  of  the  Missouri  River. 

34.  Virginia  Citi/,  is  situated  in  the  i-:outh- 
westem  part  of  the  Territory,  about  130  miles  south  of  Helena. 

35.  Montana  teas  Organized  as  a  Territory  in  18G4. 


TERRITORIES. 

CAPITALS. 

TERRITOBIES. 

CAPTTALS. 

WABtllNGTON 

Idaho 

OljTnpia. 
Boise  City. 
Helena. 
Yankton. 
Cheyenne. 

Utah 

Arizona^'. 

1  New  Slaxico 

^  Indian) 

Salt  Lake  City. 

Montana 

D.\:;OTA 

Tucson. 
Santa  Fe. 

\Vvt*^iixo 

Tablequah. 

• 

f 

3lONTEITH'S   PHYSICAL   AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


foMPARATIVE   flZES— IaNSAS,  THE    foMMON  |(eASURE   AND  ,|rAME. 


2  Measures  or  400  Miles. 


Its  Shape  and  Mensurcments — 
200  by  400  miles,  or  1  measure 
wide  and  3  measures  long — are 
easily  remembered:   so,  also,  are 
those  of  all  the  other  States  -n-hich 
[■J  o  are  here  drawn   upon  and  com- 
2  pared  with  it.     Observe  the  coin- 
^   cidences  between    the    measure- 
ments  of   Kansas   and  those   of 
other  States  ;    c.  g.  The  width  of 
Maine   and  the   length  of   Ken- 
tucky are  about  the  same  as  those 
of  Kansas. 


/ 

-  ^—-: 

■  Z- 

r 

</>           i 

IP 

i 

7s 

-0        ; 

[s' 

i- 

U- 

MONTEITH'S    RELIEF    MAP    of  tlie    UNITED    STATU, 


,   from  the   PACIFIC   OCEAN    to  the   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


T- 


/ 


?^. 


;6'-" 


_.-^^^^^ 


I 

Observe  that  the 
Rocky  Mountains  are 
almost  midway  hctween 
the  Pacidc  C'cast  and 
the  Mississippi  River, 
and  tliat  far  up  their 
sides  are  the  sources  of 
numerous  streams  and 
rivers 

The  waters  of  some  of  those  rivers  find 
their  way  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  and  of 
others,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

For  nmicers  to  these  questions,  refer  to 
the  Relief  Map,  and  to  the  Map  of  tlie 
United  States. 

Mention  the  largest  rivers  which  flow 
toward  the  Gulf,— toward  the  Pacific. 
I      Mention  the   largest  river  which  rises 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Mention  the  largest  trihutaries  of  the 
Missouri, — of  the  Columbia. 

Observe  that  the  sources 
of  these  two  rivers  are  very 
near  each  other. 

What  very  high  peak  near 
the  center  of  Colorado  ? 

What  is  the  height  of 
Pike's  Peak? 

Ans.  J4/>00  feet  alove  the 
leri'l  of  the  sea. 

What  high  peak  in  the 
western  part  of  Wyoming? 
In  the  northern  part  of  Col- 
orado ? 

In  what   part  of   Dakota 
and  Wyoming  are  the  Black  j 
Hills  ?    Where  are  the  Sier-  i 
ra  Nevadas  ?  i 

What  is  the  height  of  I 
the  Sierra  Nevadas?  '  | 

Ans.  About  15,000  feet\ 
aboce  the  leret  of  t?ie  lea. 

What  is  the  highest  peak 
of  these  mountains  V 
Ans.    Mount  Wliitney. 
^^^lat  is  the  highest  moun- 
tain in  the  United  States  ? 
Axs.    Mount  Whitney. 
Where  is  Mt.  Whitney? 
What  is  its  eleva- 


^_}mm3^^^ 


.-U; 


'\ 


-h' 


s 


tion  above  the  level 
of  the  sea  ? 
Ans.  J5,oS6feet. 
Where   is  Mount 
Shasta  V   Mt.  Hood? 
Where  is  the  Cas- 
cade Range 't  Mount 
St.  Helens  V 

Which     of     the 

States     rejiresented 

on  this  Relief  Map 

are  best  supplied  with  lakes  ? 

^^"hat    and    where   is  the 

largest     lake     west    of    the 

Rocky  Mountains  ? 

What  important  city  near 
it?  What  railroad  passes 
Great  Salt  Lake'? 

Mention  some  of  the  lakes 
which  have  no  outlets. 

What  small  valley  or  gorge 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Cali- 
fornia ? 

For  what  is  Yosemite  Val- 
ley celebrated  Y  Ans.  For 
ths  grandeur  of  ita  scenery. 


MOXTEITH'S   PHYSICAL   AXD    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


HEIGHTS   OF   MOUNTAINS. 


ASIA. 


Mountains. 

Mt.  Everest 

Mt.  Kinchingins:a,... 
Mt.  Dhawala-ijiri  — 

Mt.  (."houaialarie 

Mt.  Hindoo  Koli 

Thian-Shan  Mts 

Kuen-Lun  Mts 

Mt.  Ararat 

Mt.  Klitttshewskaja.. 

Mt.  Demaveud 

Mt.  Arjlfh 

Soliman  Sits 

Lebanon  Mts 

Altai  Mts 

Taurus  Mts 

Mt.  Hermon 

Mt.  Sinai 


Situation- 
in  the  ITimalaya  Chain^  the  highest  \ 

point  on  t/te  globe  f 

iii  tfie  liimiUaya  Chain 


Elevation 
in  feet 


29,0M 


28.178 
28.IXK) 
2:),H2') 

.Blndoo  Coosh  Mts ao.-JiU 

.  Chinese  Empire 30.0m 


.Xorth  of  Thibet Iti.OOO  to 


Kamt<chatka 

.  Elbiir:  Mty.  south  of  the  Cofpian  Sia 

.Aiili-  Taurus  Mis.,  A^  Minor 

.between  Hindustan  and  Afghanistan 

.Syria 

.highest 10,300 

highest 10.000 

.highest  of  Anti-Lebanon  Mts.,  Syria.    10,000 
.  AraMa T,-»97 


18,000 
1-,-ilO 

i5.7ra 

14,700 
13,000 

ia,oi)o 
la.ooo 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 

Vol.  Aconcagua east  of  Chili        23. 

Mt.  Sahama   south  part  of  Peru 22, 

Vol.  Gualatieri '■       "  "■      — 22, 

Mt.  Chimborazo  Ecuador.   ..  21 

Mt,  Sorata Bolivia  21 

Mt,  lUimani    -      21, 

Mt,  Choquibamba Peru 21 

Vol,  Arequipa "   20, 

Vol,  Atacama Bolivia 18, 


Vol,  Antisana. 

Vol.  Cotopasi 

Vol,  Tolima 

Vol.  Pichincha 

.\ndes  of  Chili 

Andes  of  Patagonia. . 
Cape  Horn 


.Ecuador 19 

.  Cutomlna 18, 

.  Ecuade/r 15, 

..highest ..   ,. 16, 

.,      '•      ..-,  8. 


910 
1,350 
,000 

,424 

,2.% 
,140 

,11011 

.a-,'(i 

,,0(ll 

i;« 

,.^S7 

.oaj 

,934 

oou 

,000 
300 


Height  of  Snow  Line in  Colombia    .  .,.  15,800 

••     in  Boliiia 16,00ato  18.000 

••    in  Cld:i 8,aiO 

••    in  Pa'ayoni-. 3,000 


I  Mountains, 

Vol,  Etna 

1  Mt,  Cuccio 

i  Mt,  St,  (iothard 

'  Castile  Mts  

Mt.  Olympus 

Mt,  KoVn.    

Mt.  Athos 

Pic  du  Midi 

PindusMts.. 

Mt,  Lomnitz 

Monte  Uotondo 

Mt.  Guione 

I  Mt.  Paruassu8,     

'  Scandinavian  Mts, . , . 
,  Pass  of  Vfiiasquez. 
i  Rhodope  Mts,  . . 

Sierra  d'Estrella 

Mt.  Genargenta 

.Jura  Mts 

Mt.  D'Or       

CevennesMts 

I  Sierra  Morena 

Mt.  Obdorsk 

Fichtel  Gebii-ge    .   . , 

Riesen  Gcbirgc 

]  Ural  Mts 

Vosges 

Black  Forest 

j  Bohemian  Mts 

Erz  Gebirge .     

I  Ben  Nevis     

j  Ben  Mac  Dhu  

Cairngorm         

Ben  Attoiv 

Vol.  Vesuvius 

Ben  Lawers    

BrockenMt,     

Ben  Wyvis  , 

)  Snowdon  51 1 

I  Cam  Tual , 

Sea  Fell 

Helvellyn  . .  - . 

Skiddaw . , 

Moravian  Mts , 

I  Height  of  Snow  Line 


NORTH    AMERICA. 

Vol.  Popocatepetl Mexico  .     . 

Mt,  St  Elias Alanka  ..       . 

Vol,  Orizaba    Menco 

Mt,  Bromi British  America    .      .. 

Mt.  Hooker '•  •■        

Mt.  Whitney    California    

Mt.  Fairwcather Alaska 

Pike's  Peak Colorado .,   ,,.., 

Mt.  Shasta California 

Mt.  Tyndall ••         

Mt.  Kaweah ■'  

Fremont's  Peak Wyoming  Territory.  .    . 

Mt,  St,  Helens Wwihlngton  TelTitory . . . 

Mt,  Dana  Callfotmla 

Mt,Lyell    ■• 

Long's  Peak Colorado 

Mt.  Hood ,-  Oregon ,  .    . 

Mt,  Linn     California  ...  ,   .. 

Mt.  San  Bernardino  .  ,,  ..         "  . 

Ml.  Baker   Washington  Territory  .. 

Mt,  Ranier '' 

Mt,  .\d3ras "  '•  .    , 

Laramie  Peak Wyoming  Territory.     .  . 

Blue  Mts .Jamaica . 

Sierra  del  Cobre    Cutta— highest 

Mitchell's  Peak North  Carolina 

Ml,  Washington New  Hampshire 

Oraefa -Jokul! Iceland .. 

Mt,  Bailey.   Califoinia 

Mt.  Pierce "         

Vol,  Hecla Iceland 

Vol,  Souffriere.. Guadaloupe 

Mt,  Marcy    New  York 

Mt.  Katahdin Maine 

Mt.  H.'tmilton California 

Mt.  Mai, -Held ,     Vermont .., 

Peak- 111' Otter Virginia 

Camel's  Humt)     .  , Vermont 

Saddleback  Mt Maine 

Mt.  Di;iblo California  I 

KimndTop  New  York 

Alleghany  Mts  .    average 

Wacliuse'tt  Mt Massachwetts 

Highlands , New  York 

Pilot  Knob   . .    — .  Missouri ' 

Mt,  Tom Massachusetts 


about 


18,800 
18.000 
17.374 
15,900 
15.675 
15.086 
14,900 
14,500 
14,412 
14,»<li 
14,000 
13,570 
13.300 
13,227 
13,-J17 
12,505 
10,0OJ 
10,000 
8,370 


8,000 
7,.JIH1 
7,-JlKI 
6,7(17 
6.42« 
6,409 
(>..357 
6,000 
5,700 
5,550 
5,379 
5,.300 
4,450 
4,4.3fl 
4,9Ci0 
4,WS 
4,001) 
3.876 
3.804 
2,500 
2,020 
1.600 
1,500 
1,200 


Elevation 
Situation.  in  feet 

aicUy 10,874 

,     ■'      10,871 

Suitzerland .  ,  10,595 

.Spain 10,551 

.  Turkey 9,745 

"       9.575 

.Greece 9.628 

Pyrenees 9.540 

,.    , 8,950 

Austria    ..  8,779 

.Corsica 8,763 

.Greece ..  8,23'J 

•'      b-,068 

highest 8,153 

Pyrenees 7,917 

Turkey 7,800 

Portugal 7,524 

.Sanlinia    ..   .. 7,000 

France  and  Sicily   6.588 

France   6,188 

•• 5.794 

.Spain 5,550 

5,397 

Germany 5,286 

,, .5.280 

highest. 5,275 

France.... 4,688 

Baden 4,675 

Austria :.., 4,613 

■'      ,   ",        ..  4,590 

Scotland— highest  in  Great  Britain..  4,406 
4,327 

"        4,095 

"        4,000 

Italy   .:     3,948 

Scotland  ...  3,945 

Harz  MU.,  Germany ,  .  3,740 

Scotland 3,720 

Wales 3,571 

highest  in  Ireland     3,414 

England 3,092 

,..  , 3,055 

3,0'i2 

Austria 3,006 


RIVERS  or  THE  WORLD. 

NORTH    AMERICA. 


I 

Viim.!s.  LenslL  in  m. 

Missouri,  to  the 
Mississippi,  ..3,100 

Missouri,  to  the 
G,  of  Mexico..  4,350 

Mississippi  , ,  3,160 
!  Mackenzie's,  fr. 
Slave  Lake.,,,    903 

Mackenzie's,  fr, 
head  of  the 
Athabasca 2,445 

■St.  Lawrence, 
from  Lake  On- 
tario     750 

St.  Lawrence, 
from  h.'ad  of 
St,  Louis  R.  .2,200 

-\riiansas 2,170 

Rio  Grande 1,300 

Red ,1,500 

Platte,  or  Ne- 
braska   1,500 

Nelson  and  Sas- 
katchawan 1,600 

Columbia, orOr- 
egon 1,200 


-Name,,  Lenpib  in  m, 

Colorado  (of  the 

West) 1,000 

Ohio 048 

Lewis, or  Snake  900 

Tennessee 6uo 

Cumberland  ...  WO 

.\ppalachicola..  BOO 

Mobile 560 

Susquehannah,  450 

James 450 

i:-.icramento 420 

Potomac 400 

Savannah 400 

-Mtamaha    .,   ,.  400 

Connecticut 400 

Minnesota 375 

Roanoke 350 

Pedee 350 

Hudson 325 

Delaware 300 

Penobscot ,   . , .  300 

Mohawk 160 

Kennebec 150 

Genesee 145 

Merrimac !10 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


Amazon 4»00D 

;  La  Plata,  from 
(   the  head  of  the 

;    Parana 2.250 

Madeira 1.800 

Paraguay 1,600 


Orinoco 

.1,590 

St,  Francisco 

.1,260 

Tocantins 

.1.100 

-^ragnay 

.1,000 

Pnrns 

.    900 

Magdalena  . . 

,    EOO 

Sierra  Nevada.  Spain 

Caucasus  Mts  .   . 

Slrili/ 

.Mt.  Olympus 

Swiss  Alps  . 
Central  Italy   . 
Pyrenees 
Carpathians 
Scandinavian  . 
Grampians 
North  Cape 


.Vts 


11,200 

lum 

9,500 
9,000 
8.900 
8400 
8.0O0 

ii.axi 

5,000 
4,500 
2,400 


EUROPE. 


Volga 2,000 

Danube 1,725 

Dnieper 1 ,230 

Don    995 

Rhine 900 

Petchora 'I'M 

Ural 810 

Tagus 050 

Rlfone (M5 

Loire 580 


Elbe,  Oder 650 

Vistula 5,30 

Seine  497 

Dneister 440 

Douro 4^jO 

Gnadiana 380 

Dwina 350 

Po 340 

Thames 220 


Mt.  Kenia 

Mt,  Kilimandjaro.     .  . 

Abba  Jared . 

Cameron  Mis. 

Peak  of  Teneriffe.  Vol, 

Mt.  Miltsin 

Red  Mts        

Mt.  Spitzkop  . 

Table  Mt 


Mt,  Ophir  .   . 
Mt.  Kini  Balu  . 
Vol.  Mauna  Loa 

Mt.  Semero  

Mt.  Erebus  .  , 
Mt.  Kosciusko. . 
Mt.  Humboldt . 


AFRICA. 

, .  Eastern  Africa                     ...  20,000 

, .  20,0011 

.  Abyssinia       15,000 

Lower  Guinea    ..     13,000 

,  Canary  Islands 12,182 

.  Morocco   .                                          .  11,400 

.  Madagascar         .  11,000 

Cape  Colony ,         .  10.250 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 3,672 

OCEANICA. 

.Sumatra 13.842 

..Borneo - 1-3,698 

, ,  Sandicich  Islands 13,1*20 

.  Java 13,000 

,   riclonaLand 12,400 

..Australia..     6,500 

.   Tasmania    6,520 


ASIA. 


Yang-tse  Kiang,2,500 

Lena 2,400 

Yenisei 2,300 

,\nioor 2,200 

Obi 2,000 

HoangHo 2,000 

Cambodia 2,000 

Irtysh 1,700 


Euphrates 1,670 

Indus 1,650 

Ganges 1,500 

Brahmaputra  ..1,500 
Amoo,  or  Oxn8,l..'i00 

Irrawaddy 1,200 

Sihon   ...   900 

Meinam 800 


AFRICA. 

Nile 4,000  I  Senegal 1,200 

Niger 2,700     Orange 1,000 

Zambeze 1,350  I  Gambia 703 


HEiaHTS  OF  SOME   INHABITED  SITES. 


^The  Grand  Divisions  of  the  Earth. 


Names 
Runechua^i 
Tarcora 
Antisana    . 
Potosi.  , 


Situation. 

. .  Peru . 

.    Village  in  Peni 

.  S^/tpnards"  hut«,  Ecuador. 
City  in  Bolitia 


Feet 
sea 


EUROPE. 


Mt,  Elboorz 

Mt.  Blanc ' '•     •'•  Alps 

Mt,  Rosa •'     in  Switzerland 

Mt,  Cervin between  Switzerland  and  Italy 

Mt,  Pelvoux France   

Finster  Aarhorn Switzerland 

Mt.  Viso betiveen  France  and  Italy 

Ortler  Spitz Austria 

Mt,  Mulahacen Spain , 

Mt.  CJenevre 11, 

Tlie  Simplon between  Sicitzerland  and  Italy 11 

Mt.  Cenis France 11, 

Maladetta nighest  of  Pyrenees 11. 

Peak  of  Valetta 11, 

Great  St,  Bernard Switzerland 11, 

Cantabrian  Mts Spain— highest 10, 

Mt,  Perdu Pyrenees 10, 


of  Caucasus 17, 

15, 
15, 
14, 
14. 
14, 
IS. 
12, 
11, 


,79fi 
,810 
,208 
,771 
,108 
,026 
,.599 
,811 
,fi«0 
,614 
,541 
,480 


Puno  . . ,    City  in  Peru 

Cuzco Bolivia 

Leh atyin  Thibet 

Quito Ecuador 

Snerman...     hitjhest  jxnnt  on  Pacific  R.  R 

HospiceofOt.  St,  Bernard,, ,1//M 

Arequipa City  in  Peru  — . . 

Mexico City...     ,,., 

Cabnl Afghanistan 

Ispahan Persia 

Jerusalem Palestine 

Madrid ,,  <Stooin 

Munich,: —   .Bavaria 

Geneva Switzerland 


above 
level. 
15,640 
13,690 
13,151 
13,3;W 
12,870 
11,381.) 
9,995 
9,543 

s.m 

7,965 
7.852 
7,400 
6,360 
4,140 
2,200 
1.995 
1,764 
1,230 


Grand  Divisions. 


Area, 


Asia I  16,415,758 

Africa 11,556,650 


North  ,\merica. 
South  .\merica 

Oceanica , , 

Europe  


9,059,927 
6,954,131 
4,3,88,025 
3,830,357 


Population. 


751,062,475 
191,000,000 
59,539,474 
27,592,600 
30,248,383 
301,753,419 


Total 1  52,2M,»48  I  1,361,196,351 


TENNESSEE. 


Places  represented  oa    the  map  by  Dombers. 


DISTANCES   AT  WHICH   MOUNTAINS 
HAVE   BEEN   SEEN. 

Mountains  Miles 

Himalaya  Mts 244 

Mt,  Ararat •. 210 

Mt,  Chimborazo  160 

Peak  of  Teneriffe 135 

Mt,  Athos,  6Tife«  ..     .  ,■ 100 


1  Troy, 

a  Dyersburg, 

3  Paris, 

4  Huntingdon, 

5  Dover, 

fi  Waverly, 

7  Ashland, 

8  SmithvUle, 

9  Livingston, 

10  Jamestown, 

11  Huntsville, 

12  MaynardsviUe, 

13  Tazewell, 

14  Rogersville, 


15  Taylorsville, 

16  Elizabethtown, 

17  Kingston. 

18  Madisonville, 

19  A.thens, 

20  Decatur, 

21  Dnnlap, 

22  McMinnviUe, 
2^3  Manchester, 

24  Waynesboro, 

25  Decaturville, 

26  Savannah, 

27  Purdy, 

28  Bolivar. 


ADDITIONAL    CITIES    AND    TOWNS. 


^ 


>MES  OF  i&ITIES  AND  1  OWNS 


lEPRESENTED  ON  THE 


APS  BY  Lumbers. 


AT-A'RAMA. 

1  Tuscumbia. 
;i  KusseUviUe. 

3  Moulton. 

4  BcUefonte. 
B  Lebanon. 

(j  Bloontsville. 

7  Center, 

8  Jackeouville. 

9  Ashville. 

10  Jasper. 

11  Pikeville. 

I  i  Fayetteville. 
]:;  llilubee. 

II  Wedoweo. 
1.5  Ro^jkford. 
H;  Marion. 

17  Linden. 

18  Crawford. 
I'j  I!ulL-r. 

20  Grove  nill. 

21  St.  St:,';)hens. 
23  Monrocville, 
S.3  Troy. 

•A  Riitlcdse. 
■  5  Ozark. 
8,i  Elba. 
27  Newton. 
2!  ."Vndaln.iia. 
21  Sparta. 

ABKiNSAS. 
1  Beutonville. 
a  Carrolltou. 
y  Jasper. 
4  Lebanon. 
.5  Slic  'man. 
0  Pilot  Hi.l. 

7  Sarithville. 

8  Ml.  Olive. 

0  Oaiuef^viUo. 
10O-e;ola. 
11  Joiie-tboro. 
Iti  liarriiibav.^. 
\i  Hatesville. 

14  .Tack.-*onport 

15  Clinton. 
lU  Ozark. 

17  CI  irksviUo. 

18  Dover. 

10  Lewir^bnrg. 
2)  .\iuii.Jt4i. 
21  Mirion. 

2J  Mt.  Vernon. 
■.:i  Clirendon. 
21  De  Wilt. 
^5  Krownsvilio. 
2j  Perryville. 
27  Diuvillo. 
23  Mr.  Ida. 
20  D  ill  >s. 
yo  Benton. 
Gl  Ro:!;port. 
:^\)  Princeton. 
;j';  .\rkansa^  Post 
34  Napoleon. 
;r»  Monticell.J. 
.3  i  Lake  Viliajo. 
o7  IlaTibnn^. ' 
.■;K  Hampton. 
.'i^  Ki  Dorado. 
•1)  Cilhoun. 
41  Lewesvillc. 
4:  Washin^rton. 
4 ;  Locksburg. 

COSN. 

1  Samekl. 

2  Vernon. 

.'!  Colchester. 
4  vVindhatn. 
.'■  i'ntnam. 
r,  Woodstock. 
'(■  Darbey. 
ii  "'rintord. 
'j  Ouilt'ord. 

CALrFOBNIA. 
1  Santa  C.uz. 
;?K-ireUi. 
"  Napa  City. 
4  OJlrov. 
:•  Brooklyn, 
(l  Piacerwlle. 
7'  Oroville. 
."  Sonora. 
r  Watsonville. 

10  Colnmbia. 

11  Monterey. 
IV  Sar,  Pablo, 
li  Yreka  C.ty. 
14  Colusa. 
ISO.li'ans  Bar. 
11:  Weaverville. 
n  Shasta  City. 
13  Susanville. 
V^  (|iiincv. 

ac  lirA  Bluff. 
21  Downieville. 
2J  Lakeport. 
23  Mbriposa. 


24  Snelling. 

25  Millerton. 
26Keysville. 
27  Havilah. 

DAKOTA. 

1  Medaiy. 

2  Maxwell. 

3  Sivan  Lake. 

4  Sioux  Falls. 

5  Bon  llonune. 
()  Vermilion. 

7  Elk  River. 

FLORIDA. 

1  Euchre  Anna. 

2  Cerro  Gordo. 

3  Holmei  Vadey 

4  Mariana. 

5  Newport. 

(1  Newnansville. 

7  Wacasassa. 

8  .\danisville. 

0  Ba>q)0rt. 

10  Enterprise. 

1 1  Tampa. 
1 J  Manatu. 
1 !  Siisaniia. 

1 1  Key  Biscayne. 

GEDSjIA. 

1  Trenton. 

2  Rin^'^old. 

3  La  F  :yette. 

4  Sunimcrville. 

5  Mor^antown. 
G  Blairsville. 

7  Dahlonega. 

8  ClarksviUe. 
0  Camesville. 

ID  Cummins- 
11  Lawrenceville. 

1  i  .JefTerson. 
1.5  Fiberton. 
11  Lin  coin  ton. 
Lj  Lexintrton. 
Ifi  Wasbinston. 
17  Watkinsvihc. 
IS  Monroe. 

10  Tallapoosa. 

2)  Campbe  It  on. 
21  C-lrroliton. 
;iJ  Franklin. 

23  Mi-Donou^b. 

24  CoviuL'ton 
2j  Greensboro. 

2  i  Warrcuton. 
27  Eilonton. 
•r^^  .Tackson. 

20  Thomaston. 
3J  ttainillon. 
31  Ta  botton. 
8!  Sandorsville. 
33  Louisville. 
31  Waynesboro. 

3)  Sylv.tni  I. 
3i  s'tatesboro. 
37  ReidsviUe. 
3S  Mt..  Vernon. 

3  *  Ilawkins. 

40  Jacksonville. 

41  Holmesville. 

4)  Irwinville. 
•4:J  Brunsv,  ick. 
'14  Waresboro. 
4i  Ma^nol-a. 
4^  XashviUc. 
47  Tronpville. 
43  Monltrie. 
4D  .\lbany. 

51  Camilla. 
51  Bainbri'lga. 
2C  .Iquii. 
53  Blakcly. 

ILLINOIS. 

1  Bclvidere. 
*;  Woodstock, 

3  Mt.  Carroll. 

4  O.-e/on. 

5  sycamore, 
(i  Geneva. 

7  .Viniervillc. 

8  YorkviUe. 
0  Morris. 

10  K  -itlisburg, 

11  Oquawka. 
M  Knoxville. 
13  Toulon. 

11  Hennepin. 
15  Lacon. 
Hi  Metamora. 
17  Ponti;ic. 
HCarllia;;e. 
10  Miconil>. 
2)  Lewiston. 
21  Havana. 
2i  Lincoln. 
2-3  :;!inton. 

24  Monticello. 

25  Pax  ton. 


26  Mt.  Sterling. 
27Rushvillj. 
2S  Beardstown. 
20  Petersbunr. 
.30  Pitlsfiekl. 

31  Winchester. 

32  Taylorsvillc. 

33  Sullivan. 

34  Tuscola. 

35  Carroilton. 
3(i  Ilardm. 

37  Jerscyville. 

38  Hillsboro. 
30  Windsor. 

40  Greenup. 

41  Marshall. 

42  EdwardsviUe. 
4;3  Greenville. 

44  ^'andalia. 

45  Elllnyham. 
40  N<';vton. 
i7  Robinson. 

43  Carlyle. 

49  Salem. 

50  Lcwisville. 

51  Vv'aterioo. 

53  Nashville. 
51  Mt.  Vernon. 

54  Fairfield. 

55  Albion. 

50  Mt.  Carmel. 

57  Chester. 

58  Piukncyvillo. 

59  Benton. 

CO  McLeansboro. 

61  Murphysboro. 

62  Marion. 

63  Harrisburg. 

64  Joncsboro. 

65  Vienna. 

66  Golconda. 

67  Elizabeth. 

68  Thebes. 

09  Ctledoula. 
70  Metropolis. 

INDIANA. 

1  Crown  Point. 

2  Valparaiso. 

3  La  GraUL^c. 

4  .\ntrola. 

5  Knox. 

(i  Plymouth. 

7  ^  .'arsaw. 

8  Albion. 

9  Aubiun. 

10  Rensselaer. 

11  Winamac. 
1.1  Rochester. 

13  Columbia. 

14  Kent. 

15  Monticello. 
10  Wabash. 

17  Huntington. 
13  Blull'ton. 
10  Decatur. 

20  Oxford. 

21  Delphi 

22  Kokoma. 

23  Marion. 

24  Hartford. 

25  Portland. 

20  Williamsport. 
27  Coviutrtou. 
2-1  Frankfort. 
20  Tipton. 

30  Anderson. 

31  Wincheeter. 
3i  Lebanon. 
3j  Newcastle. 

34  .Newport. 

35  Danville. 
30  Greenfield. 
37  Centreville. 
3:3  Rockviile. 

.30  BowlingGroon 

40  ypcnccr. 

41  MartinsviUc. 
4:  Franklin. 

4 )  Shelbyville. 
41  Rusbville. 
45  tJonnorsville. 
4'J  Liberty. 
47  Sullivan. 
4S  Bloomfleld. 
40  niooraington. 

50  Nashville. 

51  Oreensburg. 
53  Brookville. 
53  Washington. 
51  Dover  Hill. 
B"!  Bedford. 

5G  Rrownstown. 
57  Vernon. 
53  Versailles. 
50  Princeton. 
6t  Petersburg. 
fil  -laspcr. 
6!  Paoli. 
63  Salem. 
6-1  Lexington. 
65  Vcvay. 


CO  Rising  Sun. 
ti'  Mt.  \  ernon. 
(33  Booneville. 

69  Rockport. 

70  Rome. 

71  Fredonia. 

72  Co'-ydon. 

73  Charleston. 

IOWA. 

1  Estberville. 

2  Forest  coy. 

3  Mitchell. 

4  Cresco. 

6  Waterman. 

6  Emmettsburg. 

7  Upper  Grove. 

8  ilason  City. 

9  Charles  City. 

10  Bradford. 

11  West  Union. 

12  El  Kader. 

13  Spencer. 

14  Rolfe. 

15  Dakota, 
lu  Ontaiio. 
17  Hampton. 
13  ClarksviUe. 
10  Melbourne. 
2.1  Ida. 

21  Sac  City. 
2y.  Lake  City. 
2^3  Webster. 

24  El  lora. 

25  Urandy. 
20  Delhi. 

27  Carroilton. 
2^  Jeflerson. 
20  Boonesboro. 

30  Nevada. 

31  Tok'do. 
3J  Vinton. 
S3  Marion. 

34  Bellevue. 

35  Magnolia. 
30  Harlan. 

37  Esira. 

38  Panora. 
30  Adel. 

40  Newton. 

41  Montezuma. 

42  Marengo. 
4!  Tipton. 

44  Lewis. 

45  Fontanelle. 
40  ^\'iutersot. 

47  ludianola. 

48  Pella. 

40  Sigourney. 

50  Red  Oak. 

51  Qumcy. 

52  Alton. 

53  Osceola. 

54  Albia. 

53  Fairfield. 
50  Wapello. 
57  Sidney. 
53  Clarinda. 
50  Bedford. 
6)  Ml.  Ayr. 
61  Leon, 
02  Corydon. 
0->  Cenlreville. 

64  Bloomlli-M. 

65  Keosantjue, 

KANSAS. 

1  Kirwin, 

2  Gaylord. 

3  Belleville. 

4  Washington, 

5  Marj-sviUe, 

6  Seneca. 

7  Hiawatha. 

8  Troy. 
'.)  Bcloit, 

10  Clay  Centre, 

11  Louisville, 
l.i  Holton. 

13  Manhattan. 
11  Oskaloosa. 
15  Hays. 
10  Russell.  ■ 
)!  Salina. 
13  Abilene. 
10  .\lma. 
*.vj  Burlingame. 
■'I  Marioii. 
i;.3Cottonw'dF'l9 
;.!  Mound  City. 
21  Eldorado. 
25  Eureka. 
20  Sumner. 
27  Winfleld. 
SO  Fredonia. 
20  Girard. 

30  Pern. 

31  Independence. 

KENTirCKY. 
1  Burlington. 


2  Independence. 

3  .\lesandria. 

4  VVarsaw. 

5  Vv  illiamstov.'n 

6  Falmouth. 

7  Washinirton. 

8  Clarksburg. 

9  Greenupsb'". 

10  Bedford. 

11  Carroll!  on. 

12  Oweuton. 

13  Cynthiana. 

14  Carlisle. 

15  Fleming&burj 
10  Morehead. 

1  i  Grayson. 

13  Catlettsburg. 
10  Taylcrsvillo. 

20  Lawrenceburg 

21  Georgetown. 

22  \\  iuchester. 
2.3  Mt,  Sterling. 
^  Owingsx'ille. 

25  West  Liberty. 

26  Louisa. 

27  Hardinsburg. 

28  Bardstown. 

29  SprinfflielO. 

30  Harro"dsimrg. 

31  Nicholasville. 

32  Richmond, 

33  Irvine, 

34  Salversville. 
36  Paintville. 

36  Morganfleld, 

37  Dixon. 

38  Calhoun. 
30  ilartlcrd. 

40  Liichfuld. 

41  llodgiuville. 
40  Lebanon. 
4;3  Stanford. 

14  Lancastci-. 
45  McKee. 

4(»  Booneville. 
4(  J.'.ckson. 
43  Prestonburg. 
4>  Piketon. 
M  DIandvillo. 
51  Smithlaii.t. 
5;  Marion. 
.^.3  Eddyville. 
.54  Princeton. 
55  Madisor.viUe. 
5  i  Greenville. 
57  Morgantown. 
5^  Brownsville, 
.59Munf'(lsville. 

60  Grcensburg, 

61  Liberty, 

62  Mt,  Vcruon, 
03  London. 

O^t  Manclu'Ster. 
fi5  Hazard. 
(6  Whitcsburg, 
67  C-inton. 

63  M-iyflold. 
6 )  Murray. 

70  Cadiz. 

71  Elkton. 
7i  Fraukhn. 
73  Scottsville. 
74Tomi)kin8v"le. 
7  >  Gla^^gow. 

70  BurkesviUe, 
77  Columbia. 
73  .Jamestown, 
70  Ad^any. 
SOMonlieello, 
81  Somerset. 
8 '  Williamsbnrg. 
tti  Barboursville. 
t:4  Mt.  Pleasant. 

LOUISIANA. 

1  Belleview. 

2  Homer. 

S  Farmcravillo. 
-!  Bastrop. 

5  Providence. 

6  Ri'-lnnond. 

7  Wi  insboro'. 

8  Columbii, 

9  Vernon, 

10  Wi.iiicld. 
U  Mansfield. 

1  -I  Grand  Cane. 

13  Manny. 

14  Harrisonburg. 

15  St.  Joseph. 
10  Vidalia- 

17  Alexandria. 
lOMirksvillc. 
10  Point  Coir  c.-'. 

20  W.Baton  U'ge 

21  L':'bon. 

22  Hou'iia. 
23(;o-.inglon. 

24  Fmiklinton. 

25  Oreensburg. 
20Clinlon. 

27  St.Francisv'le 


MAINE. 

1  Machias. 

2  Princeton. 

3  Mattawamk'g. 

4  Steuben. 

5  Eulickl./ 

6  Dover. 

7  Frankfort. 

8  Liucolnville. 

0  Bloomfleld. 

10  Newport. 

11  EeaiUield. 

12  .Jay. 

13  Bethel. 

14  Paris. 

MARYLAND. 

1  Westminster. 

2  Elkton. 

3  Ches'erfown. 

4  Rockviile. 
SPr.Frcd'kton. 

6  Port  Tobacco. 

7  Cambridge. 

8  Leouardtown. 

MASS. 

1  Fitohburg. 

2  Clinton. 

3  Miiford. 

4  Abington. 
B  Attleboro. 
6  Deerfleld. 

MICHIGAN. 

1  Houghton, 

2  Crossville. 

3  .'VlTiena. 

4  Sherman. 

5  Midland. 

6  Vassar- 

7  LexiuL'ton. 

8  St-  J'  hn. 

9  Corunna. 
10  Allegan, 
n  Hastings. 

12  Charlotte. 

13  Mason, 

14  Howell. 

15  Pawpaw. 

16  Berrien. 

17  Cassopolis. 

18  Centreville. 

MINNESOTA, 

1  OttertailCity. 

2  Long  Prairie. 

3  Little  Falls. 

4  Hanover. 

5  Bninswick. 

6  Fortuna. 

7  Twin  Lakes. 

8  Alexandria. 

9  Winthrop- 

10  Sauk  Centre, 

11  Watab. 

12  Cambridge. 

13  Chengwatana. 
11  liar.  ison. 

15  Forest  City. 

16  Monticello, 

17  Orono, 

18  Taj-lor's  Falls. 
10  (ilcncoe. 

20  Chaska, 

21  Beaver. 

22  New  Ulm. 

23  Le  Sueur. 

24  Watonwan. 

25  Madelia, 

26  Wilton. 

27  Mantnrville. 

28  Gretchtown, 
■c9  .Tackson. 

30  Fairmonnt. 
:jl  Albert  Lea. 
32  Caledonia. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

1  H(>mando. 

2  .Vusiins. 

3  Ripley. 

4  Fulton, 

5  Pontotoc. 

6  Coffeeville. 

7  Cbarlcston. 

8  Friar's  Point. 

9  Bolivar, 

10  McNutt. 

11  Carroilton. 

12  Greensboro'. 

13  Starkville. 

14  Kosciusko. 

15  !  exington. 
1  i  Mxon. 

17  De  Kali). 
13  Philadelo'iia. 

19  Yazoi  City. 

20  Biandon. 


21  Raleigh, 

22  Paulding, 
23 -Quitman. 
24  Winchester, 
^5  EUi:  ville. 

26  Williamsburg 

27  Gallaliii. 

28  Port  Gibson. 

29  Woodvillo. 
3J  Liberty. 

31  Holmesville. 
02  .^nansta. 
38  Leaksville. 
aiMississip'iCy, 

Missouai. 

1  Rockport. 

2  MaryviJle. 

3  Grant  City. 

4  Albany. 

5  Bethany. 

6  Princeton. 

7  UnionviUe. 
s  Lancaster. 

9  Sle  iiphis. 
1 1  Waterloo. 
11  Maysville. 
li  Trenton. 

13  Milan- 

14  KirksviUe. 

15  Edina. 

16  Monticello. 

17  Kingston. 

18  Linneus. 

10  Bloomington. 

20  ShelbyviUe. 

21  Palmyra. 

22  Carrolltou. 

23  Huntsville. 

24  Paris. 

25  New  London. 

26  BowlinirGrcen 

27  Marshall. 

28  Fayette. 

29  Colnmbia. 

30  Fulton. 

31  Danville. 

32  Warrenton. 
M  Troy. 

34  Harrisonvillc. 
:35  Warsaw. 
30  Versailles. 
.37  Tuscnmbia. 
38  Union. 
30  Hill6l;oro. 

40  Osceola. 

41  Hermitage. 

42  Linn  Cieek. 
4:3  Kolla. 
44Steelvillo. 
45  Famiinglon. 
40  St-  Genevieve. 

47  PcrryviUe. 

48  Lamar. 
40  Stockton, 

50  Bolivar. 

51  Buffalo. 

52  Waynesvi  le. 

53  Salem. 

54  Lesterville. 

55  ?'rederickto'n. 
50  Jackson. 

57  I  anhage. 
BS  Mt.  Vernon. 
5.1  Ozark. 

00  Marshfie'd. 

01  Ilartvillo. 
(i2  Houston. 
63  Eminence, 
S4  Greenville. 
65  Benton. 

6(>  PinevJile. 
07  CasBville. 

68  Galena. 

69  Forsylh. 

70  Vera  Cniz. 

71  Gainesville. 

72  West  Plain  . 

73  Tomasvill'-. 

74  Poplar  rlnlf. 

75  Bloomfl.ld. 

76  Cliarleslon. 

77  New  Madrid. 

NiBRifKA. 

1  St.  James. 

2  Ponca. 

3  Antelope. 

4  Piei-ce. 

B  La  Porto. 

6  Clinton. 

7  West  Point. 
a  Tckam:i. 

9  Schnyler. 

10  Savannah. 
i  11  Osceola. 

12  Ashland. 

13  Rclle\ue. 

11  Orrville, 
IB  York. 
10  Henry. 

17  Pleasant  mil. 


18  Hebron. 

19  Tecumseh. 

20  Pawnee  City. 

NEVADA. 

1  Stillwater, 

2  La  Plata, 

3  Aurora. 

4  Hiko. 

5  Hnmboldt. 

6  Belmont. 

NEW  HAMP. 

1  Gcrham. 

2  Dalton- 

3  Conway. 

4  Moulto'nboro. 

5  Orford. 

6  \V  arj  en. 

7  Grafton. 

8  Sa  isbiUT, 

9  Amherst. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

1  Newton. 

2  Sumnierville. 

3  Fleminiiton. 

4  Freehokl. 
B  Mt.  Holly. 

6  Tom's  River. 

7  Woodbuiy. 

8  Belvi:'.ere. 

9  Salem. 

NEW  YORK. 

1  Malone. 

2  Mayville. 

3  Little  V:dley. 

4  Warsaw. 

B  Sandy  Hill. 

6  Monticello. 

7  Goshen. 

8  ClarksTown. 
n  Taro'town. 

N.  CAROLINA. 

1  Jetrorson, 

2  Boone, 

3  Wilkesboro'. 

4  D:jnbury. 

5  Winston. 

6  Wentworth. 

7  Y.anceyville. 

8  (Jialiam. 

9  IlTlbboro'. 

10  Roxboro'. 

11  Liaiishurg. 
13  Warrenton. 

13  n  lifnx. 

14  Winton. 

15  Gatesvlllc. 

16  Elizabeili  City 

17  Willianiston, 

18  Hertford. 

19  Greenville. 

30  Onslow. 

21  Keenansville. 
22CIirton. 
2:!  Smithville. 
'..'4  Whitesville. 
25  Lumberton. 
VG  Rockingham, 
■  7  C:u-thage. 
23  Pittsboro'. 
2;i  .*-shboro'. 
:iO  Troy  . 

31  Wadesboro' 
3.J  Monroe, 

:.';3  LexinL'ton, 
31  Concoi'd. 
;35  Mock.ville. 
ai  TaylorsviUe. 
37  Newton. 
3s  Lip-coluton, 
.30  Dallas, 

40  Shelby. 

4 1  Rni  herfordton 
43  Columbus, 

4  :  Wavnesvillc, 
41  Franklin, 
45  Murphy, 

OHIO, 

1  Fryan. 

2  Wauser'D. 

3  Periysburg. 

4  Clinton. 

5  Bellevue. 

6  Elyria 

7  Pail  esvillo. 
R  Clu'K'or.. 

9  Jefferson. 

10  D-11  nee. 

11  N  poleon. 

12  Paultiing. 

13  K  lida. 

14  Up. Sandusky. 

15  BucviTis. 

16  A  hland. 

17  Medina. 


IS  Ravenna. 
19  Warren. 
2(1  Canfleld. 
81  Van  Wert. 

22  Celina. 

23  Wapakoneta. 

24  Kenton. 

25  Marien. 

26  Mt.  Gilead. 

27  Mt.  Vernon. 
i8  Wooster. 
'..9I.Iillrrsburg. 
Zti  New  Phila. 

:  1  Carroilton. 

32  New  Lisbon. 

33  Sidney. 

?A  Bellefontaine. 
.?5  Greenville. 
:;6  Troy. 
,S7  Marysville. 
38  Coshocton. 
:  9  Cadi!!. 

40  Eaton. 

41  London. 

42  Lancaster. 

43  Somerset 
41  Cambridge. 
45  St.  Claireville. 
40  Lebanon. 

47  Wilmington. 
43  Washington. 

49  Loean. 

50  McConnellsT. 

51  Sarahsville. 
fa  Woodlield. 

53  McArthur. 

54  Athens, 

55  Batavia. 

ro  Geoi-gefown. 

57  West  ITnion. 

58  P  kcton. 

59  Jackson. 

60  Gallipolis. 

OREGON. 

1  Forest  Grove. 

2  East  Fori  land. 

3  JacksonviUe. 

4  Astoria. 

5  Rauier. 

PENNSYLV'A. 

1  Mercer. 

2  Butler. 

3  Brookville. 

4  Emporium. 

5  Coudersport. 
0  Sunbury. 

7  Miiford. 

8  Doylestown. 

0  Lebanon. 

I  >  McCoi  'clbb'g 

II  Ebensburg. 

12  Indiara. 

13  Kit  tanning. 

14  Somerset. 

15  Uniontown. 

16  Waynesburg. 

17  Lewisburg. 

S-  CAROLINA. 

1  Anderson. 

2  Spartanburg. 

3  Yorkville. 

4  LaureneviUc. 

5  Unicaiville. 

6  Chest  erville. 

7  Lancaster. 

8  Chesteificld.  ' 

9  Marion. 

10  Camden. 

1 1  Edeedi  Id. 

1  i  (5raiigcburg. 
1-3  Kintistree. 
M  Barnwell- 
IB  Waterboro'. 

TENN.  (opp.  p.) 

TEXAS. 

1  B(nibam. 

2  Paris. 

:'.  Mt.  Pleasant. 

4  Henderson, 

5  Jasper. 

(5  Fort  Duncan. 
7  San  Patricio. 
.'■'.  Corvalitas. 
9  RioGrandeCy. 

UTAH. 

1  Wilard  City. 

3  Promontory. 

3  Harmony. 

4  Uintah. 

5  Lchi. 

VERMONT. 

1  Newport. 

2  Irasbnrg. 

3  Hyde  Park. 


4  Chelsea. 

5  Fayetteville, 

6  Shaftesbury. 

VIRGINIA. 

1  Woodstock. 

2  Front  Royal. 

3  Warrenton. 

4  Washington, 
B  Luray. 

6  Culpepper, 

7  Madison. 

8  Stanardville. : 
9Spotls,vlvania, 

10  Monterey. 

11  Bowl'g  Oreen, 

12  Louisa. 

13  Tappahan'ock 

14  Ilanover. 

15  Heathsville, 

16  Lancaster. 

17  Saluda, 

18  Smithfleld. 

19  Surry. 

20  Prince  George 

21  Suffolk. 

52  Jerusalem, 

23  Sussex. 

24  Goochland. 

25  Powhatan. 

26  Amelia. 

27  Nottoway. 

28  Lnncnburg, 
S9Boydlon. 
30  Chailolte. 

.'1  Ap'mat'xC.H. 

32  Lo\ingston. 

33  Amherst, 

34  Campbell, 

36  Pittsylvania. 
30  MarlinsviUe. 

37  Rocky  Mount. 

38  Filica'ptle. 

39  New  castle. 

40  Cbrif  liansb'g. 

41  Paiisburg. 

42  Patrick. 

43  Hillsville. 
41  Bbnd. 

45  Maricn. 
40  Buchanan. 
47  Gladesviller 
4S  EstUlville. 

WASH.  TER. 

1  Montesnno. 

2  Ovsterville. 

3  Port  Madison. 

4  Calhlaniet. 

5  SnohomishCy. 

W.  VIRGINIA. 

1  St.  Mary's. 

2  Clarksburg. 

3  New  Creek. 

4  Bath- 

5  Romney. 
0  Grant. 

7  Mooreficld. 

8  Franklin. 

0  St.  George. 

10  Harrisville. 

11  Graulsville. 

12  Spencer. 

13  Jackson. 

14  Clay. 

15  Hamlin. 

16  Wayne. 

17  Ballardsville. 

18  Perrysvillo. 

WISCONSIN. 

1  Grantsburg, 
2St,CroixFalls. 

3  Prescott. 

4  Meiiomonee. 
B  Neillsville, 

0  Wansau, 

7  Sturgeon  Bay. 

8  Popln, 

9  Fountain  City. 

10  <  'alesvUle. 

11  Black  E.FallB, 

12  Grand  Rapids, 

13  riovcr, 

14  Mnkwa. 

15  K<  waunee. 
10  Viroiiua. 

17  New  Lii  bon. 

18  Ft,  Atkinson, 
10  M:inteIlo- 

20  W  anioma. 

21  Chilton. 
2:i  Richland. 
2:3  Paraboo. 
2-1  Juneau. 

25  West  Bend. 
20  Ozaukee. 

27  Lancaster. 

28  Jeflerson. 

29  Elkhom. 

30  Waupaca. 


TABLES. 


POPULATION,  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


From  the  Census  of  1870. 


GEORGIA. 


la 


ALABAMA, 

Mobile S2,CG4!Savannali....  23,235 

Montgomery.  10,5SS  "   '  ~    -^  ^ 

Selms 6,4ai 


ARIZONA. 
Tucson 3,224 

ARK'ANSAC. 

Little  Rock..  12,3S0 
Pine  Bluff....     8,081 

Helena 2,4)9 

Fort  Smith..     2,227 

CALIFORNIA. 

S.  B'rancisco.  140,473 
Sacramento..  16,283 


Oakland 

10,600 

Stockton  . . . . 

10,066 

San  Jose  . . . . 

9,089 

Gras3  Valley. 

7,063 

Vallejo 

6,391 

Los  Anpeles. 

5,723 

Marysvilic . . . 

4,738 

Petalnraa  — 

4,588 

Nevida 3,986 

CONNECTICUT. 


New  Haven..  50,843 

Hartford 37,133 

Bridgeport  ..  19,063 

Norwicll 16,653 

Norwalk 12,113 

Waterbury...  1D,328 
Stamford....    9,714 
KewBritaia.    9,433 

COLORADO. 

Denver 4.751 

Central  City. 

.  2,363 

DELAWARE. 

Wilmington..  3D,&tl 
Suvrna..  ...  2,11} 
N3W  Castle..  1,913 
Djvo;- 1,9J8 

CIST.  C0LU:!II3IA. 

^7a3llin^ton.  109,199 
Georgetown.    11,334 

FLORIDA. 

Jacksonville..  6,912 

Pensacola 3,347 

Tallahassee...  2,023 


Atlanta 

21,789 

Au^rusta  — 

15,389 

Macon 

10,810 

Columbus... 

7,401 

.'Vtheus 

4.261 

imiedgeviUo 

2,750 

Rome  

2,74S 

Araericus... 

3,259 

ILLINOIS. 

Chicago 

293,977 

^uincy 

Peoria 

24,052 

22,819 

Springfield... 
Bloomington 

17,36-1 

14,590 

Aurora 

11,162 

Rockford  .... 

11,049 

Galesburx  . . . 

10,158 

TacksouviUo . 

9,203 

.ilton  

8,665 

Belleville... 

8,146 

Rock  Island.. 

7,390 

Freeport 

7.889 

Ottawa 

7,73fi 

Joliet 

7,263 

Decatur 

7,101 

Gtalcna. .... .. 

7,019 

Pekiu 

5,693 

E.  St.  Loola.. 

5,6i-l 

La  Salle 

5,200 

Kankakee 

6,ino 

Danville 

•J.'Ol 

Monmouth... 

4,G33 

SVaukegan.. . 

4,507 

Moline 

4,1Cj 

Dixon  

4,035 

Sterling 

8,9:<3 

Litchfield.... 

S,8j2 

Warsaw 

3,533 

Mondota 

8,.>13 

Canton  

8,303 

Contralia 

8,100 

.Morris 

3,133 

INDIANA. 

rndianapolis. 
Evansville. .. 

43,W! 

21,83) 

Fort  Wayne. . 

17,71  j 

Terre  Haute . 

io,ia3 

Xew  Albany . 

15,396 

Lafavette   ... 

13,500 

Madison 

10,70f 

Richmond . . . 

9,445 

Logansport . . 

8,950 

Jeffersonvill* 

7,254 

South  Bend., 

7,203 

La  Porte 

6,531 

Michigan  City  3,9,35 

Peru 

3,617 

Crawfordsville  8,701 

IOWA. 

Davenport . . . 

Dubuque 

Burlmgton... 

Keokuk 

Des  Moinei: . . 
Council  Bluffs 
Muscatine  . . . 

Clinton 

Cedar  Rapids 

Iowa  City 

Ottumwa 

Waterloo 

Mt.  Pleasant. 

Lyons 

Port  Madison 
Sioux  City. .. 
Marshalltown 
Oskaloosa  . . . 
Fort  Dodgo . . 
Cedar  Fails . . 
Independence 
Washington  . 

Waverly 

Dccorah 

.\namosa 

McGregcr 

Chariton 


Donaldsonville  1,573 


20,033 
13,-til 
14,'.130 
12,7U(; 
12,0:35 
10,020 
6,';'18 
6,129 
hMQ 
5,914 
5,214 
4,.337 
4,243 
4,')33 
4,011 
3.401 
3,21S 
3,204 
3,095 
3,070 
2,E 
2,5i5 
2,201 
2,110 
2,083 
2,074 
1,738 


KANSAS. 

Leavenworth.  17,^ 

Lawrence 3,;320 

Atchison 7,054 

Topeka 5,790 

Fort  Scott...    4,174 

Ottawa   2,')41 

Wyandotte...  2.940 
Emporia 2,103 

KENTUCKY. 

LonisviUc...  100,753 
Covingtsa  . . .  24,5i35 

^fcwport 15,037 

Lexington . . ,  14,801 
Paducah.  ...  6,863 
Frankfort. . . .  6,396 
MaysviUo ....  4,705 
3owling  Green  4,574 
Henderson. . .  4,171 
Owensboro . .  3,437 
Verseilles. ...  3,263 
Hopkinsvillo.    8,136 

Danville 2,542 

Shelbyville...    2,180 

LOUISIANA. 

New  Orleans.  191 ,41 3 
Baton  Rouge.  6,943 
Sbreveporf...     4,607 

Monroe 1,910 

Thibodeauz..    1.032 


Opelousas  . 
New  Iberia  . . 
Plaquemines. 
Natchitoches. 
Franklin 

MAINE. 

Portland 31,413 


1,546 

1,472 
1,460 
1,401 
1,265 


Bangor . . . 
Lewiston . 
BidJeford. 
Augusta . . 

Bath 

Rockland . . 


18,289 
13,600 
10,282 
7,808 
7,371 
7,074 


Auburn 6,169 

Calais 6,944 

Belfast 5,278 

Hallowell....  3,007 

MARYLAND. 

Baltimore 2o7,.3.M 

Frederic!; 8,526 

Cumberland 
Hagerstown 
Annapolis  . . 

Easton 

Salisbury . . . 


,056 
5,779 
5,744 
2,113 
2,064 


MASSACHUSETTS 

Boston 2.50,52G 

Worcester.. .  41,105 

Lowell 40,!K8 

Cambridge...  39,034 

Lawrence 28,921 

Charleatown.  38,320 

Lynn 28,2-30 

Pall  River  ...  26,760 
Springfield...  26,733 

Salem 

Sew  Bedford 
Taunton...  . 

Chelsea 

Gloucester... 
Haverhill 


24,117 
21  ..320 

i8,c;r 

13,M7 
15,330 
13,092 


Newburyport  12,595 

MICHIGAN. 

Detroit 79,577 

Grand  Rapids  10,53/ 

.Jackson 11,417 

E.  Saginaw..  11,:333 

Adrian 8,4.33 

Kalamazoo..    9,131 

Saginaw 7,460 

Ann  Arbor...     7..3&3 

Bay  Citv 7,064 

Muskegon  , . .  6,002 
Portllnron..  5,973 
Battle  Creek.  5,833 
YpsUanti 5,471 


Flint 

Lansing 

Monroe . 

Marshall 

Pontiac 

Niles 

Cold  Water  . 

HiUsdalo 

Manistee 

Wyandotte. . . 

Owasso 

St.  Clair 

La  Peer 

Big  Rapiuc... 


5,386 
5,241 
5,086 
4,925 
4,867 
4,630 
4,381 
3,518 
3,.313 
2.731 
2,066 
1,790 
1,772 
1,227 


MINNESOTA. 

St.  Paul 

Minnoapolio  . 

Winona 

St.  Anthony.. 
Red  Wing  . .  . 
Stillwater.  .. 

Rochester 

ilankato 

Hastings 

Duluth 

Faribault 

St.  Cloud  .... 

St.  Peter 2,124 

Owatonna  . . .    2,070 

Austin 2,C39 

ShakopeoCity  1,317 

MISSISSIPPI. 


50,030 
13,i3CC 
7,192 
5,013 
4,260 
4,124 
8,953 
8,482 
3,438 
3.131 
8,045 
2.101 


Vicksburg . . . 

Natchez 

Columbus 

Jackson  

Holly  Springs 

.\berdeen 

Grenada 


9,037 
4,012 
4  23^1 

%m 

2,022 
l,8Si 


MISSOURI. 

St.  Louis 310,86J 

Kansas  City..  33,260 
St.  Joseph...  19,563 
Hannibal . . 
St.  Charle 


prin^field. 
Sedalia  . 


10,123 
5,570 
6,555 
4,560 

Jefferson  City  4,420 
Lexington .. .  4,373 
Chillicotho. . .    3,973 

Macon 8,673 

Louisiana 8,639 

Cape  Girardeau  3.535 
Boonevillo.. .  3,506 
Independence  3.1f^ 
Warrensburg    2,945 

Palmyra 2,615 

Mexico 2,602 

Pleasant  Hill.    2,554 


NEBRASKA. 

Omaha 16,083 

Nebraska 6,030 

NEVADA, 

Virginia 7,048 

GoldHiU....    4,311 

Hamilton 3,913 

Carson  City..    3,012 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Manchester . .  25,5.36 

Concord  ....  12,241 

Nashua 10,513 

Dover 9,294 

Portsmouth..  9,211 

NEW  JERSEY, 

Newark 105,059 

Jersey  City  . .  82, .546 

Pateri>on 33,579 

Trenton SB,874 

Elizabeth 20,S32 

Hoboken 20,297 

Camden 23,045 

N.  Brunswick  13,058 

Orange   9,348 

Bridgeton 6,830 

Rahway 6,253 

Millville 6,101 

Burlington...    6,81' 
Plaintleld ....    6,093 

Union 4,640 

HaiTiBon 4,139 

NEW  MEXICO. 

Santa  Fe.,  ..    4,705 

NEW  YORK. 

New  York... 943,2!>; 
Brooklyn..... 396,099 

Buffalo 117,714 

Albany 69,422 

Rochester....  62,386 

Troy 46,405 

Syracuse 43,051 

Utica 28,804 

Oswe-ro....    ,  20,910 
Ponghkeepsio  20,080 

Auburn 17,223 

Nowburgh...  17,041 

Elmira 15,363 

Cohoes 15,.357 

Binghamton  .  12,692 
Lockport ... 
Schenectady 

Rome 

West  Troy.. 

Rondont 10ill4 

Ogdensburg..  10,076 


Watertown  . .    9,336'Norristowti . . 

Hudson 8,615  .\ltoona 

Ithaca 8,462  Wilkeebarre. 

Saratoga  Spr.    7,516  Titusville 

New  Brighton   7,495,Danville 

Meadville 

MORTH  CAROLINA.  Lockhaven... 
Wilmington  .  13,44..; '''',!!L™- 


VERMONT. 


790 


12,426 
11,026 
11,000 
10,693 


Raleigh... 
Newbeme  . . . 
Fayetteville.. 
Charlotte  .... 

OHIO. 

Cincinnati . . 
Cleveland . . , 

Toledo 

Columbus... 

Dayton 

Sandusky. . 
Springfield. , 
Hamilton . . . 
Portsmouth..  10^592 


Lebanon. 


6  84')^^'''^*1<' 

^•SojColumbia.... 

J'5?oCarbondalc.. 

*'*''^  ChambersbUTi 

New  Castle.. 

Johnstown. . . 

Tamaqua 

St-  Clair 

Ashland 

81,274'We9tchester.    5,6-30 
30,473  Mahanoy 5,533 


.216,239 
-  93,829 

.  31,.584 


13,000 
12,652 
11,081 


ZanesviUe 

-\kron 

Chillicothe... 

Canton 

Steubenvillc . 
Yonngsto\Tn. 

Mansfield 

Newark 6,G98 

Xenia 6,377 

Piqua, 6,907 

Pomeroy 5,334 

Ironton 8,636 

Delaware 6,641 


10,011 
10.006 
8,920 
8,GG0 
8,10' 
8,075 
8,039 


RHODE  ISIAHQ. 

Providence  . .  68,001 
Newport 12,521 


10,753] 

fu'flU'Burlington...  14,387 

„'y.,4  Rutland 9,834 

J,' jg„  Bennington..    2,501 

7'l03i^'^''S'^°°^^---     1.570 

6,'9M6 

6,760|        VIRGINIA. 

Ji'^^^'' Richmond  .. .  61,038 

J^'ViJVNorlolk 19,299 

J:'™i;Peter6bnrg...  18,950 
t,.JJ3;  Alexandria...  13,570 
6,308.  Portsmouth..  10,492 
^A^'Lynchburg...  6,825 
6-638;Wincheeter..  4,477 
5.960, Fredericksburg4,046 

5.^26, DanviUo 3,463 

5, '  14  Lexington  .. .  2,873 
Charlottesville  2,838 
Manchester..    2,599 

Hampton 2,300 

Harrisonburg    2,036 


SOUTH  CARGLINA 

Charleston.. . 

Columbia 

Greenville  . . . 
Georgetown . 


48,936 
9,398 
2,7S7 
2,080 


TENNESSEE. 
Memphis 40,226 


Nashville . . . 


Fremont 5;453  ^uoxvilb 


Wooster 6,419 

CirclevUle  . . .  5,407 

Marietta 5,218 

OREGON. 

Portland 8,293 

Oregon  City.  I,SS2 

Dalles 912 

Forest  Grove  D22 

Eugene  City .  861 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Philadelphia. 674, 022 
"'■■  "  86,076 

53.130 
35,092 
3:3,933 
23,104 
20,233 


Pittsburg 
Ai:?gheny . 
Scrantou. . . 
Reading . . . 
Harrisburg 
Lancaster.. 
Erie. 


Chattanooga. 

Jackson  

Murfreesboro 
Clarksville.. 
Columbia . . . 
Brownsville 


26,865 
8,082 
6,093 
4,119 
3,502 
3,200 
2,550 
2,45- 


TEXAS 

Galveston....  18,818 
San  Antonio.  12,266 


Houston . . 
Brownsville 
Jefferson. . . 
Victoria  . . . 
Brenham. . . 
Laredo. 


9,382 
4,905 
4,190 
2,5.34 
2,221 
S,M6 
Austin 4,.12S 

UTAH. 


19,646!SaIt  Lake  City  12,854 

Williamsport  16,a30|Ogden 0,127 

.\Uentown...  13,884:  Provo 2,384 

Pottsville 13,384  Logan 1,757 

York ILoaSiMt.  Pleasant.    1,346 

Easton 10,987  Brigham  City    1,315 


WASHINGTON  TER. 

Walla  Walla..     1,394 

Olvmnia 1,203 

Seattle 1,107 

WEST  VIR6INIA. 

Wheeling....  19,280 
Parkersburg.  5,546 
Mdrtinsburg .  4,868 
Charleston...    3,183 

Grafton 1,987 

Moundsville .    1,500 

WISCONSIN. 

Milwaukee. . .  71,440 
Fond  du  Lac.  12,764 
Oshkosh. . . 

Racine 

Madison . . . 
Janesviilc. . 
La  Crosse.. 
Watertown 
Sheboygan. 
Manitowoc  . 
Green  Bay . 
Appleton  . . , 

Beloit 4,396 

Kenosha 4.309 

Portage 8,915 

Monroe 8,408 

Mineral  Point  3,275 
Beaver  Dam..    3,265 

Ripon 2,976 

Berlin 2,777 

Prairie  duChion2,700 

Neenah 2,666 

Oconto 2,655 

Waukesha . . .    2,683 


12,633 
9,680 
9,176 
8,789 
7,785 
7,550 
5,310 
6,188 
4,606 
4,513 


HISTOBICAL  TABLE  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


States  and  Territories.  Where  CeUled.  By  Whom  Settled.      When.  When  Admitted.    s*.Mtles.       ''laTo" 

New  Mexico i:anta  Fe Spanish,  in 1549  121.201  Ill,.3'j3 

Florida St.  Auousiine SnanUh 1565 March  3,  1845 50,26s 188,248 

Virginia Jamestown English 1607 June  26,  1788 38,348 1,225,163 

NewYork Albany  and  New  York.  Dutch 1614..        ''      "'   

Massachusetts Plymouth English 1620. . 

New  Jersey Bergen Butch  and  Danes 1620 . . 

New  Hampshire Domr English lOJt.. 

Main; To-k English 1630.. 

Connecticut Windsor  .  "    * 

Maryland St.  Man/, 


..July    26,  1788 47,000 4::3S7,461 

..Feb.      5,  1783 7,800 1,457,351 

..Dec.    18,  1787 8.320 906,096 

-June  21,  1788. 9,280 318,300 

. .  March  5,  1820 .35.000 620,915 

Emicirants  from  Mass .  .\WS Jan.      9,  1788 4,750 537,454 

English 1S34 April  28,  1783 11,124 780,894 


Rhode  Island I'rovidenc; Roger  Williams 18:30 May 

Delaware. Wilmington Sioedes  and  Finns 1633 Dec. 


29,1799 1,:)00 217,353 

7,  1787 2,120 125,015 


Pennsylvania Philadelphia Swedes 1643 Dec.    12,  1787 40,000... 

North  C.irolina Albemarle English 1650 Nov.  21,  1789 50,704. 

Wisconsin Green  Bay French 1669 May    39,  1848 5:3,924. 

South  Carolina Fort  Royal English 1670 May    2:3,  1783 81,000. 

Michigan Detroit French 1670 Jan.    26,  1337 50,451. 

Hlmois....- Kaskaskia French 1633 Dec.      3,  1818 56,410 2,.539,891 

Arkansas Arkansas  Poet French 1335 Jnne  15,1836 52,198 431,471 

Indiana Vincennes French 1090 Dec.    11,  1816 33,809 1,680,637 

Texas B:xar Spanish 1392 Dec.    29,  1345 274,356 818,899 


..3,522.053 
..1,071,-361 
..1,064,985 
..  705,606 
1.137.2.34 


April    8,  1312 41.346., 

Dec.    14,  1819 50,722  . 

Dec.    10,  1817 47,166. 

March  4,  1791 10,212. 


Louisiana Fjercille French 1399 

Alabama MoWe French 171 1 

Mississippi llatthez French 1716 

Vermont Fart  Dummcr EmiqranU from  Mass.. YGxi. 

Ge  ^rgia ,'Sivannah English 1733. . 

Missouri .j'.  Generier: French 1735. 

Tennessee    Fort  Loudon Emigrant  ■from  N.  6'..li37.. 

California Sm  Diego Spanish 1708  , 

Kentucky Bionsboro Daniel  Boone 1770 . . 

Ohio Marietta Em. from  N.  England.. VtSS,.. 

Wa^Sgtou.'.V.'.. . .'. ..  (  -^''''"« Em.  from N. England.. ISU \ 

Iowa Buriingttm E-n.fromy.  England. AKS  ..\\.][\\     \\][]\        ....  55,04 

Minnesota    St. Paul En.'irom  iV.  Enqland..lMfi March  3,  1849 83,531 

Utah Sxlt  Lake  City Mormon  Emigrants ...  .IS^ 84,.176 

Nobr,isk.'. May    30,  1854 73,995, 

J>\°3as May    30,  1354 81,318 

Coi;;rado .  104,500 

Montana '  143,766 


.J.an. 
.Aug. 
.  June 
.Sept. 
.June 
.Nov 


2,  1788. 
10,  1821. 

1,  1790. 

9,  1830., 

],  1792. 
29,  1302 


726,915 
996,922 
827,922 
830,551 
1.184,109 
1,721,295 
1,258,520 
582,031 


^fvada .'.'...'......'.' v.. v.'.'.'.'.'.'.]'..]. '.[[[[[mi. 


53,0(10, 
67,889. 
45,600. 
188,981. 

37.080 l,32i;o6i 

39,964 2,005,200 

Aug.  14,  1843 93,274 101,833 

..69.99.4 87,432 

1,194,320 
446,050 
99.581 
12,9,322 
373,299 
47.104 
39.395 


PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Names.  Inaugurated.     Years  served. 

Geokge  Washtnoton 1789 8 

John-  .\da5is 1797 4 

Thomas  Jefferson 1301 8 

James  Madison   1399 8 

James  Monroe 1317 8 

John  Quinct  Adams 1325.. 4 

Andkev.'  Jackson 1329 8 

Maetex  Van  Bcren 13S7'. 4 

WrujAM  H.  HiiiKisoN 1841 ,'3 

Jonjf  Ttlef.:- ISll 3}J 

James  K.  Polis.... 1815 4 

Zacuaf.t  Taveor 1349 IJ 

MrLEAi.D  FiEiJioix'; 1330 23 

Fbankein  Piekce 1353 4 

James  Buchanan 1357 4 

ABRinAM  Lincoln 1301 4J 

Andrew  JonNsoif:' 1365 o} 

Ulysses  S.  Geakt 13G9 


*  ElectC'S  Tice-Precidcnt,  end  bcccrnc  PrcslCuit  en  t'te  death 
of  predecessor. 


THE  FIEST  THIETEEN  STATES. 


.104,125 42  491 


New  Hampshif.e, 
Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island, 
Connecticut, 
Nev,-  Yoek, 


New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, 
Dklawaee, 
Mabtlasd, 


VmorxTA, 
North  Carolina, 
roTTTH  Carolina, 
Geof-gia. 


-' 


MA  P-I)  n  A  WING. 


ROUTES  OF  TRAVEL. 

Wliat  cities  do  you  jiass  on  a  voyage  down  the  Ohio  River  ?  Doivn  the 
Mississippi,  on  its  right  bank  ?     Left  bank  ? 

To  what  cities  can  you  sail  on  a  voyage  from  Chicago  to  Cleveland  ? 
On  what  waters  would  you  sail  ? 

What  cities  would  you  pass  in  traveling  by  railroad  from  Cleveland  to 
Chicago?  St.  Louis  to  Milwaukee?  Alton  to  Columbus?  Detroit  to 
Dubuque  ? 

Give  the  direction  and  distance  from  Chicago  to  Oalcna.  Chicago  to 
St.  Louis.  St.  Louis  to  Cincinnati.  Cincinnati  to  Detroit.  Louisville  to 
Michigan  City.     (For  exercises  on  the  margins  of  tbe  map,  sso  page  103.) 

If  the  State  in  which  you  reside  be  represented  on  (his  map,  t'.ie 
following  will  be  additional  exercises  : 

State  the  direction  from  you  of  Cincinnati, — Chicago, — St.  Louis, — Loub- 
ville, — Detroit, — Milwaukee, — Toledo.     Point  toward  each. 

Mention  all  the  cities  and  towns  in  the  northern  part  of  your  State.  In  tlia 
eastern, — southern, — western, — centra!  part. 

How  many  miles  from  you  to  the  capital  of  your  State  ?    To  ite  largest  city  ? 

Name  all  the  places  on  the  map  within  fifty  miles  of  your  residence. 

AVhat  is  the  population  of  the  largest  cities  in  your  State  ? 

Name  the  prominent  places  in  both  hemispheres  which  are  in  the  samo  li'.i- 
tade  as  the  city  in  or  near  which  yon  reside.    Draw  a  map  of  your  State. 


CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 


In  what  part 

oftvliat  State?      On 

ivhat  waters  ? 

Which  arc  capitals? 

CINCINNATI.    216 

<ju:ncv,  u 

KEOKUK, 

LEXINGTON.   (MO) 

ST.  LOUIS,    3;i 

DUBUQUE,    18 

GRAND  RAPIDS, 

11  BLOOIVIINGTON, 

CHICAGO.     =•") 

EVANSVILLE,    22 

RACINE. 

JEFFERSON   CITY. 

LOUISVILLE,     inn 

DAVENPORT,     W 

JANESVILLE, 

MINNEAPOLIS, 

DETROIT,    60 

ST,  PAUL,    ;« 

BURLINGTON, 

WINONA, 

MILWAUKEE,    15 

FORT   WAYNE,    18 

KALAMAZOO', 

FOND  DU   LAC,  (WIS,) 

CLEVELAND.    M 

LAFAYETTE, 

MADISON,   IWIS.)      PRAIRIE    DU   CHIEN, 

DAVON.    3i) 

ZANESVILLE. 

HANNIBAL, 

GRAND  TRAVERSE, 

INDIANAPOLIS.  -18 

LEXINGTON    IKY,), 

SPRINGFIELD, 

FRANKFORT. 

COLUMBUS.     31 

ST.   JOSEPH,    50 

OSHICOSH, 

LANSING, 

COVINGTON,     '.s 

SANDUSKY, 

ALTON, 

IOWA   CITY, 

PEORIA,    23 

GALENA, 

ROCK   ISLAND, 

NEW  ALBANY, 

TOLEDO,    3J 

MADISON   ilND.), 

MUSCATINE. 

KANSAS.   S5 

TERRE  HAUTE,   " 

CHILLICOTHE. 

DE3  MOINES, 

COUNCIL  BLUFFS. 

iler'ieh-hole'.) 

(chil-h-kr,ll,'-ee.) 

(^7c  jnoiit'.) 

RIVERS. 


ISltcrc  do  they  rise  ?     Ccttvren  or  th 
luta  trhut  waters 


roiiffh  what  States  f.'o  thnj  /low  ? 
do  they  flow  ? 


Mississippi?  3i» 
Ohio  ?  p* 
Tennessee?  ^ 
cumbeklaxd  ?  6 
Wisconsin  ? 
Wab.\sh? 
Des  Moines? 
Detroit  ? 
Chippewa? 
Illinois  ? 

(il-lin-oy'.) 


Mluji  ? 
Muskingum? 
k.vkkakee  ? 
Minnesota  ? 
Kentucky? 
Kajjsas? 
Nebraska  ? 
Dakota? 
k.askaskia  ? 

S.\NG.AMON  ? 


Sandusky  ? 
Grand  (Mich.)  ? 
Grand  (Mo.)  ? 

I'OWA? 

Maumee? 
Eain-y  Lace? 
Eed  Cedar? 
Big  Sandy? 
Big  Sioux? 
Little  Sioux? 


(,.«,..) 


VrmTE? 
Black? 
Green? 
Eed? 
Eock? 
Wou?? 
Osage  ? 
Licking  ? 
St.  Clair? 
St.  Croix? 

{>,ent  kroy'.) 


L  A  K  E  ^ 


By  what  land  are  they  enclosed  ?      Wliat  are  their  outlets  ? 

Superior?  3sr.*      "WrxN-EBAGO?  Eeie?%i)      Pepin? 

Mich'igan?  833      L.  OF  THE  Woods?     Itasca?       Eainy? 
nu'RON?2co  Bio  Stone?  Eed?  St.  Clair? 

•  Niimbors  in  list  of  Ciiu's  nnd  Towns  sliow  pnpnlallon  in  t/iottMttnt/n  ;  in  Iliator  Kivt-ra, 
he  length  in  /iinidredsofviilcn;  in  that  cf  Lakes,  tlic  wliolo  length  in  mild. 


(1^ 


AP  IDrawing. 


THE    SCALE. 

It  must  be  evident  to  all  thinking  teachers  that  maps  should  be  constructed 
on  the  mme  scale  by  all  the  scholars  in  the  school.  By  the  use  of  a  single 
measure,  the  State  or  Country  is  accurately  drawn,  its  area,  compared  with 
that  of  other  States  and  Countries  is  at  once  eeen,  and  comparative  size  fixed 
in  the  mind.  It  is  certainly  very  important  for  pupils  to  have  accurate  ideas 
of  tlie  comparative  sizes  of  the  diflerent  States  of  the  Union  and  the  countries 
of  the  world. 

Each  measure  on  the  scale  shown  below  always  represents  ttco  hundred  miics. 
Onc-hdif  represents  the  distance  of  one  himdred  miles  ;  one-fourtli  of  ffty 
miles,  and  one-eighth,  of  twenty-fixc  miles.  The  other  subdivisions  are  shown 
on  the  scale. 

EXERCISES    ON    THE    USE    OF    THE    SCALE 

should  be  contmucd  until  the  scholars  are  tjuick  and  accuiatc  in  its  use. 
Squares  as  well  as  lines  should  be  drawn,  representing  each  of  the  divisions 
of  this  measure. 

SCALE  FOR  nicnyiya  all  tue  states. 


If  a  distance  is  a  little  longer  than  is  represented  by  the  scale,  it  is  indicated 
by  the  sign  plus  (  +  ),  and  if  it  is  a  little  shorter,  it  is  indicattd  by  the  sign 
minus  (— ).  Any  distance,  however  small,  may  be  represented  by  still  more 
minutely  subdividing  the  measure, but  for  all  practical  purposes  the  divisions 
indicated  are  sufficiently  minute. 

DRAWING    A    MAP. 

The  teacher  is  now  prepared  to  commence  the  work  of  constructing  a  map. 
Let  some  State  of  a  regular  shape  be  first  chosen,  as  Pennsylvania.  The 
southern  boundary  is  one  nnd  one-third,  the  northern  boun^lary  the  same,  and 
the  width  three-fonrthn.  The  notch  in  the  X.  W.  corner  of  the  State  is  a  little 
less  than  one  fourth.  This  is  a  part  of  one  and  one-third,  the  extreme  length 
of  the  northern  boundary  line.  The  Ohio  River  crosses  the  western  boundary 
line  of  the  State  one  fourth  north  of  the  S.  AV.  corner. 


i/. 


3.. 


.  As  soon  as  Pennsylvania  is  drawn  it  should  be  made  a  basis  upon  which 
New  York  and  the  New  Enplaiid  States  are  con.structcd.  Notice  how  easily 
this  can  be  done.  From  the  N.  E.  corner  of  Pennsylvania  onc-holf  east 
rearhes  the  S.  W.  corner  of  Massachusetts.  This  point  is  a  centre  from  which 
one-half  a.  littli'  west  of  south,  reaches  Brooklyn  ;  one-half  last,  the  N.  W.  cor- 
ner of  Rhode  Island ;  one-half  north,  the  southern  point  of  Lake  Chiimplain, 
and  liro  halves  or  one  measure,  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

The  various  distances  are  all  mnrked  on  the  construction  lines,  eo  that  by 
noticing  the  outline  maps  that  follow,  no  difficulty  will  be  experienced  in  con- 
struct ing  all  the  States. 


MAP     DRA^A/■ING    ON     A     UNIFORM     SCALE. 


MAINE. 


^^^ 


M^^t? 


<r 


Make  a  scale  on  a 
slip  of  stiff  paper;  and 
by  it,  draw  maps  of 
all  the  States,  as  ex- 
plained on  a  previous 
page. 

Draw  no  Unes  except 
honndaries. 

Commence     at     A , 

draw       I'tissanKi- 

quoddjj  UtiiJ,  and 

locate        Eiistport. 

^4'/°    Measure  west,  on  the 

,"ir      45"    of    latitude,   mu 

\  j,^^  measure  to  B ;  thence 

>/fOv5,  (,0  ^  corner  of  X.  U.,  and 

'  J  m.  to  H,  the  north- 
east corner  of  Vf. 
From  B  measure  i  m.  to  the  Salmon  Fitl/s 
Itircr  at  F,  and  draw  the  western  boundary. 
From  F  measure  ]  m.  to  G,  and  draw  the  SaC- 
tnoii  Fiill.s  nicer,  a  part  of  the  3Ierrimac 
River,  and  the  coast  line. 

From  the  point  C,  a  little  less  than  i  m.  east  of  B,  measure  J  m.  to  D,  the 
most  northern  point  of  3Ie.  ;  thence  \  va.  towards  H  to  K,  and  complete  the 
northwestern  boundary  of  the  State. 

From  A  measure  |  m.  toward  D,  to  E,  and  draw  Grand  Lalse  and 
St.  Croix  River.  From  E  measure  north  to  I  %  m.,  and  draw  the  eastern 
boundary  line  and  the  River  St.  Joliil. 

MASSACHUSETTS,  CONNECTICUT,  AND  RHODE  ISLAND. 

Begin  at  H,  and  measure 
I  m.  to  G  and  }  m.  to  K,  and 
draw  the  northern  boundary 
of  the  State,  the  jMerrimac 
River  and  Cape  Ann. 

Draw  the  western  bound- 
ary, \  m.  from  G  to  P.  From 
P,  measure  \  m.  a  little  west 
of  south  to  R,  and  draw  the 
western  boundary  of  Coil- 
tiectieiit  and  the  western 
em\oi  LoHf/  Tslaiid.  From 
P,  measure  1  m.  to  N,  J-  m. 
from  N  to  M,  J  m.  from  M  to 
L,  I  m.  from  L  to  0,  and  }  m.  from  0  Bouth  to  S.  Draw  the  northern  bound- 
ary of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island :  rii/moiilh  Ilai/,  Cape 
Cod,  Cape  Cod  Bay,  and  the  eastern  coast  of  Massachusetts ;  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard  and  yantuchet. 

Draw  tlie  boundary  line  between  Coniiceticut  and  Rhode   Island, 

\  m.,  a  little  west  of  N. 

Draw  the  northern  shore  of  Long  Island  Sound,  Karragansett 
liag,  and  Buzzard's  Hay. 

Complete  these  States  by  adding  thie  mountains,  rivers,  principal  towns, 
and  railroads. 

Draw  Long  Island,  observing  that  its  eastern  extremity  extends  to  a 
point  directly  south  of  the  eastern  boundary  of-  Connecticut. 

Many  questions  may  now  be  asked  like  the  following : 

What  is  the  length,  in  miles,  of  the  western  boundary  of  Rhode  Island  ? 
Of  the  western  boundary  of  Massachusetts  t 

If  the  teacher  wish,  the  pupils  may  now  draw  the  six  Eastern  States 
together. 

Observe  how  many  distances,  in  these  States,  are  exactly  the  same. 


NEW    HAMPSHIRE    AND    VERMONT. 

The  measurements  for  the  eastern 
boundary  of  New  Hampshire  are  the 
same  as  those  for  the  western  bound- 
ary of  Maine.  Make  a  scale  like  the 
one  given  at  the  foot  of  page  27. 

Begin  at  A,  measure   J   m.  north  to 

B,  i  m.  south  to  J,  \  m.  from  J  to  L, 

and  I  m.  east  from  L  to  K.     Complete 

the    eastern    boundary    of  the    State, 

drawing  Sainton  Falls  River,  the 

Atlantic  Coast,  and  Cape  Aim. 

Measure   J   m.  from  L  to  H,  and  |  ni. 

from    H   to   C.      Draw    Merriniac 

River,    and    complete    the    southern 

boundary  of  the  States. 

From  A,  measure  J  m.  west  to  C,  h  m.  from  C  to  E,  |  m.  from  E  south  to  F, 

and  ^  m.  from  F  to  G.     Draw  Lake  Chaniplain,  Connecticut  River, 

the  Green  and  White  Mountains. 

Complete  the  drawing  by  adding,  from  the  large  map,  the  rivers,— the 
bays, — the  capes, — the  cities  and  towns, — the  railroads. 

Note. — Here  the  drawings  may  be  examined  by  the  teacher,  or  the  pupils 
may  draw  the  map  on  the  blackboard,  each  doing  a  part. 


NEW     YORK 


I  Begin  at  E,  measure  i  m.  south  to  F,  j  m.  from  F  to  G,  1  ni.  from  G  to  P, 
and  J  m.  a  little  west  of  south  to  R.  Draw  Lahe  Chaui plain,  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  State,  Long  Island.  Long  Island  Soun<l,  Staten 
Island,  Sandy  llooh,  and  the  southern  extremity  of  Hudson's 
River.  Locate  New  Yorh,  Brooklyn,  and  Jersey  City, 
I  From  P  measure  \  m.  west  to  B.  From  B  measure  \  m.  toward  R  and 
1  draw  a  part  of  Delaware  River  and  the  northern  boundary  of  Xcw 
Jersey  \  m. 

From  B  measure  a  little  more  than  IJ  m.  west  to  K,  ]  m.  north  from  K  to 
L,  and  }  m.  east  from  L  to  M,  and  draw  the  northern  boundary  of  I'ennsyl- 
vania  and  the  eastern  extremity  of  Lake  Erie.  Locate  Buffalo  and 
Niagara  Falls. 

From  L  measure  }  m.  north  to  N.  and  1  m.  east  from  N.  Draw  Lake 
Ontario,  observing  that  it  is  -J  m.  wide. 

From  E  measure  J  m.  west  to  D,  and  1  m.  from  D,  toward  K,  to  S,  and 
draw  St.  Lawrence  River.  Complete  the  State  by  marking  the  mount- 
ains, rivers,  cities,  railroads,  and  the  Erie  Canal. 


MAP    DRAWING    ON     A     UNIFORM     SCALE. 


PENNSYLVANIA  AND   NEW  JERSEY, 


OHIO,   INDIANA,  AND  KENTUCKY. 


Begin  at  B,  measure  IJ  m.  west  to  A,  and  a  little  less  than  \  m.  from 
A  to  K.  Draw  tlie  northern  boundary  line,  and  a  part  of  the  shore  of 
Luke  Erie.  Locate  Erie  City.  From  A,  measure  south  J  ni.  to  D, 
and  draw  a  part  of  tlie  Ohio  Hirer,  near  F,  i  m.  south  of  A. 

Measure  IJ  m.  east  from  D  to  E,and  draw  the  southern  boundary  line 
of  I'fiiiisi/lriaiia,  including  the  northern  line  of  IH'lairare. 

Complete  the  outline  of  the  State  by  drawing  the  Delawiire 
Itiver.  Locate  the  northern  corner  of  Neir  tfersc}/, 
\  m.  from  B  towards  R,  at  O.  Locate  Broohlijit,  f  m. 
from  B,  at  R.  Draw  Sfdtett  Island.  Locate  Jersey 
Citi/  and  Xeiv  York.  Draw  a  part  of  Iliitlson 
Hirer  and  the  northern  boundary  of  Neir  •Tersejif 
\  m.  Measure  ^  m.  south  of  0  to  H,  and  draw  the  eastern  shore-line  of  the 
State  and  Delaware  Bay. 


Draw  the  mountains  and  rivers, 
and  railroads. 


Locate  the  principal  capes,  cities,  towns, 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  DRAWING  VIRGINIA,  WEST  VIRGINIA,   MARYLAND,   DELAWARE,   OHIO,   INDIANA,  AND  KENTUCKY. 

southern  point  of  the  State  is  at  W  J  m.  southeast  of  L  ;  that  the  breadth  of  the  State 
is  5  m.  from  C  to  R ;  and  that  the  point  S  is  J  m.  east  of  B. 

Complete  the  map  by  marking  the  Jfoinifriiiis,  Hirers,  etc. 

Draw  the  eastern  boundary  of  O/iio  from  A  to  F  l  m. ;  then  draw  the  western,  1! 


Begin  at  D  and  measure  ]  m.  north  to  F,  and  draw  the 
fan  Jliiud/e.  Locate  fflieeliiif/.  Measure  from  D 
to  E,  and  draw  the  northern  boundaries  of  H'est  1'ir- 
f/iiiiti,  .Miirijldntl,  and  Dehnvare.  Next,  draw  the 
western  and  southern    boundaries  of    Delaware  i   m. 


Dela  ware  Ha y  and  locate  Dorer,  Cajtes 
May  and  Hen/open.  Mark  A  j  m.  east 
of  D,  and  draw  the  western  boundary  of 
Maryland  J  m,  from  A  to  B. 

Next  mark  the  point  P  li  m.  south 
of  E,  and  draw  <_'liesai>e<ike  Jtai/ 
and  the  Potomac  Hirer.  Locate 
Wasiiiiigton  and  Halfiniore, 
Capes  Charles  and  TIeuri/. 

Draw  the  southern  boundary  line  of 
Virt/inin  Ij  m.  from  P  to  N,  and  i  m. 
from  N  to  M.     From  M  meas-  /, 

ure  \  m.  northeast  to  L,  and 
draw  the  Cituiberlaml 
Minnitains.  Measure  _^ 

north  2  m.  from  L  to  K.and   "'  '"  N    -  -yj 

draw  the  Hif/  Saiith/  Hirer.     Draw  the  Ohio  Itiver  from  F  to  K 

Complete  the  eastern  boundary  of    West  T7rf//>/(«,  observing  that  the 


m.  from   P  to  S,   tlie   Mississippi   Hirer, 

mountains,  etc.,  as  in  the  otlier  mai)S. 


m.  west  of  the  eastern,  from 
E  to  O,  i  m.  ;  next,  E  D  j  m. 
and  Lake  Erie  \  wide. 
Find  the  point  Kim.  south 
of  B,  and  draw  the  Ohio 
Hirer.  Complete  the  State. 
Join  Tiuliaiia  to  Ohio 
by  drawing  its  northern  boun- 
dary with  Lake  3lieliigan 
from  E  to  F  ;  its  western, 
f  m.  from  F  to  G  ;  the  IVa- 
basli  Hirer  J  m.  from  G  to 
H;  and  the  (}hio  Hirer 
from  0  to  H. 

Draw  Kenttieky  by  meas- 
uring I  m.  from  0  south  to 
N.  Mark  the  southern  boun- 
darj-  IJ  m.  from  M  to  P,  the 
Teinicssee  Hirer;  and  J 
Locate  the  principal  rivers. 


MAP   DRAWING    SHOULD    BE    SYSTEMATIC. 

If  one  State  or  Continent  is  drami  on  a  dcflnite  plan,  the  same  course  shoald  be  pursueil  with  nil.  States  should  bo  so  dniwn  .is  to 
be  joined  to  other  States,  and  Continents  to  other  Continents.  This  is  not  possible  by  some  methods  of  drawiii-  before  the  public. 
Vermont  is  drawTi  on  one  scale,  and  Massachasetts  on  another,  while  Connectiont  is  drawn  on  still  another,  and  New  York  on  quite 
another ;  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  join  all  of  these  neighboring;  Stales  in  stndyini;  their  common  physical  features. 

PRINCIPLES    UNDERLYING    THE   SUBJECT. 

1.  Maps  should  be  driwn  in  accordance  with  a  definite  unit  of  measurement. 

2.  Actual  distance  should  be  learned. 

3.  States  should  be  studied  in  groups,  and  these  should  be  nnited  as  the  lessons  advance,  and  thus  form  entire  sections. 


ORDER  OF  DRAWING  A  MAP. 
1.  Measiircmciit  Outlines. 
II.  Boundary  Lines. 

III.  Mountains  and  Surface  Elevations. 

IV.  Rivers.     Inland  Lakes. 
V.  Cities  and  Towns. 

VI.  Kailroads  and  Canals. 
VII.  Write   in  each   State  or  Continent 
itsi)rinci|ial  products  and  tlie  lead- 
ing occupations  of  its  inhabitants. 


MAP    DRAWING    ON     A     UNIFORM     SCALE. 


DiBECTiON.  —  The  maps  may  he 
drawn  by  the  pupils  at  home,  and 
examined  bj'  the  teaclier  the  next 
day ;  or,  in  the  class  room,  on  their 
slates  ;  or,  in  turn,  on  the  blackboard. 


F         DIRECTIONS   FOR   DRAWING 
THESE   STATES. 

Begin  at  N,  and  draw  the  northern 
boundaries  of  Tennessee  and  Arkan- 
sas, according  to  the  distances  shown 
on  the  map. 

i  m.  south  of  P,  mark  H  ;  also  K, 
G,  and  R,  and  complete  the  bounda- 
ries of  Tennessee,  its  mountains  and 
rivers. 
South  of  K,  mark  Q,  then  B  and  0,  and  complete  the 
boundaries   of   Mississippi   and  Alabama,   according  to  the 
printed  measurements. 

Draw  the  western  boundaries  of  Arkansas  and  Louisiana, 
beginning  at  U.     The  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  is  in  a  line  with  E  and  Q. 
Complete  the  boundaries,  and  add  the  mountains,  rivers,  chief  cities,  etc. 


OUTLINE  OF  A  TOPICAL  RECITATION. 

First  of  all,  DRAW  THE  MAP,  then  tell  in  order  : 

I.  Position  on  the  Globe.  Let  this  be  given  ex- 
actly.    Latitude  and  Longitude. 

II.  Boundary,  Measueement  Lines,  as  learned  from 
the  construction  of  the  map,  general  shape,  number  of 
square  miles  it  contains,  character  of  boundary  lines,  as 
mountain  ranges,  rivers,  straits,  bays,  peninsulas,  isth- 
muses. 

III.  Surface  Elevation  ;  mountain  ranges,  pla- 
teaux, slopes,  single  peaks,  inland  waters,  average  ele- 
vation above  the  ocean.  Name  each  river,  stating  its 
source,  direction,  length,  and  where  it  empties. 

IV.  Clim.vte.  State  causes  regulating  it,  as  aifected  by 
latitude-  and  longitude,  altitude,  nearness  to,  or  remote- 
ness from,  large  bodies  of  water,  and  high  mountain  ranges. 

V.  Vegetation;  natural,  cultivated,  character  of  soil. 

VI.  AxiM.\LS  ;  domestic,  wild. 

VII.  Inhabitants  ;  original  character  of,  present 
character  of. 

VIII.  Government  ;  how  laws  are  made,  the  name 
and  character  of  the  government,  principal  officers,  how 
elected. 

IX.  Intern.^l  Improvements.  Name  the  character, 
extent,  and  cost  of  each,  also  name  the  manufactures,  in- 
dustries, exports,  imports. 

X.  Principal  Towns  ;  where  located,  size,  and  trade 
of  each. 

XI.  History  ;  where  settled,  when,  and  by  whom. 
Wars.    Noted  Men. 

Special  formulas  can  easily  be  given  for  describing 
mountains,  rivers,  oceans,  bays,  gulfs,  and  straits. 


Draw  tiie  ncjrthern  boundary  to  correspond  with 
the  southern  boundaries  of  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

What  river  forms  the  northeastern  boundary  of 
Florida?  In  what  swamp  does  the  St.  Mary's  River 
rise  t  What  town  in  Georgia  at  the  mouth  of  that 
river?  What  town  in  Florida  opposite  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Mary's  River  ?  Is  Fernandina  on  the  main 
land?  Locate  Fernandina.  What  river  forms  the 
northwestern  boundary  of  Florida?  East  of  its  mouth 
is  the  largest  city  in  Florida.     Name  and  locate  it. 

What  two  rivers  from  Georgia  meet  on  the  north- 
ern boundary  of  Florida?   What  river  is  formed  by  them?   Draw 
them.     What  town  at  the  mouth  of  the   Appaiachieola  River? 
Locate  it,  and  draw  the  coast-line  between  it  and  the  metropolis. 

Mark  Cape  Sable  3  ms.  a  little  east  of  south  from  the  mouth 
of  St.  Mary's  River. 

Mark  N  on  Tampa  Bay  1  m.  south  of  C.  Draw  Tampa  Bay 
and  the  coast-line  to  Appaiachieola  and  Cape  Sable. 

Mark  Cape  Canaveral  |  m.  northeast  of  Tamjia  Bay,  and  draw 
the  coast-line  from  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's  River  to  Cape  Sable. 
Complete  the  map. 


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MAP    DRAV/ING    ON    A     UNIFORM     SCALE. 


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WISCONSIN  AND  MINNESOTA. 

Begin  at  F,  and  measure  }  m.  north,  and  draw 
their  Bouthern  boundaries,   A  B  C  D  ;  thence.  1  ■ 
.north  to  H.   Fisthejioints  E,G 
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MICHIGAN. 
Form  the  square  C  N  I  F,  each  side  H  m. 
loujj,  and  subdivide  into  four  squares.  Draw 
the  Stniit  of  Mtichinaw,  Lakes  3Iivh- 
i'/att,  Jlurou,  St.  Cluir,anA  lirie ;  then 
tlie  soutliern  boundary.  At  S,  J  m.  north  of 
the  Strait  of  Mackinaw, 
fix  the  soutlieastern  extremity 
of  Lake  Superior ;  thence 
1;  west  to  the  western  extrem- 
ity, K,  and  draw  Lake  Supe- 
rior, noticing  that  the  north- 
ern coast  at  R  is  uortli  of  the  west 
^^^^^■v,  coast  of  Lake  Mich  iyait . 


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ILLINOIS,  IOWA,  AND  MISSOURI. 

Draw  the  eastern  boundary  line  of  Ilfiuois, 
tlie  same  as  the  western  boundary  line  of  Indi- 
ana, ^  m.  irom  Lake  Miehioan  to  Wabash 
Hirer.  From  F,  measure  }  m.  north  and  ;  m. 
west  to  A,  and  draw  the  southern  coast-line  of 
Lake  Micltigan.    Locate  Chicago, 

Mark  the  northern  boundary  J  ni.  from  A  to  B. 
Locate  Cairo  I4  m.  south  of  the  line  A  B.  Meas- 
ure the  extreme  breadth  of  the  State  IJ  m.  on 
the  line  V  U,  and  draw  the  3lississi)>pi,  Ohio. 
and  Wabash  Hirers.  Complete  drawing  of 
State. 

Next  draw  Toira,  commencing  with  its  north- 
ern boundary  1|  m.  from  C  to  D,  ^  m.  north  of 
the  northern  boundary  of  Illinois,  and  |  ni.  west. 
From  Y,  I  m.  west  of  C,  measure  1  m.  south  to  E, 
and  draw  the  southern  boundary  IJ  m.  to  K.  Draw 
the  I)es  Moines  Hirer.  The  eastern  bend  of 
the  river  is  I  m.  ea.st  of  the  central  line  YE.  Com- 
plete the  drawing  according  to  the  measurements. 

Complete  J\fissonri,  by  commencing  at  K  and 
measuring  \  m.  east  and  1  m.  south  to  Kansas 
Citf/.  JIark  its  southern  boundary  IJ  m.  south  of 
its  northern,  1]  m.  in  length  from  N  to  T,  and  J  m. 
from  T  to  S. 


MAP    DRA^VING    ON    A    UNIFORM     SCALE. 


NORTH     CAROLINA,     SOUTH     CAROLINA,     AND     GEORGIA. 


V.P 


~3 


Draw  the  northern  boundary  of 
Xortit  Carolitut,  1|  measures  in 
length.  Mark  the  mouth  of  St. 
3I(ir!/'s  River,  aX  S,  3  ms.  south, 
of  N.  From  P,  IJ  ms.  toward  S, 
mark  K,  the  most  southern  jioint  of 
Kovfh  Caro/hm,  and  draw  its 
coast-line,  with  its  sounds  and  capes  ; 
also  their  names. 


Mark  0,  1  m.  west  of  P;  L,  J  m.  south  of  0;  H,  1  m.  west 
of  L  ;  nnd  R,  I  m.  wost  of  H.  Draw  the  eastern  and  northern 
boundaries  of  South  Carolina  and  the  western  boundary  of 
North  Carolina. 


From  A,  the  middle  of  the  northern  boundary  of  South  Carolitm , 
measure  south  1  m.  to  B,  and  draw  the  Savannah  River  ;  also  the  coast- 
line of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

Mark  G,  \  m.  west  of  H  :  E,  the  junction  of  the  Flint  and  Cliaffnhoorliee  Rivers, 

li  m.  south  of  G,  and  1  m.  west  of  S,  and  complete  the  boundaries.     Mark  the  capes, 
cities,  etc. 


SUGGESTIONS. 

For  the  purpose  of  presenting  the  entire  map  of  the  United  States  in  one  view,  the  scale  has  been 
reduced  so  as  to  show  the  principal  measurements  on  one  page. 

On  all  of  the  other  map-drawing  maps  in  this  booli  two  inches  represents  one  m.,  or  two  hundred 
miles.     On  the  map  below,  one-half  an  inch  is  one  m. 
A  scale  may  be  prepared,  suited  to'the  size  of  the  paper  or  board ;  but  when  this  measure  is  once  established  in  the  school-room,  it  should  never  be 
changed.     All  other  scales  should  conform  to  it.  i 

In  no  other  way  can  comparative  size  and  area  be  taught.     In  drawing  the  United  States  as  a  whole,  it  should  be  remembered  that  all  meridian  lines    j 
point  towards  the  pole.  | 


MAP    DRAWING    ON    A    UNIFORM     SCALE. 


GENERAL 

DIRECTIONS 
FOIt  DKAWINP,  THE 

CONTINENTS. 

Make  a  scale 
by  marking  on  a 
sli])  of  paper  or 
pasteboard  the 
measures  1,  3,  3, 
etc.,  as  on  the  A 
sides  of  this  map. 
Every  measure 
on  tlie  maps  of 
the  continents 
represents  s'x 
hunrired  miles. 

All  names  in 
black  type  are  to 
be  marked  on  the 
drawing. 

Pupils  should 
mark  on  each 
river,  ocean,  bay, 
gulf,  strait,  etc., 
the  first  syllabic 
of  its  name.when 
there  is  not  room 
enough  for  the 
full  word. 

As  an  exercise  in   spelling,  the  full  name  of  each  place  may  be  written  on  the 
margin  of  the  drawing,  before  the  recitation  closes. 

Note, — Do  not  draw  the  measurement  lines.    The  marking  of  the  points  indicated 
will  be  sufficient. 


^:^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  c 


TO    DRAW    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Begin  at  A  :  i  measure  north  of  A,  draw  Hnyti ;  5 
ms.  north,  draw  ycwfoiindland  and  the  Strait  of 
Billinle.  Between  G  and  ?  draw  the  eastern  coast  of 
Greetilaitd.  Measure  west  to  G,  marking  the  points 
i,  e,  3,  and  4. 

From  C  measure  to  D,  marking  the  points  1,  S,  3,  4, 5. 
Through  1  draw  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Petiin- 
sii/a  of  I'lirdttiii.  1  m.  west  of  this  point  draw  the 
western  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Draw  Cum- 
peachy  Hay,  the  Bay  of  Honduras,  and  the 
I.ttlinius  of  Panama,  and  Cuba. 

At  ~  draw  the  I'cninsnla  of  Florida.  Mark  3 
on  the  line  C  D,  and  locate  Cape  JIattera.'i.  Near  4, 
mark  Cajje  Cod  ;  and  near  5  draw  the  Gti/f  of  St. 
JLaivrcnce  and  Kova  Scotia,  and  complete  the 
eastern  coast.  From  B  measure  .5  ms.  to  H,  and  draw 
the  islands  along  the  Arctic  coast,  and  complete  the 
ccast  line. 

From  G, measure  north  3  ms..  and  mark  San  Fran- 
cisco ;  and  a  little  to  the  north.  Cape  Mendocino, 
the  western  cape  of  California  ;  opposite  4-  draw  I'aii- 
couver's  Island;  at  5,  Queen  Charlotte's  Isl- 
and. 7  is  near  the  northeastern  coast  of  Alaska. 
Complete  the  western  coast  line. 

From  E  toward  F,  mark  the  points  7,  ''.  and  3, 
and  draw  the  Gulf  and  Peninsnhi  of  Cali- 
foruia  and  Cape  St.  Lucas.  Complete  the 
southern  coast  of  the  continent. 


-\ 


Draw  J<unes  Bail,  Hudson  Bai/,  Gi'cttt 
Slarc  Lake,  .Ifarhenzie  Hirer,  acconMng  to 
the  line  I  J,  and  complete  the  northern  part  of  the 
continent. 

When  the  boundaries  are  drawn,  add  the  mountains,  rivers, 
countries,  bays  and  gulfs,  capos,  islands,  and  cities  ;  then  the 
section  from  Cape  Hatteras  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  showing  ele- 
vations above  the  level  of  the  sea. 


DIRECTIONS    FOR    DRAWING    EUROPE. 

Begin  at  A,  and  mark  the  points  B,  C,  and  D,  and  the  points 
between  them,  as  indicated.  Next  mark  the  points  between  E 
and  F,  H  and  C,  and  draw  in  order  the  Straits  of  Gibnd- 
tar,  the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  Italy, 
the  Adriatic  Sea,  the  Archipelaf/o,  the  Sea  of  Mar- 
mora, the  Black  Sea,  and  the  islands  Corsica,  Sardinia, 
Sicily,  Candia,  and  Cyprus,  Next  draw  the  Caspian 
Sea. 

Mark  the  points  P  and  0,  and  the  points  between  E,  C,  and 
E,  K.  Draw  in  order  the  coasts  of  Spain,  France,  and 
Holland,  the  Baltic  and  North  Seas,  Complete  the 
northern  coast  line. 

Mark  the  lines  L  0  and  M  P,  and  mark  the  coast  of  Great 
Britain,  Ireltind,tiiid  Iceland.  Draw  the  mountains  and 
rivers,  locate  the  prindpaJ  cities,  and  complete  the  map. 


MAP    DRAWING    ON    A     UNIFORM     SCALE. 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


REMARKS. 

All  of  the  continents  in  this  system 
of  map  drawing  are  drawn  on  the  same 
scale,  thus  repret*enting  to  the  eye  their 
comparative  areas.  They  are  also  drawn 
on  the  same  plan  or  system  ;  so  that,  as 
soon  as  the  method  of  constructing  South 
America  is  learned,  the  jmpil  will  have 
no  difficulty  in  drawing  North  America 
and  the  other  continental  divisions. 

The  unit  of  measure  is  sis  hundred 
miles. 

It.wilihe  seen  that  a  fundamental  prin- 
ciple in  this  system  of  map  drawing  is, 
that  maps  ehouhl  he  drawn  in  a  single 
unit  of  measure.  The  great  advantages 
of  this  will  be  at  once  apparent  to  teach- 
ers. Comparative  size  is  fixed  in  the 
mind,  and  the  lengths  and  b'  eadths  of  the 
States  and  Continents  easily  learned. 
Pages  are  made  to  suit  the  maps,  and  not 
the  maps  to  suit  the  pages. 

But  it  may  be  convenient  to  enlarge 
Europe,  and  contract  Asia  and  Africa.  A 
unit  t)f  measure  can  easily  be  taken  longer 
or  shorter  than  the  one  here  given,  and 
the  same  method  pursued  as  here  indi- 
cated. Thus  a  map  can  be  bhown  ae  large 
or  Bmall  as  may  be  desired. 

The  continental  nnit  assumed  in  this 
book  is  convenient  for  u&e  at  the  desk. 

,///  pttpHs  shouUJ  hiivf  the  saute 
unit  <»/'  iiirasH re. 

The  maps  can  then  be  easily  corrected, 
and  in  a  short  time  the  comparative  sizes 
of  the  States  and  Continents  will  be 
learned. 


SCALE    FOR     DRAWING    ALL    OF 
THE   CONTINENTS. 
600  m.  600  m 


n  n  n 


2  ms 


L    I     I     HIT     i     I    I 

O     O     O  O  2=2 


QUESTIONS. 

Many  qnestiona  will  suggest  them- 
selves to  the  teacher.  Among  tliem  we 
would  suggest  the  following: 

What  is  the  extreme  length  of  South 
America  compared  witli  North  America  ? 
How  does  the  extreme  l)readth  of  the 
Tiiiled  States  compare  with  the  lireadth 
of  EuroiK'  ?  What  is  the  extreme  length 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico'/  Its  hreadth? 
How  far  i<  it  from  Yucatan  to  Apijalachec 
Bay?  What  is  the  length  of  Ciiha?  Its 
breadth  ?  How  far  is  Newfoundland  from 
Hayti?  How  far  is  Hayti  from  South 
America  f  How  far  is  Hayti  from  Green- 
land ?  What  is  the  di-tanee  from  Cape 
Catoche  to  Cape  Sable  f  From  Cape  Sa- 
ble to  the  Straits  of  Belleisle?  How  far 
Is  Queen  Charlotte's  Island  north  of  San 
Francisco  Bay  ? 


Commcnre  at  A,  and  measure  5\  ms.  north,  ar.d  mark  Cfi/te  Sf.  liof/iir. 
Measure  to  C,  71  ms.  ;  thence  west  to  D,  ol  n  s.  At  4  ms.  from  C,  mark  Ciijic 
0<i/liiian  and  L(i/,e  M<irar(n/bo.  From  aj,  at  C'tipe  Sf.  lioquc,  toward 
4  on  tlie  line  C  D,  mark  the  points,  1,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Aiiiuzou  liivcr  ; 
2,  opposite  Georgetown, ;  and,  3,  near  Vavucas.     Complete  the  coastline. 

From  A,  toward  the  irrst.  mark  tlie  points  4  and  Vi\  at  B.  From  4,  west  of  A, 
toward  Caite  St.  lioqiie,  mark  1,  near  tlie  Oiilf  of  St.  Georr/e  ;  3,  opjioshe 
St.  3Intf /lids''  lid// :  3,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mio  de  La  Plata  ;  and  G, 
opposite  the  liuij  of  All  Saints.    Complete  the  coast  line. 

From  4,  west  of  A,  measure  4  ms.  north,  and  draw  the  coast  south  to  Terra 
del  Fneyo  and  Cape  Horn. 

North  of  B.  mark  the  points  51,  0,  7,  and  draw  the  Gulf  of  Dttrieti,  Ixtli- 
niiis  of  I'aiiaiiia.  and  Ca/ie  Ulanco.  Complete  tlie  drawing  bfunarking 
tlie  mountains,  rivers,  countries,  bays,  gulfs,  capes,  cities,  ftc,  wrkitiaihe  full 
name  of  each  outside  the  map.  * 


OcrrtSphy  >Y1 


With  these  directions,  no  pupil  old  enougli  to  study  Geocrrtfphy  wiU-jmve  diffi- 
culty ill  drawing  an  accurate  map  of  South  America,  gi^^ng  its  entire  length  and 
breadth,  as  well  as  the  lengths  of  the  coast-lines. 

Tlie  internal  construction  can  be  easily  drawn  hy  referring  to  the  maps  in  the 
Geography. 


MAP  DRAWING  SAVES  TIME. 

It  is  certain  that  much  time  now  spent 
in  learning  local  geography  is  lost  be- 
cause pupils  do  not  gain  a  distinct  men- 
tal view  of  the  world  on  which  they  live. 
This  can,  to  a  good  degree,  be  remedied 
by  map  drawing,  and  a  much  more  per- 
manent impression  made,  and  thus  much 
time  now  spent  in  reciting  names  can  be 
saved. 

At  least  om-ha/f  the  time  now  spent 
in  studying  geography  can  be  saved  and 
much  more  iiccoraplished.  In  order  to 
permanently  remember  the  locatiou  of  a 
place,  its  name  must  be  assdciuted  with  its 
position  on  our  earth.  This  can  be  much 
more  easily  accomplished  by  the  aid  ot 
map  drawing  than  by  any  other  means. 
A  teacher  of  large  experience  recently  re- 
marked Ihat,  in  his  opinion,  "by  meims 
of  map  drawing  ticice  as  much  could  be 
learned  in  the  same  time  \vith^?v /zm^s 
the  probability  of  its  being  remembered." 


HOW    TO    CONDUCT   A    RECITA- 
TION. 

Suppose  the  map  of  the  State  of  New 
York  is  to  be  recited.  The  pupils  are  ex- 
pected to  know  the  principal  characteris- 
tics of  its  local  geography.  Its  Aiouri' 
tains.  Islands,  £ai/s^  Sounds.,  SfTaitft., 
Bivrrs.,  Lakes,  Fall-i^  Cities,  Towns,  Rail- 
roads., and  Canals  are  to  be  recited  iu 
such  a  mnnner  as  to  give  the  best  evi- 
dence that  each  pupil  knows  their  exact 
location.  By  the  old  method  each  pupil 
recites  orally,  vpith  no  delineation  on  the 
board,  slate,  or  paper. 

There  is  no  certainty  that  all  the  pupils 
have  obtained  the  entire  lesson,  as  no 
one  can  recite  the  whole  of  it,  and  it  con- 
sumes much  time.  Many  names  arc 
learned,  but  accurate  geographical  knowl- 
edge has  not  been  promoted. 


A  BETTER  WAY. 

Let  each  pupil,  either  at  the  board  or 
on  slate  or  paper,  draw  an  outline  map 
of  the  State.  It  need  not  lake  over  two 
minutes. 

Next,  draw  from  the  large  map,  in  the 
following  order,  the  mountains,— the  I'iv- 
ers,— the  bays, — the  capes.— the  cities  and 
towns — (mark  those  only  which  appear 
on  the  large  map  in  bltieh  letters);  then 
mark  the  railroads.  In  drawing  a  map  of 
your  own  State,  mark  all  the  cities  and 
towns. 

Then,  on  the  side  of  the  map,  let  their 
names  be  written,  corresponding  to  the 
numbers,  as  above. 

The  work  can  now  be  easily  exam- 
ined, as  in  an  exercise  in  written  spell- 
ing. 

The  entire  work  here  mentioned  need 
not  take  over  fifteen  minutes.  Every 
member  has  recited,  and  in  such  a  mnnner 
as  to  give  the  rfry  best  eridence  of  his 
knowledge  or  want  of  knowledge  of  the 
lesson. 

If  there  is  time  after  this  work  is  in- 
spected and  corrected,  then  the  usual  oral 
recitation  c;m  proceed  by  requiring  the 
pupil  reciting  to  point  to  the  Mountains 
on  the  outline  drawn,  while  he  is  telling 
iu  what  part  of  the  State  they  are,  and  in 
what  direction  the  -anges  extend:  or  the 
Mands,  where  they  are.  by  what  waters 
surrounded,  and  so  on  until  the  miip  has 
been  recited. 

No  7>am^s  should  he  vritfen  on  the  face 
of  the  map  drawn.  In  a  short  time  pupils 
will  obtnin  great  skill  in  doing  this  woik. 
and  teachers  will  find  it  pleasant,  expedi- 
tious, easy,  and  thorough. 


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